More research has been conducted regarding women's costume history than that of men's historic costume. One area in which little research has been conducted concerns men's boxer underwear. The need for additional research dealing with basic style changes of men's boxer undershorts was compelling to this researcher, as well as adding to the literature concerning men's historic costume. The purpose of this study was to research the availability of men's boxer undershorts post World War II (1946-1988). Specifically, based on pictorial underwear fashions illustrated in the Sears Annual Merchandise Catalog, this study documented and analyzed the availability of boxer undershorts as to fiber content, fabric structure, color, style features, and special design motifs during the time period studied. The objective of the study was to increase the knowledge of men's historic costume through an investigation into the styles of men's boxer undershorts. The historical continuity of fashion, as well as other theories concerning fashion change served as the theoretical framework for this study. The historical continuity process of fashion proposes that each new fashion is an evolutionary outgrowth and elaboration of the previous fashion (Blumer, 1969). Examples include past research by Young (1937), Kroeber (1919), and Robinson (1976), which indicated that changes in fashions took place in well-defined cycles. It is believed by some researchers that broad fashion trends follow an evolutionary process. However, specific fashion details and styles may be a result of social events, technological advances, and other cultural activities. Studies by researcher's such as Baker (1962), Nugent (1962), and Behling (1985-1986) found relationships between women's clothing and changes in society. To document and analyze men's boxer undershorts, Sears Annual Merchandise Catalog was selected. Spring/Summer issues in two-year issues were chosen between the years of 1946 and 1988, which yielded a sample of 237 boxer undershorts. With seriation of the boxer undershorts, a frequency distribution was completed. Five research hypotheses were tested to accomplish the objective of the study. Results indicated that there were differences between the frequency of occurrence among a) fiber content, b) color, and c) style features. However, there was not a significant difference of occurrence among fabric structure of men's boxer undershorts. In addition, due to lack of information concerning fabric design motifs, an analysis was not able to be performed concerning this hypothesis. These findings support the belief that there are broad changes in boxer undershorts which follow an evolutionary process, however, specific changes in details are a result of society's influence. This is evident in the changes concerning fiber content, color, and style features which were influenced by technological advances. The fact that fabric structure of boxer undershorts was not influenced by society suggests that this is a broad trend which follows an evolutionary process. Comparing these results with data collected from advertisments in a fashion magazine such as Esquire is suggested for further study. The data also suggest that further study comparing the trends in style features of boxer undershorts documented in this study with those of men's trousers of the same time period would provide another topic for research. / Graduation date: 1991

In this collection of linked stories and shorts, the narrator reflects on important people and events in his life, particularly his high school and college years, primarily through first and second person points of view. The stories “Joanna” and “Honor Roll” are first-person narratives, while “Mr. Finethreads” is told from the third person. “Pictures from a Wedding” and “College | Collage” are considered modular fiction, which create a mock-autobiography out of the disparate pieces of the overall mosaic.

Termen Dark Patterns började användas år 2012 och har sedan dess blivit ett omdebatterat ämne. Termen kan översättas till manipulerande designval som medvetet utformas för att påverka och styra användarna av applikationer, hemsidor och sociala medier. Forskare menar på att det kan användas för att påverka människor till att ta val de annars aldrig gjort och flertalet granskningar av befintliga media visar på att deras närvaro är hög. Dark patterns fungerar som ett paraplybegrepp över dessa designmönster och har bryts ned av flera forskare för att kunna förklara varje enskilt identifierat mönster och dess påverkan. Tidigare forskning har dock inte fokuserat på Dark Patterns i samband med sociala medier med inriktning korta videoklipp, så kallade video shorts. Den här uppsatsen ämnar att ta reda på hur användarens upplevelse av Dark Patterns närvaro i denna kontext påverkar användaren. För att ta reda på detta används en designbaserad forskningsmetod. Genom intervjuer samlas kvalitativ data in från tio deltagare som delats upp i två grupper. En grupp har fått använda en prototyp med Dark Patterns som författarna till uppsatsen identifierat vid en analys av de sociala medierna TikTok och Youtube Shorts. Den andra prototypen innehåller designval som agerar motsats till dessa Dark Pattern. Uppsatsen använder sedan en tematisk analys för att kunna se likheter samt olikheter i deltagarnas svar.  I resultatet presenteras sedan vilka mönster analysen givit, exempelvis föredrar flertalet deltagare designen som innehåller Dark Patterns till den grad att de inte känner sig uppenbart lurade. Subtila Dark Patterns visar sig påverka användarens upplevelse positivt, vilket får dem att vilja använda tjänsten mer, vilket också ligger i tjänstens intresse. Det mer aggressiva och uppenbara Dark Pattern upprörde dock deltagarna i större utsträckning och kan bidra till att användaren känner sig lurad och känner sig istället frustrerad och irriterad.

The only play by Kezilahabi, Marx`s shorts, is a political satire, so pungent that it has not yet been published, although its photocopied manuscript has been in circulation for almost twenty years (it is dated 1978). Probably it was written soon after Julius Nyerere`s pamphlet Azzmio la Arusha baada ya Miaka Kumi (1977), where he overtly admitted for the first time the failure of his policy, clearing the way for critical literary works.

I den här kandidatuppsatsen inom Designteknik ska passform på shorts utforskas. I rapporten undersöks grensömmars passform i komfort, visuellt och under fysiska avprovningar. Olika faktorer som påverkar grensömmars passformsproblem analyseras. Arbetet baseras på ett samarbete mellan ett företag där en fältstudie utfördes, där företaget producerar träningskläder. Kärnan till ämnet uppkom när man sett brister i passform runt grensömmen på byxor och shorts i vävda material under avprovningar på marknaden. I tidigare forskning instämmer en stor majoritet av författarna att grensömmen är en kritisk punkt. Framställning av byxor med en god passform i grensömmen kan vara förhållandevis komplext men det beror inte bara på arbetslivserfarenheten. Under projektet granskas fyra befintliga shorts från marknaden. Det som dokumenteras är passformen, grensömmen på provpersoner och genomskärning av grensömmen för att utvärdera likheter och olikheter. Två shortsmodeller konstrueras utifrån litteratur och annan sekundära data. En tabell för kroppsmått för dam från företaget och mätningar på de tilldelade shortsen används som referens. Shortsens passform provas fram i form av 3D- simulering och på levande modeller. Resultatet av avprovningarna visar likheter av placering av veckbildning och dragningar i 3D- simuleringen respektive de fysiska avprovningarna. Shortsen provas även av i tränings positioner, det resulterade i att shortsen kändes annorlunda runt grensömmen vid hukande gentemot stående position och att grenkurvan ändrade form. Shortsen vidareutvecklades utifrån tidigare prövningar och studier, det resulterade i ett grundmönster. Grundmönstret ska kunna vara till hjälp för flera företag i deras framtagning av byxor och shorts till dam och minimera tillverkning av fysiska prototyper.

The only play by Kezilahabi, Marx`s shorts, is a political satire, so pungent that it has not yet been published, although its photocopied manuscript has been in circulation for almost twenty years (it is dated 1978). Probably it was written soon after Julius Nyerere`s pamphlet Azzmio la Arusha baada ya Miaka Kumi (1977), where he overtly admitted for the first time the failure of his policy, clearing the way for critical literary works.

Fatigue induces changes to running form; therefore movement is not as effective or efficient. Reducing the amount of fatigue or its effects on form would be ideal to improve performance while running. Compressive clothing has unknown effects on musculature, however it claims to reduce fatigue. The aim of this study was to see the changes in running form while running to exhaustion and to see how compression tights can effect these changes. Eleven runners ran at their current five-kilometer race pace on a treadmill to voluntary exhaustion in a repeated measures design wearing compression tights and regular shorts while their kinematics, kinetics, heart rate and rate of perceived exhaustion were recorded. There was not a significant difference in time to exhaustion. Fatigue general effects were significant from beginning to end in knee and ankle angle at initial contact with the knee becoming less extended and the ankle less dorsiflexed. Vertical ground reaction loading rate and impact peak were significantly different from beginning to mid point and beginning to end across conditions. Heart rate and rate of perceived exertion increased significantly with fatigue as well in both conditions. Condition effects were significant in stride length and rate with a decreased stride length with compression tights and an increased stride rate with compression tights. The hip experienced a decreased range of motion in the compression tights compared to running shorts. These results indicate that there are effects of fatigue on performance and differences between conditions. These differences did not affect the overall outcome of run as measured in time to exhaustion. / School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science

A pesquisa envolve uma escola da Rede Pública Municipal de Ribeirão Preto-SP que participou de um Projeto denominado Curtas de Animação, promovido pelo Núcleo de Cinema de Animação de Campinas-SP e financiado pelo Instituto Algar, no ano de 2010. Um dos produtos finais gerados nessa escola foi um curta de animação de quatro minutos e onze segundos de duração. O referido projeto teve duas fases. A primeira incluiu vários alunos do Ensino Fundamental que foram envolvidos por pesquisas e aulas sobre a localidade. Aspectos históricos, culturais e relacionados ao meio ambiente foram priorizados. Na segunda fase, participaram treze alunos e esta pesquisadora (que atuava como professora de História na escola). Junto com a equipe do Núcleo de Cinema de Animação de Campinas, esse grupo iniciou um processo de produção de um curta de animação denominado pelos alunos como Ribeirão Preto - terra do café. A pesquisa foca no contexto do estudo da imagem e da produção imagética feita pelos próprios alunos no Projeto. As questões principais são: Como a leitura e a produção de material imagético pelos alunos podem colaborar (ou não) com o aprendizado e o interesse pelo estudo da História e Geografia local? Passado o tempo da realização do projeto, o que ficou do conhecimento de História e Geografia da localidade para os alunos participantes? A pesquisa busca estudar como a produção de material pelos alunos pode colaborar na aprendizagem de conhecimentos da História e Geografia local, possibilitada pelo Projeto Curtas de Animação, além de descrever e compreender todas as etapas do processo de produção do curta de animação, analisar, sob a ótica dos alunos, quais os impactos na aprendizagem dos conhecimentos de História e Geografia local e compreender as habilidades na leitura de imagens diversas. O referencial teórico abrange tanto as pesquisas realizadas no âmbito do estudo das imagens como as pesquisas relativas ao seu uso no ensino de História e Geografia. Três questionários abrangendo as três fases do processo de produção do curta de animação foram aplicados a quatro alunos participantes do Projeto. O resultado dos mesmos é analisado à luz das referências, com foco na questão do Ensino de História e Geografia local. A imagem faculta a percepção do espaço em suas mudanças e permanências, semelhanças e diferenças, tendo em vista seu uso para o estudo da localidade. No entanto os livros didáticos não viabilizam este uso, devido ao fato de estamparem representações de espaços, muitas vezes, distantes da realidade do aluno, principalmente daquele que não vive nos grandes centros urbanos. Os resultados obtidos procuram apontar para uma abordagem da questão das imagens no Ensino de História e Geografia, passando pelo pensar sobre a imagem, por si, e pelo caminho percorrido pelo seu uso e assimilação como documento histórico e das representações da paisagem geográfica, assim como da sua produção em sala de aula. / The present research involved a school from the public network of the city of Ribeirão Preto, which took part in a Project called Curtas de Animação (Animated shorts) in 2010. The project was promoted by the Núcleo de Cinema de Animação de Campinas SP (Center of Animation Movies of Campinas SP) and sponsored by Algar Institute. One of the final products at the aforementioned school was an animated short four minutes and eleven seconds long. The project consisted of two phases. In the first phase, several middle school students had classes and carried out researches about the municipality. The focus was on historical, cultural and environmental aspects. The second phase had the participation of thirteen students and the researcher (who worked as a History teacher at the school). Along with the staff of the Núcleo de Cinema de Campinas, this group began the production of an animated short named by the students Ribeirão Preto terra do café (Ribeirão Preto the land of coffee). This research focuses on the context of such production. The main questions are: How can reading and producing visual material help (or not) students to learn and get interested in studying local History and Geography? After the project ended, what knowledge of the local History and Geography remained for the participating students? The research looks at how the production of material by the students, as it was made possible through the Project Curtas de Animação, can help the learning process and improve the knowledge about local History and Geography. It also describes and explains all the steps in the process of the production of the animated short; analyses, from the students perspective, what were the impacts on the acquisition of knowledge about the local History and Geography and looks at the skills used for reading different images. The theoretical frame of reference covers both researches on the use of images, as well as the ones about the use of images in History and Geography classes. Three questionnaires covering the three steps of the production process of the animated short were applied to four students who participated in the Project. The results were analyzed according to the references, with special emphasis on the issue of teaching local History and Geography. Images provide a perception of the way the space shifts or stays the same, of its similarities and differences, in view of their use for studying the locality. However, textbooks do not enable this use, since they often picture representations of spaces that are far from the students reality, especially from those who do not live in large urban centers. The results seek an approach for the use of images in teaching History and Geography by reflecting about the image itself and about the path taken during its use and its assimilation as a historical document or a representation of the geographical landscape, as well as its production in the classroom.

A pesquisa envolve uma escola da Rede Pública Municipal de Ribeirão Preto-SP que participou de um Projeto denominado Curtas de Animação, promovido pelo Núcleo de Cinema de Animação de Campinas-SP e financiado pelo Instituto Algar, no ano de 2010. Um dos produtos finais gerados nessa escola foi um curta de animação de quatro minutos e onze segundos de duração. O referido projeto teve duas fases. A primeira incluiu vários alunos do Ensino Fundamental que foram envolvidos por pesquisas e aulas sobre a localidade. Aspectos históricos, culturais e relacionados ao meio ambiente foram priorizados. Na segunda fase, participaram treze alunos e esta pesquisadora (que atuava como professora de História na escola). Junto com a equipe do Núcleo de Cinema de Animação de Campinas, esse grupo iniciou um processo de produção de um curta de animação denominado pelos alunos como Ribeirão Preto - terra do café. A pesquisa foca no contexto do estudo da imagem e da produção imagética feita pelos próprios alunos no Projeto. As questões principais são: Como a leitura e a produção de material imagético pelos alunos podem colaborar (ou não) com o aprendizado e o interesse pelo estudo da História e Geografia local? Passado o tempo da realização do projeto, o que ficou do conhecimento de História e Geografia da localidade para os alunos participantes? A pesquisa busca estudar como a produção de material pelos alunos pode colaborar na aprendizagem de conhecimentos da História e Geografia local, possibilitada pelo Projeto Curtas de Animação, além de descrever e compreender todas as etapas do processo de produção do curta de animação, analisar, sob a ótica dos alunos, quais os impactos na aprendizagem dos conhecimentos de História e Geografia local e compreender as habilidades na leitura de imagens diversas. O referencial teórico abrange tanto as pesquisas realizadas no âmbito do estudo das imagens como as pesquisas relativas ao seu uso no ensino de História e Geografia. Três questionários abrangendo as três fases do processo de produção do curta de animação foram aplicados a quatro alunos participantes do Projeto. O resultado dos mesmos é analisado à luz das referências, com foco na questão do Ensino de História e Geografia local. A imagem faculta a percepção do espaço em suas mudanças e permanências, semelhanças e diferenças, tendo em vista seu uso para o estudo da localidade. No entanto os livros didáticos não viabilizam este uso, devido ao fato de estamparem representações de espaços, muitas vezes, distantes da realidade do aluno, principalmente daquele que não vive nos grandes centros urbanos. Os resultados obtidos procuram apontar para uma abordagem da questão das imagens no Ensino de História e Geografia, passando pelo pensar sobre a imagem, por si, e pelo caminho percorrido pelo seu uso e assimilação como documento histórico e das representações da paisagem geográfica, assim como da sua produção em sala de aula. / The present research involved a school from the public network of the city of Ribeirão Preto, which took part in a Project called Curtas de Animação (Animated shorts) in 2010. The project was promoted by the Núcleo de Cinema de Animação de Campinas SP (Center of Animation Movies of Campinas SP) and sponsored by Algar Institute. One of the final products at the aforementioned school was an animated short four minutes and eleven seconds long. The project consisted of two phases. In the first phase, several middle school students had classes and carried out researches about the municipality. The focus was on historical, cultural and environmental aspects. The second phase had the participation of thirteen students and the researcher (who worked as a History teacher at the school). Along with the staff of the Núcleo de Cinema de Campinas, this group began the production of an animated short named by the students Ribeirão Preto terra do café (Ribeirão Preto the land of coffee). This research focuses on the context of such production. The main questions are: How can reading and producing visual material help (or not) students to learn and get interested in studying local History and Geography? After the project ended, what knowledge of the local History and Geography remained for the participating students? The research looks at how the production of material by the students, as it was made possible through the Project Curtas de Animação, can help the learning process and improve the knowledge about local History and Geography. It also describes and explains all the steps in the process of the production of the animated short; analyses, from the students perspective, what were the impacts on the acquisition of knowledge about the local History and Geography and looks at the skills used for reading different images. The theoretical frame of reference covers both researches on the use of images, as well as the ones about the use of images in History and Geography classes. Three questionnaires covering the three steps of the production process of the animated short were applied to four students who participated in the Project. The results were analyzed according to the references, with special emphasis on the issue of teaching local History and Geography. Images provide a perception of the way the space shifts or stays the same, of its similarities and differences, in view of their use for studying the locality. However, textbooks do not enable this use, since they often picture representations of spaces that are far from the students reality, especially from those who do not live in large urban centers. The results seek an approach for the use of images in teaching History and Geography by reflecting about the image itself and about the path taken during its use and its assimilation as a historical document or a representation of the geographical landscape, as well as its production in the classroom.

The popularity of Taylor Swift has been growing rapidly on social media after the release of her ‘Midnights’ album on 21 October 2022. The lead single of the album, ‘Anti- Hero’ and the ‘Anti-Hero Challenge’ initiated by the singer inspired 17 thousand fans (Swifties) to share their own anti-heroic stories inspired by the song. The aim of the study is to examine the contribution of the Swifties online fan community to the ‘Anti-Hero Challenge’ on YouTube Shorts. The research interests revolve around Swifties’ prosumption practices in a dialogical relationship with the original music media material, the fan community, the platform, and the artist. The goal of the analysis is to demonstrate how Swifties use YouTube Shorts for both personal and communal expression by means of prosumption. Prosumption refers to the synchronous production and consumption of media content in the field of Media and Communication Studies (Zajc 2015:29). The thesis illustrates how online performances, interactions, and discussions nurtured by prosumption practices shape and maintain the Swifties fan community on YouTube Shorts. The study applies the Uses and Gratifications Theory and Netnography to scrutinize how Swifties reuse Taylor Swift’s song ‘Anti-Hero’ to make their own media products, and give each other feedback. The findings indicate that online fan prosumption and discussion practices not only foster entertaining, humorous, creative, and challenging self-expression but also provide pathways for communal exchange.  Swifties fan community members play a dual role in not only being active audiences and critics of ‘Anti-Hero’ but also of fellow fan prosumers. Swiftie prosumers and commenters of the ‘Anti-Hero Challenge’ videos also draw attention to controversial societal problems and call for change. The findings indicate the beginning of an era where the boundaries between music production and consumption dissolve. The thesis calls for further scientific inquiry into music fan communities’ prosumption practices online and offline.