lthough extensive research work has been carried out on the drag reduction behavior of polymers and surfactants alone, little progress has been made on the synergistic effects of combined polymers and surfactants. A number of studies have demonstrated that certain types of polymers and surfactants interact with each other to form surfactant-polymer complexes. The formation of such complexes can cause changes in the solution properties and may result in better drag reduction characteristics as compared with pure additives. A series of drag-reducing surfactants and polymers were screened for the synergistic studies. The following two widely used polymeric drag reducing agents (DRA) were chosen: a copolymer of acrylamide and sodium acrylate (referred to as PAM) and polyethylene oxide (PEO). Among the different types of surfactants screened, a cationic surfactant octadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (OTAC) and an anionic surfactant Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were selected for the synergistic study. In the case of the cationic surfactant OTAC, sodium salicylate (NaSal) was used as a counterion. No counterion was used with anionic surfactant SDS. The physical properties such as viscosity, surface tension and electrical conductivity were measured in order to detect any interaction between the polymer and the surfactant. The drag reduction (DR) ability of both pure and mixed additives was investigated in a pipeline flow loop. The effects of different parameters such as additive concentration, type of water (deionized (DI) or tap), temperature, tube diameter, and mechanical degradation were investigated. The addition of OTAC to PAM solution has a significant effect on the properties of the system. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the mixed surfactant-polymer system is found to be different from that of the surfactant alone. The anionic PAM chains collapse upon the addition of cationic OTAC and a substantial decrease in the viscosity occurs. The pipeline flow behaviour of PAM/OTAC mixtures is found to be consistent with the bench scale results. The drag reduction ability of PAM is reduced upon the addition of OTAC. At low concentrations of PAM, the effect of OTAC on the drag reduction behavior is more pronounced. The drag reduction behavior of polymer solutions is strongly influenced by the nature of water (de-ionized or tap). The addition of OTAC to PEO solution exhibited a week interaction based on the viscosity and surface tension measurements. However, the pipeline results showed a considerable synergistic effect, that is, the mixed system gave a significantly higher drag reduction (lower friction factors) as compared with the pure additives (pure polymer or pure surfactant). The synergistic effect in the mixed system was stronger at low polymer concentrations and high surfactant concentrations. Also the resistance against mechanical degradation of the additive was improved upon the addition of OTAC to PEO. The mixed PEO/SDS system exhibited a strong interaction between the polymers (PEO) and the surfactant (SDS), Using electrical conductivity and surface tension measurements, the critical aggregation concentration (CAC) and the polymer saturation point (PSP) were determined. As the PEO concentration is increased, the CAC decreases and the PSP increase. The addition of SDS to the PEO solution exhibits a remarkable increase in the relative viscosity compared to the pure PEO solution. This increase is attributed to the changes in the hydrodynamic radius of the polymer coil. The pipeline flow exhibited a considerable increase in DR for the mixed system as compared to the pure PEO solution. The addition of surfactant always improves the extent of DR up to the PSP. Also the mixed PEO/ SDS system shows better resistance against shear degradation of the additive.

Today, the focus lies on the state of the environment and how we can choose more sustainable alternatives to oil based materials. One material of interest is microfibrillated cellulose (MFC).The microfibril exhibits interesting properties, which one is its excellent barrier properties, that is expected to come in good use for the conversion to a more sustainable society. It is believed that the use of biobased barriers will increase with these new materials and MFC is showing promising results. But in order to develop the material to its full potential, it is important to investigate how MFC behaves in different situations, which can be examined with rheological measurements. The aim of the thesis is to examine how the rheological properties of suspensions containing MFC are affected by temperature and time storing and how the learning from this work can be used for influencing dispersion properties. Four samples were investigated, containing different amounts of MFC and modified waxy maize starch. The samples were analyzed with a dynamic rotational rheometer (Kinexus Pro +) with a splined cup and bob. The following steps were included in the method development used in this work: sample preparation, the repeatability, rest time and statistical analysis. An oscillatory shear and steady shear measurement was performed on the samples, and selected samples were studied with microscopy. The results show that the temperature has affected the samples. The shear viscosity of all samples decreased with increasing temperature and the samples followed the temperature dependence of Arrhenius' equation. For samples containing MFC, the structure was affected, and the initial viscosity was not recovered. The complex viscosity did also decrease at the beginning to then suggestively increase, creating a stronger network at higher temperatures. With the raised temperature the bonding between the fibrils became weaker, which in turn made the dispersion less viscous. Then, depending on the applied force, the shear viscosity and complex viscosity acted differently. To conclude, both the shear viscosity and the complex viscosity in these dispersions containing MFC are dependent on the temperature and time storing. By the learnings from this work, a method has been developed to understand how to use temperature and storing time to lower the shear viscosity and lower, or increase, the complex viscosity. / Idag ligger det ett stort fokus på miljöns tillstånd och hur vi kan välja mer hållbara alternativjämfört med oljebaserade material. Ett material av intresse är mikrofibrillerad cellulosa (MFC).Denna mikrofibrill besitter intressanta egenskaper, varav en är enastående barriäregenskaper,som förväntas komma till god användning i omställningen till ett mer hållbart samhälle. Det tros att biobaserade barriärer kommer att användas mer i dessa nya material och här visar MFC lovande resultat. Men för att kunna utveckla materialet till sin fulla potential är det viktigt att undersöka hur MFC beter sig i olika situationer, som kan undersökas genom reologiska mätningar. Syftet med arbetet är att undersöka hur de reologiska egenskaperna för suspensioner innehållande MFC påverkas av temperatur och lagringstid samt hur lärdomen från det här arbetet kan användas för att påverka dispersionsegenskaper. Fyra prover undersöktes,innehållande olika mängd MFC och modifierad majsstärkelse. Proverna analyserades med en dynamisk rotations reometer (Kinexus Pro +) med räfflad kopp och bob. Följande steg ingick i metodutvecklingen som användes i detta arbete: provberedning, repeterbarhet, vilotid och statistisk analys. En oscillerande skjuvning och jämn skjuvmätning utfördes på de olika proverna samt att utvalda prover studerades med mikroskopi. Resultatet visade att temperaturen hade påverkat proverna. Skjuvviskositeten för alla prover minskade med en ökande temperatur och proverna följde temperaturberoendet av Arrhenius ekvation. För prover innehållande MFC påverkades strukturen och startviskositeten återficks inte. Den komplexa viskositeten minskade också till en början för att sedan suggestivt öka, vilket skapade ett starkare nätverk vid högre temperaturer. Med en högre temperatur blev bindningarna mellan fibrillerna svagare, vilket bidrog att dispersionerna blev mindre viskösa. Beroende på den applicerade kraften, verkade skjuvviskositeten och den komplexa viskositeten olika. Slutsatsen var att både skjuvviskositeten och den komplexa viskositeten i dessa prover innehållande MFC beroende av temperaturen och lagringstid. Från lärdomen av arbetet har en metod tagits fram för att kunna använda temperatur och lagringstid för att sänka skjuvviskositeten och sänka, eller öka, den komplexa viskositeten.

No / The effect of matrix polymer and filler content on the rheological behavior of hydroxyapatite-filled injection molding grade high-density polyethylene (HDPE) has been studied. Studies of the flow curves revealed that the matrix and the composite exhibit three distinct regions in the flow curve, namely, a pseudoplastic region at low to moderate shear rates, a plateau and a second pseudoplastic region at high shear rates. The shear stress corresponding to the plateau (Tc) is dependent on both the filler concentration and the melt temperature. Addition of HA in the HDPE matrix increases the value of Tc and decreases compressibility of the melt. An increase in temperature also raises the value of Tc. From the nature of flow curves it is concluded that the matrix polymer largely decides the rheology of the composite.

O objetivo deste trabalho e a determinação dos coeficientes de viscosidade de cisalhamento e condutividade térmica de gases ideais quânticos. No cálculo dos coeficientes de transporte foram considerados dois aspectos: uma estatística quântica com seções transversais quânticas e uma estatística quântica com seções transversais quânticas. No primeiro caso, e utilizado um método alternativo para a determinação das aproximações sucessivas (ate a quinta ordem) para os coeficientes de transporte dos gases Helio 4, Helio 3, para-hidrogênio e orto-hidrogênio. No caso de estatística quântica desenvolvida uma teoria com base no método dos momentos de Grad e na equação de Uehling- Uhlenbeck, com a finalidade de determinar as express6es algébricas para os coeficientes de transporte. Esta teoria e baseada em 13 momentos, de densidade, velocidade, tensor pressão e fluxo de calor. Do conhecimento da função de distribuição em termos dos momentos, as equações constitutivas são determinadas e os coeficientes de transporte seguem de um método iterativo semelhante ao procedimento Maxwelliano. / The aim of this work is the determination of the coefficients of shear viscosity and thermal conductivity of quantum ideal gases. In the calculation of the transport coefficients two aspects have been taken into account: a classical statistical with quantum cross-sections and a quantum statistical with quantum cross-sections. In the first case, an alternative method is used for the determination of the successive approximations (up to the fifth order) to the transport coefficients of the gases helium 4, helium 3, para-hydrogen, ortho-hidrogen. In the case of quantum statistical a theory based on method of moments of Grad and on the Uehling-Uhlenbeck equation is developed in order to determine the algebraic expressions to the transport coefficients. This theory is based on 13 moments of density, velocity, pressure tensor and heat flux. From the knowledge of the distribution function the constitutive equations are determinate and the transport coefficients follow from an iterative method akin to the 11axwellian procedure.

O objetivo deste trabalho e a determinação dos coeficientes de viscosidade de cisalhamento e condutividade térmica de gases ideais quânticos. No cálculo dos coeficientes de transporte foram considerados dois aspectos: uma estatística quântica com seções transversais quânticas e uma estatística quântica com seções transversais quânticas. No primeiro caso, e utilizado um método alternativo para a determinação das aproximações sucessivas (ate a quinta ordem) para os coeficientes de transporte dos gases Helio 4, Helio 3, para-hidrogênio e orto-hidrogênio. No caso de estatística quântica desenvolvida uma teoria com base no método dos momentos de Grad e na equação de Uehling- Uhlenbeck, com a finalidade de determinar as express6es algébricas para os coeficientes de transporte. Esta teoria e baseada em 13 momentos, de densidade, velocidade, tensor pressão e fluxo de calor. Do conhecimento da função de distribuição em termos dos momentos, as equações constitutivas são determinadas e os coeficientes de transporte seguem de um método iterativo semelhante ao procedimento Maxwelliano. / The aim of this work is the determination of the coefficients of shear viscosity and thermal conductivity of quantum ideal gases. In the calculation of the transport coefficients two aspects have been taken into account: a classical statistical with quantum cross-sections and a quantum statistical with quantum cross-sections. In the first case, an alternative method is used for the determination of the successive approximations (up to the fifth order) to the transport coefficients of the gases helium 4, helium 3, para-hydrogen, ortho-hidrogen. In the case of quantum statistical a theory based on method of moments of Grad and on the Uehling-Uhlenbeck equation is developed in order to determine the algebraic expressions to the transport coefficients. This theory is based on 13 moments of density, velocity, pressure tensor and heat flux. From the knowledge of the distribution function the constitutive equations are determinate and the transport coefficients follow from an iterative method akin to the 11axwellian procedure.