Thesis (M.Sc. (Horticulture)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / Cold storage is commonly used to prolong papaya fruit storability. Furthermore, the optimal recommended storage temperature is below 10℃ for export and distant market. However, chilling injury (CI) occurs at 10℃ or lower during prolonged cold storage. This condition hampered consumer acceptance, resulting in economic losses for producers and exporters. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate the potential of postharvest polyamine dips and storage conditions to improve the quality and shelf life of ‘Solo’ papaya fruit. The experiment was conducted as 4 x 2 factorial arranged in a completely randomised design (CRD) with eight replications. The fruits were treated with putrescine (PUT) (0 (control), 1, 2 and 3 mM) before storage for 21 days at 7.5 and 13℃ plus 5 days storage at ambient temperature. Additionally, the PUT effect on quality attributes and shelf-life were studied. The results showed that physiological and pathological disorders increased with progressive storage, irrespective of storage temperature. However, PUT treatment reduced the incidence of chilling injury and anthracnose at both 7.5 and 13℃. Additionally, the interaction of treatment and cold storage temperature significantly affected ‘Solo’ papaya fruit physical and biochemical quality attributes. Furthermore, treatment with 2 and 3 mM PUT concentration reduced changes in colour, mass, firmness, TA, and TSS compared to control. In conclusion, postharvest PUT improved ‘Solo’ papaya fruit quality and prolonged shelf-life. / AgriSETA (Agricultural Sector Training Authority)

A high-resolution astronomic tidal model has been developed that includes detailed inshore regions of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway and associated estuaries along the South Atlantic Bight. The unique nature of the model’s development ensures that the tidal hydrodynamic interaction between the shelf and estuaries is fully described. Harmonic analysis of the model output results in a database of tidal information that extends from a semi-circular arc (radius ~750 km) enclosing the South Atlantic Bight from the North Carolina coast to the Florida Keys, onto the continental shelf and into the full estuarine system. The need for tidal boundary conditions (elevation and velocity) for driving inland waterway models has motivated the development of a software application to extract results from the tidal database which is the basis of this thesis. In this tidal toolbox, the astronomic tidal constituents can be resynthesized for any open water point in the domain over any interval of time in the past, present, or future. The application extracts model results interpolated to a user’s exact geographical points of interest, desired time interval, and tidal constituents. Comparison plots of the model results versus historical data are published on the website at 89 tidal gauging stations. All of the aforementioned features work within a zoom-able geospatial interface for enhanced user interaction. In order to make tidal elevation and velocity data available, a web service serves the data to users over the internet. The tidal database of 497,847 nodes and 927,165 elements has been preprocessed and indexed to enable timely access from a typical modern web server. The iii preprocessing and web services required are detailed in this thesis, as well as the reproducibility of the Tidal Toolbox for new domains.

På uppdrag av EQpack var projektets mål att utveckla ett koncept för en hyllvagn tänkt att användas i fabriksgolv av montörer. Hyllvagnen ska bära på kit-boxar med komponenter och ta upp mindre golvyta än befintliga hyllvagnar för kit-boxar. EQpacks idé var att till skillnad från konventionella hyllvagnar, i vilka kit-boxar placeras horisontellt till varandra och förs vidare med rullband, i stället ha hyllvagnar där kit-boxar kan placeras vertikalt i relation till varandra. Någon form av mekanism ska möjliggöra styckvis nedförsel av kit-boxar åt montören, i vilken form detta sker var föremål för utveckling i projektet. Utvecklingen av hyllvagnen skedde i fyra faser; analys och avgränsning, faktainsamling, genomförande samt utvärdering. Som förstudie har bland annat befintliga vagnar i en fabrik observerats vid arbete samt har samtal förts med de olika användarna om deras synpunkter. Under samtal med handledare sattes förväntningar, krav och avgränsningar. Genomförandet bestod av att ta fram diverse idéer och testa deras funktionsduglighet m.h.a bland annat lego. De olika koncepten analyserades och jämfördes med puhg matris. Med valda legomodellen som grund gjordes en CAD-modell med standardiserade komponenter som förslag på hur det skulle kunna konstrueras. Modellen uppmättes ta upp ca en fjärdedel av golvytan som en konventionell vagn tar. / The aim of the project was to develop a concept for a shelf trolley for EQpack, intended to be used on factory floors by assemblers. The shelf trolley must be able to carry kit boxes with components and take up less floorspace than existing shelf trolleys for kit boxes. EQpack's idea was to, unlike conventional shelf trolleys, in which kit boxes are placed next to each other horizontally and transported by conveyor belts, instead have shelf trolleys where kit boxes can be placed vertically in relation to each other. Some form of mechanism must enable piecemeal lowering of kit boxes for the assembler. How this is done was subject for development in the project. The development of the shelf trolley took place in four phases; analysis and boundaries, fact-gathering, exicution and evaluation. As a preliminary study, existing trolleys in a factory have been observed at work and discussions have been held with the various users about their views. Through discussion with supervisors the expectations, requirements and boundaries were set. The execution consisted of development of various ideas and testing their functionality with Lego. The different concepts were analyzed and compared with a puhg matrix. With the chosen Lego model as a basis, a CAD model was made with standardized components as suggestions for how a final product could be constructed. The final model was measured to take up about a quarter of the floorspace that the conventional trolley occupies.

Multi-core processors have emerged as an effective solution for handling complex tasks that cannot be efficiently processed by unicore processors. Their usage is driven by the potential to achieve high processing power while minimizing power consumption. However, the conventional multi-core hardware design poses a major challenge in the real-time community due to its inability to provide strict timing guarantees. Customized hardware platforms can be utilized to achieve timing predictability, but they are expensive and difficult to obtain. A cost-effective alternative to customized platforms is commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) products, which are universal and easily accessible, but they still suffer from timing unpredictability. To address this, memory-centric scheduling can be employed by partitioning the total task execution into distinct memory and computation phases and restricting shared memory access to be exclusive. This study presents a 3-phase task execution framework on the RP2040 multi-core platform to eliminate memory contention and ensure predictable application development. The framework uses custom memory management for each core, specified by the linker script, and a template is provided to create tasks compliant with the phased execution. Four kernel benchmarks, created from the TACLeBench benchmark suite, are used to evaluate the framework. The tasks are statically scheduled and run for ten hyperperiods. The results indicate that the custom memory configuration achieves a setup where no contested accesses occur, resulting in no unexpected variations in total task execution timing, thereby achieving timing predictability on an RP2040. / Flerkärniga processorer har visat sig vara en effektiv lösning för att hantera komplexa uppgifter som inte kan behandlas effektivt av enkärniga processorer. Användningen av dem drivs av möjligheten att uppnå hög bearbetningskapacitet samtidigt som strömförbrukningen minimeras. Den konventionella hårdvarudesignen för flerkärniga processorer utgör dock en stor utmaning för realtidssamhället på grund av dess oförmåga att ge strikta tidsgarantier. Anpassade hårdvaruplattformar kan användas för att uppnå förutsägbarhet i fråga om tidtabell, men de är dyra och svåra att få tag på. Ett kostnadseffektivt alternativ till skräddarsydda plattformar är COTSprodukter (Commercial-off-the-shelf), som är universella och lättillgängliga, men som fortfarande lider av oförutsägbarhet i fråga om timing. För att lösa detta kan man använda minnescentrerad schemaläggning genom att dela upp den totala utförandet av uppgiften i olika minnes- och beräkningsfaser och begränsa åtkomsten till delat minne till att vara exklusiv. I den här avhandlingen presenteras ett ramverk för trefasigt uppgiftsutförande på RP2040-plattformen med flera kärnor för att eliminera minneskonflikter och säkerställa förutsägbar programutveckling. Ramverket använder anpassad minneshantering för varje kärna, som specificeras av länkningsskriptet, och en mall tillhandahålls för att skapa uppgifter som är förenliga med den fasvisa utförandet. Fyra kärnreferensmärken (benchmarks), som skapats från TACLeBench benchmark suite, används för att utvärdera ramverket. Uppgifterna är statiskt schemalagda och körs under tio hyperperioder. Resultaten visar att den anpassade minneskonfigurationen ger en inställning där inga ifrågasatta åtkomster förekommer, vilket resulterar i inga oväntade variationer i den totala tidsåtgången för utförandet av uppgifterna, vilket gör att tidsåtgången är förutsägbar på en RP2040.

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Thesis. 1975. Ph.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences. / Vita. / Bibliography: p.160-163. / Ph.D.

Tesis por compendio / [EN] In the present Doctoral Thesis, antimicrobial active packaging materials, at lab and at semi-industrial scale, have been developed with the aim to reduce the natural flora of peeled and cut fruit and extend its shelf life. Packaging prototypes have been developed for their further application. Prior to developing the active materials, the most suitable active agents were selected. To that end, the antimicrobial properties of the volatile active agents citral, hexanal and linalool and mixtures thereof were evaluated against typical microorganisms related to fruit spoilage, molds and yeast, concluding that the effectiveness of the mixture is higher than the sum of the effectiveness of the individual agents. Likewise, non-volatile antimicrobial agents such as potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate were selected, which are widely used in the food industry due to their antifungal properties. With the selected active agents, monolayer polypropylene (PP) films with different concentration of the active mixture citral, hexanal and linalool, at lab scale by means of extrusion, and bilayer films at semi-industrial scale with different active layer thickness by means of coextrusion were prepared. Besides, active packaging trays were developed at semi-industrial scale by thermoforming active sheets obtained by coextrusion of PP and ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) compounds containing potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate as active agents. Mechanical, barrier and thermal properties of the developed active packaging materials, as well as their sealability and transparency were evaluated. In general, the materials' properties were not affected in a significant manner. However, active trays decreased in transparency due to the incorporation of non-volatile active agents. The release kinetics of the volatile and non-volatile active agents were studied at different temperatures, defining their diffusion coefficients by the adjustment to mathematic models based on Second's Law Fick. Among the volatile active agents, hexanal showed a higher diffusion coefficient, followed by citral and linalool. On the other hand, very small differences were observed between potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate diffusion coefficients, being of the same order of magnitude. In vitro tests were also performed at different temperatures to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of the developed materials. In general, the active packaging materials showed high antimicrobial properties which were enhanced with the increment of temperature. Once the properties of the developed materials were evaluated, in vivo tests with peeled and cut orange and pineapple were performed by packing these fruits with the active film, active tray and their combination (active packaging system). In general, the active packaging system improved the microbiological preservation of the fruit for longer times, between 2 and 7 days for orange and pineapple, respectively, and maintained quality parameters of the fruit at stable levels for longer times. Lastly, the safety of the active packaging materials was evaluated according to the European food contact materials and food legislation, and it was concluded that these materials were not of any safety concern for the consumers. / [ES] En la presente Tesis Doctoral se han desarrollado materiales de envase activo antimicrobiano, a escala laboratorio y a escala semi-industrial, con el objetivo de reducir la proliferación de la flora natural de la fruta pelada y cortada y extender su vida útil. Se han desarrollo distintos prototipos para su posterior aplicación industrial Previo al desarrollo de los materiales de envase, se ha realizado una selección de agentes activos más idóneos. Para ello se han estudiado mediante ensayos in vitro las propiedades antimicrobianas de agentes activos volátiles, citral, hexanal y linalool y diferentes mezclas de los mismos, frente a distintos microorganismos típicos del deterioro de las frutas, mohos y levaduras, concluyendo que la efectividad de la mezcla de los tres es superior a la suma de la efectividad de los activos de forma individual. Así mismo, también se han seleccionado antimicrobianos no volátiles como el sorbato potásico y benzoato sódico, los cuáles son ampliamente empleados en la industria alimentaria debido principalmente a sus propiedades antifúngicas. Con los agentes activos seleccionados, se han desarrollado películas monocapa de polipropileno (PP) con distintas concentraciones de la mezcla activa, citral, hexanal y linalool, a escala laboratorio, mediante técnicas de extrusión, y películas bicapa a escala semi-industrial con distintos espesores de capa activa mediante coextrusión. Por otra parte, se desarrollaron bandejas activas a escala semi-industrial mediante termoconformado de láminas obtenidas por coextrusión de compuestos de PP y etilvinilaceteto (EVA) con sorbato potásico o benzoato sódico como agentes antimicrobianos. Se han evaluado las propiedades mecánicas, barrera y térmicas de los materiales activos desarrollados, así como su sellabilidad y transparencia. En general, las propiedades de los polímeros no se vieron afectadas de manera relevante. Sin embargo, las bandejas activas perdieron su carácter transparente debido a la incorporación de los agentes activos no volátiles. Se ha estudiado la cinética de liberación de los compuestos activos volátiles y no volátiles a distintas temperaturas, determinando los coeficientes de difusión de los agentes activos mediante el ajuste a modelos matemáticos de difusión basados en la Segunda Ley de Fick. Entre los agentes volátiles, el hexanal mostró un mayor coeficiente de difusión seguido de citral y linalool. Por otra parte, no hubo apenas diferencia en los coeficientes de difusión del sorbato potásico y benzoato sódico, siendo éstos del mismo orden de magnitud. Igualmente, se han realizado diferentes experimentos in vitro a distintas temperaturas para determinar las propiedades antimicrobianas de los materiales desarrollados. En general, los materiales activos presentan una elevada capacidad antimicrobiana que se ve potenciada al aumentar la temperatura de exposición. Una vez evaluadas las características de los materiales desarrollados, se han efectuado ensayos de envasado de naranja y piña pelada y cortada con las películas y las bandejas activas y con la combinación del sistema de envase bandeja activa termosellada con la película activa. En general, el sistema de envase activo mejoró la conservación de la fruta por un mayor tiempo, entre 2 y 7 días para la naranja y piña, respectivamente, presentando una gran capacidad antimicrobiana y manteniendo los parámetros de calidad de la fruta en niveles estables por un mayor tiempo. Por último, se ha estudiado la seguridad de estos materiales de acuerdo a la legislación de materiales en contacto con alimentos y la legislación alimentaria europea, concluyendo que los materiales activos desarrollados no presentan preocupación para la seguridad de los consumidores. / [CA] En la present Tesi Doctoral s'han desenvolupat materials d'envasament actiu antimicrobià, a escala de laboratori i a escala semi-industrial amb l'objectiu de reduir la proliferació de la flora natural de la fruita pelada i tallada i estendre la seua vida útil. S'han desenvolupament diferents prototips per a la seua posterior aplicació industrial. Previ al desenvolupament dels materials actius, s'han seleccionat els agents actius mes idonis estudiant mitjançant assajos in vitro les propietats antimicrobianes d'agents actius volàtils, citral, hexanal i linalool i diferents mescles dels mateixos, enfront de diferents microorganismes típics de la deterioració de les fruites -floridures i llevats- concloent que l'efectivitat de la mescla dels tres és superior a la suma de l'efectivitat dels actius de forma individual. Així mateix, s'han seleccionat antimicrobians no volàtils, sorbat potàssic i benzoat sòdic, els quals son àmpliament empleats a l'industria alimentaria per les seues propietats antifúngiques. Amb els agents actius seleccionats, s'han desenvolupat pel·lícules monocapa de polipropilè (PP) amb diferents concentracions de la mescla activa, citral, hexanal i linalool, a escala laboratori, mitjançant tècniques d'extrusió, i pel·lícules bicapa a escala semi-industrial amb diferents espessors de capa activa mitjançant coextrusió. D'altra banda, s'han desenvolupat safates actives a escala semi-industrial mitjançant termoconformació de làmines obtingudes per coextrusió de compostos de PP i etil vinil acetat (EVA) amb sorbat potàssic o benzoat sòdic com a agents antimicrobians. S'han avaluat les propietats mecàniques, barrera i tèrmiques dels materials actius desenvolupats, així com la seua sellabilidad i transparència. En general, les propietats dels polímers no es van veure afectades de manera rellevant. No obstant això, les safates actives van perdre el seu caràcter transparent a causa de la incorporació dels agents actius no volàtils. S'ha estudiat la cinètica d'alliberament dels compostos actius volàtils i no volàtils a diferents temperatures, determinant els coeficients de difusió dels agents actius mitjançant l'ajust a models matemàtics de difusió basats en la Segona Llei de Fick. Entre els agents volàtils, l' hexanal va mostrar un major coeficient de difusió seguit de citral i linalool. D'altra banda, no va haver-hi a penes diferències en els coeficients de difusió del sorbat potàssic i benzoat sòdic, sent aquests del mateix ordre de magnitud. Igualment, s'han realitzat diferents experiments in vitro a diferents temperatures per determinar les propietats antimicrobianes dels materials desenvolupats. En general, els materials actius presenten una elevada capacitat antimicrobiana que es veu potenciada en augmentar la temperatura d'exposició. Una vegada avaluades les característiques dels materials desenvolupats s'han efectuat assajos d'envasament de taronja i pinya pelada i tallada amb la safata, la pel·lícula activa i la seva combinació (sistema d'envàs actiu). En general, el sistema d'envàs actiu va millorar la conservació de la fruita per un major temps, entre 2 i 7 dies per a la taronja i pinya respectivament, presentant una gran capacitat antimicrobiana i mantenint els paràmetres de qualitat de la fruita en nivells estables per un major temps. Finalment, s'ha estudiat la seguretat d'aquests materials d'acord a la legislació de materials en contacte amb aliments i la legislació alimentària europea, concloent que els materials actius desenvolupats no presenten preocupació per a la seguretat dels consumidors. / Lara Lledó, MI. (2016). Antimicrobial packaging system for minimally processed fruit [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/61388 / Premios Extraordinarios de tesis doctorales / Compendio

2001年5月29日第11次《聯合國海洋法公約》締約國會議通過SPLOS/72號決定，於1999年5月13日以前對其生效之公約締約國，如欲依《聯合國海洋法公約》第76條規定主張200海里以外之大陸礁層，必須在1999年5月13日起算10年內向聯合國大陸礁層界限委員會提交與其所主張大陸礁層外部界限相關科學及技術佐證資料。由於《聯合國海洋法公約》所定義之大陸礁層外部界限範圍可能超越專屬經濟海域範圍，而大陸礁層不僅是魚類資源較豐富也是漁業活動重要資源地，同時也是海底油氣與礦場等重要自然資源的集中地區。因此，包括我國相鄰之日本、菲律賓、越南、馬來西亞等公約締約國紛紛進行大陸礁層調查來擴展自己國家的海洋權益。至2009年12月止，已有51個延伸大陸礁層外部界限之提案，及44個初步資訊，聯合國大陸礁層界限委員會並已就部分提案作成決議。 日本於2008年11月12日向聯合國大陸礁層界限委員會提出該國延伸大陸礁層外部界限之申請，卻也因此引起中國大陸及韓國對日本提案中以「沖之鳥礁」為基礎劃定超出200海里延伸大陸礁層之主張提出反對意見，質疑「沖之鳥礁」之法律地位及其所能享有的海域管轄空間。本論文爰由《聯合國海洋法公約》第121條「島嶼制度」形成的過程、相關國家實踐及學者見解，以及《聯合國海洋法公約》中「大陸礁層」之相關規範及聯合國大陸礁層界限委員會之組織與運作情形，探討日本的延伸大陸礁層外部界限提案中以「沖之鳥礁」為基礎主張延伸大陸礁層之適法性問題，並分析以聯合國大陸礁層界限委員會作為「沖之鳥礁」法律地位爭端解決途徑之可能性等。研究結果顯示，日本提案以「沖之鳥礁」為基礎主張延伸大陸礁層外部界限不符合《聯合國海洋法公約》第121條第3項規定，但該項規定並未具備有習慣國際法的效力，亦缺乏客觀的認定標準，聯合國大陸礁層界限委員會的場域無法解決「沖之鳥礁」的法律地位爭端，其他沿海國僅能利用聯合國大陸礁層界限委員會中「第三國意見」之機制凸顯爭端的存在，提醒國際社會注意此類島礁的海域管轄空間主張的合理性問題，並應尊重公約所賦予的權利與義務。 / On 29 May 2001, the 11th Meeting of States Parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) adopted the SPLOS/72 Decision regarding the date of commencement of the ten-year period for making submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf set out in Article 4 of Annex II to the UNCLOS. It was decided that, in the case of a State Party for which the Convention entered into force before 13 May 1999, the ten-year time period for it to submit the scientific and technical data supporting the outer limits of its continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles under Article 76 of the UNCLOS shall be taken to have commenced on 13 May 1999. For quite a few States the outer limits of their continental shelf as defined by the UNCLOS may go beyond the limits of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Besides, continental shelf is abundant in fisheries resources, crude oil, natural gas and minerals. Consequently, the neighboring States of Taiwan, including Japan, the Philippines, Viet Nam, and Malaysia, have already begun their surveys on continental shelf in order to expand their interests hidden in the ocean. As of December of 2009, there have been 51 formal submissions and 44 Preliminary Information delivered to the United Nations. The Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) has been undertaking the consideration of these submissions and already completed such process for some of them with recommendations. For Japan, the submission to support the outer limits of its extended continental shelf was made on 12 November 2008 to the CLCS. Such submission was challenged by China and Korea whose focus is on the part of extended continental shelf generated by Oki-no-tori Shima. The legal status of Oki-no-tori Shima as being capable of generating EEZ, continental shelf, and extended continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles, is being disputed by the communications from China and Korea. To provide educated comments on such controversy, this thesis will discuss the legislative process of Article 121 of the UNCLOS, namely, the regime of islands. Related state practices and teachings of the most highly qualified publicists will be studied in this connection. The author will also examine the regime of continental shelf under the UNCLOS and the institution of the CLCS. These will pave the way to scrutinize the legality of using Oki-no-tori Shima as the basis to generate extended continental shelf as having been done by Japan in its submission. The author will also explore the feasibility for the CLCS to settle the dispute over the legality of Japanese submission with respect to Oki-no-tori Shima. As shown by research works, the Japanese submission using Oki-no-tori Shima to generate extended continental shelf is inconsistent with Article 121(3) of the UNCLOS. However, the rule as contained in Article 121(3) has not yet been received into customary international law. Also lacking are the objective criteria to decide whether a given rock meets the conditions as stipulated by Article 121(3) or not. The forum of the CLCS is not suitable to settle the dispute over the legality of using Oki-no-tori Shima by Japan to generate extended continental shelf. Other coastal States can only use the forum of the CLCS to demonstrate the legal controversy over this case through sending third party communications to notify the CLCS the existence of dispute and their unwillingness to support the CLCS to consider the Japanese submission with respect to the part of Oki-no-tori Shima. As submitted by this author, the international community should be reminded of the necessity to respect the integrity of the rights and duties enshrined by the UNCLOS. Also worthy of careful scrutiny is the legitimacy of such kinds of exaggerated maritime claims generated by the rock as defined by Article 121(3) of the UNCLOS.