Once every three, four or even seven years, the Southeast trade winds which blow west-ward across the tropical zone of the Pacific Ocean, from the shores of South America towards the Asian land mass, weaken and sometimes even reverse their direction. This phenomenon is known as El Nino. Conversely, the climatic condition known as La Nina is characterised by unusually cold ocean temperatures in the equatorial Pacific, as compared to El Nino. Global climate anomalies associated with La Nina tend to be opposite to those of El Nino. A study of shrimp culture in Ecuador was carried out to analyse the temporal changes in pond water quality, phytoplankton composition and diversity, and bacterial composition and diversity in the intestines of cultured Litopenaeus vannamei in Ecuador. These parameters were studied in relation to their impact on the growth, survival and production in a semi-intensive shrimp culture farm situated in the Chone River Estuary, Ecuador. Five culture periods were studied during the climatic events of El Nino, La Nina and transition periods (1996 to 1999 ). Shrimp were stocked in ponds at 10 PL/m2. Pond management included pond drying, inorganic fertilisation, and feeding with a commercial pellet twice a day. The physicochemical characteristics of the pond water and the phytoplankton and bacterial counts were estimated at intervals of 7-15 days of culture during each period of study. The concentrations of nitrite, nitrate, sulphide, ammonia, pH and suspended solids in the pond water in all ponds during the five culture periods fluctuated within ranges considered compatible with shrimp farming. Phosphorus, silica, temperature and salinity, however, showed significant differences during the five periods of shrimp culture, reaching sub-optimal levels during some culture periods. The species composition and diversity of phytoplankton was different during El Nino, La Nina events and transition periods, with a decrease in the diatom community and an increase in the cyanophytes algae community associated with changes in nutrients and nutrient ratios, and temperature, salinity is discussed. A low diversity of bacterial genera with a predominance of Vibrio spp., particularly V. harveyi and V. parahaemolyticus, was observed in shrimp intestines during disease outbreaks in the transition and La Nina periods associated with significant environmental changes in temperature and salinity. Shrimp performance was significantly different between El Nino, La Nina and transition climatic periods. Survival, feed conversion ratio and yield were better during El Nino periods because of the positive effects of higher pond water temperature and salinity (29°C and 28 psu) on the shrimp stocks.

Photocopy of typescript. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1979. / Bibliography: leaves 112-115. / Microfiche. / x, 115 leaves ill. 29 cm

Thesis(M.S.)--Auburn University, 2007. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographic references.

Thesis (M. Env. St.)--University of Adelaide, Mawson Graduate Centre for Environmental Studies, 1991. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 102-106).

Thesis (M.Sc.). / Written for the Dept. of Geography. Title from title page of PDF (viewed 2008/12/04). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.Sc.). / Written for the Dept. of Geography. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Cornell University, Jan., 2002. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 208-246).

Tese(doutorado)-Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Aqüicultura, Instituto de Oceanografia, 2011. / Submitted by Cristiane Silva (cristiane_gomides@hotmail.com) on 2012-06-23T13:10:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 teserodrigorandow 03 janeiro 12.pdf: 6906108 bytes, checksum: faabc1593b08bd594814548a459a2dcc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2012-07-27T20:08:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 teserodrigorandow 03 janeiro 12.pdf: 6906108 bytes, checksum: faabc1593b08bd594814548a459a2dcc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-07-27T20:08:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 teserodrigorandow 03 janeiro 12.pdf: 6906108 bytes, checksum: faabc1593b08bd594814548a459a2dcc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / No estado do Rio Grande do Sul, assim como é observado em todo mundo, a atividade de cultivo de camarões marinhos está em expansão desde a introdução do camarão branco do pacífico Litopenaeus vannamei. Com o potencial para o crescimento produtivo, vem também um real aumento dos riscos de impactos ambientais e socioeconômicos, que podem afetar diretamente a sustentabilidade dos cultivos. Assim, visando alcançar um desenvolvimento da atividade através de um ordenamento costeiro integrado, orientado para a sustentabilidade socioeconômica, ambiental, espacial e cultural da região, estruturou-se em quatro capítulos a tese aqui apresentada. O primeiro teve como proposta identificar e caracterizar as áreas destinadas a cultivos de camarões marinhos localizadas na porção sul do estuário da lagoa dos Patos, empregando análises de sensoriamento remoto orbital (ETM+/Landsat, Google Earth), aéreo (35 mm/sistema ADAR 1000), terrestre (RICOH 500SE) e de saídas de campo, integrando os dados num Sistema de Informação Geográfica (IDRISI Andes). Nesse capítulo os resultados apontaram que os empreendimentos foram construídos sobre campos litorâneos ou em regiões de dunas obliteradas, regiões estas propícias para o cultivo. No segundo capítulo, que foi considerado um estudo piloto para os dois capítulos seguintes, foi proposto avaliar locais propícios destinados a instalação de fazendas de cultivo de camarões marinhos, na região da Ilha da Torotama, RS, considerando critérios de aptidão e restrição, integrando um modelo final de auxílio à tomada de decisão (SIG). A análise integrada dos critérios de aptidão e restrição ao empreendimento mostrou que o local escolhido para esta atividade apresenta aspectos positivos. Dentre eles, aponta-se a localização sobre campos litorâneos a proximidade de possíveis mercados consumidores e mão de obra local, via de acesso boa, rede elétrica disponível e apoio técnico local (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Estação Marinha de Aquacultura - EMA). Quanto ao terceiro capítulo, ele teve com objetivo definir áreas propícias para o desenvolvimento da carcinocultura marinha em viveiros escavados, na região do baixo estuário da Laguna dos Patos (São José do Norte), sul do Brasil. Sendo que, como resultado as áreas consideradas mais atrativas perfizeram um total de 5.300 ha (16,84%), enquanto 14.600 ha (46,78%) possuíram condições consideradas boas para a atividade. Por último, o quarto capítulo, procurou selecionar áreas propícias para a carcinocultura marinha no município de Rio Grande. Como resultado desse estudo, de acordo com a escala de atratividade (prioridade entre 1 a 4), cerca de 2.100 ha. (24,01% da área considerada como apta) com características mais atrativas, isto é, com excelentes condições; cerca de 3.100 ha. (34,80%) com condições boas; cerca de 3.600 ha. (40,37%) na margem do recomendado para a atividade; e por último, uma pequena fração, cerca de 70 ha. (0,82%) como áreas aptas, mas não recomendadas. A partir das informações obtidas nos capítulos apresentados no presente trabalho de tese, foi possível demonstrar o potencial do uso da técnica do SIG para a seleção de áreas propícias para a carcinocultura marinha local e também que a partir do material científico aqui produzido, poderão ser criados instrumentos que auxiliarão na tomada de decisões legais de gestão inerentes a atividade. / In the state of Rio Grande do Sul, as is observed worldwide, the activity of marine shrimp farming has been expanding since the introduction of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. With the potential for production growth, is also a real increase in risk of environmental and socioeconomic impacts, which can directly affect the sustainability of crops. So in order to achieve a development activity through an integrated coastal planning, sustainability-oriented socio-economic, environmental, and cultural space in the region is structured in four chapters the thesis presented here. The first was as a proposal to identify and characterize areas for farming of marine shrimp located in the southern portion of the estuary of Patos Lagoon, using analysis of orbital remote sensing (ETM + / Landsat, Google Earth), air (35 mm / system ADAR 1000 ), terrestrial (RICOH 500SE) and field trips, integrating data into a Geographic Information System (IDRISI Andes). In this chapter the results showed that the developments were built on fields or in areas of coastal dunes obliterated, these regions favorable for farming. In the second chapter, which was considered a pilot study for the next two chapters, it was proposed to evaluate potential sites for the installation of marine shrimp farms in the region of the Torotama island, RS, considering suitability criteria and restrictions, integrating a final model to aid decision making (GIS). The integrated analysis of the suitability criteria and restricting development showed that the chosen location for this activity has positive aspects. Among them, pointed out the location on fields near the coastal markets of potential consumers and local workforce, good access road, electricity and local technical support available (Federal University of Rio Grande - FURG, Aquaculture Marine Station - EMA). The third chapter, had in order to define areas suitable for the development of marine shrimp culture in the lower estuary of Patos Lagoon (São José do Norte), southern Brazil. Since, as a result the areas considered most attractive covered a total of 5,300 ha (16.84%), while 14,600 ha (46.78%) had considered good conditions for the activity. Finally, the fourth chapter, tried to select areas suitable for marine shrimp culture in Rio Grande County. As a result, according to the scale of attractiveness (priority 1 to 4), about 2,100 ha. (24.01% of the area considered suitable) that is more attractive, ie, with excellent conditions, about 3,100 ha. (34.80%) with good condition, 3,600 ha. (40.37%) in the margin of the recommended activity, and finally, a small fraction, about 70 ha. (0.82%) as suitable areas, but not recommended. This project aims to propose the selection of suitable areas for cultivation of marine shrimp nursery in southern Rio Grande do Sul, with a focus on integrated coastal management, sustainability-oriented socio-economic, environmental, and cultural space in the region. From the information obtained in the chapters presented in this thesis it was demonstrated the potential use of GIS technique for selection of areas suitable for the local marine shrimp culture and also that from the scientific material produced here, will be developing tools that will assist in making legal decisions pertaining to management activity.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:28:39Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 penteado_jma_me_jabo.pdf: 1197298 bytes, checksum: 52741253b45976a1d7c5eca0190d1248 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar quatro sistemas de berçários, em termos técnicos e econômicos, para a produção de juvenis de Macrobrachium amazonicum, e discutir suas possíveis vantagens, limitações e aplicações para a realização de monocultivos e sistemas integrados de produção do camarão-da-amazônia, que objetivam vender sua produção para consumo ou como iscas e para lojas de animais ornamentais. Os sistemas avaliados foram: tanques internos com recirculação de água (BTI), tanques cobertos com estufa plástica - “greenhouse” (BTCP), viveiros de Fundo Natural (BVFN) e tanques-rede (BTR). Os tratamentos BVFN e BTCP condicionaram os maiores valores de massa úmida final (0.80 ± 0.13 e 0.67 ± 0.15 g, respectivamente), massa seca final (0.25 ± 0.05 e 0.21 ± 0.06 g) e ganho de massa individual dos camarões (0.79 ± 0.13 e 0.66 ± 0.15 g). Sobrevivência e produtividade não diferiram estatisticamente entre os tratamentos. Para a análise econômica de cada sistema, foi realizada uma simulação, considerando-se fazendas comerciais produzindo juvenis de M. amazonicum de acordo com as condições e sobrevivências obtidas experimentalmente em cada sistema. Foram realizadas análises de custo-retorno, fluxo de caixa e determinação de indicadores de rentabilidade calculados na forma tradicional, ou seja: Valor Presente Líquido (VPL), Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR), Período de Retorno de Capital (PRC) e Relação Benefício Custo (RBC). Variações de cenários econômicos (preço de venda, custo de ração e sobrevivência) em cada berçário, também foram estudadas. Apenas as fazendas em sistema BVFN e BTR apresentaram viabilidade econômica, após essas análises. Os quatro sistemas de berçário apresentaram bons resultados zootécnicos, no entanto todos eles encarecem muito a produção de animais para a fase... / The aim of this study was to evaluate four nursery systems, in technical and economical aspects, for the production of juveniles of Macrobrachium amazonicum in four nursery systems, and discuss their possible advantages, limitations and possible applications for monoculture and integrated systems for production of Amazon river prawn, who aim to sell their production for food or as live bait and ornamental animals. The systems are: indoor tanks with water recirculation (BTI), greenhouse system (BTCP), earthen ponds (BVFN) and net cages (BTR), during the warm season in places with subtropical climate. BTCP and BVFN had the highest final wet mass (0.80 ± 0.13 e 0.67 ± 0.15 g, respectively), final dry mass (0.25 ± 0.05 e 0.21 ± 0.06 g) and individual mass gain (0.79 ± 0.13 e 0.66 ± 0.15 g). Survival and productivity didn`t differ amongst treatments. For economical analysis of each system, we made a simulation considering commercial farms producing M. amazonicum juveniles according to conditions and productivity experimentally obtained in each system. It was performed analysis of cost-return, cashflow and the determination of indicators of rentability calculated in traditional way, such as: net present value (VPL), internal return rate (TIR), payback period (PB) and benefit cost ratio (RBC). Variations of economic scenarios (selling price, food cost and survival) in each nursery also were studied. Only BVFN and BTR farms reached economical viability after these analisys. The four systems showed good results related to production. However, all of them made the final grow-out phase expensive. The use of these nurseries is only justified in case of maintaining the post-larvae in the winter in those systems... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-07-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:07:48Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 honda_sn_me_jabo.pdf: 403807 bytes, checksum: 950b92aa2bbff78a4822b22028a73cd6 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A carcinicultura é uma atividade que vem se expandindo, assim como o consumo do camarão, considerado um alimento saudável por sua qualidade nutricional. Nesse contexto é importante garantir a oferta de um produto de qualidade microbiológica, que atenda às exigências do mercado alimentício e não ofereça riscos à saúde do consumidor. Assim, objetivou-se verificar a relação entre a contaminação do camarão Macrobrachium amazonicum e o ambiente de criação, além de comparar os resultados obtidos com a legislação vigente. Para tanto, foi verificada a qualidade microbiológica do camarão, sedimento e água do viveiro onde estes foram cultivados, enumerando coliformes totais e termotolerantes e Staphylococcus coagulase positiva, e verificando a presença de Escherichia coli patogênica e Salmonella spp. Os resultados evidenciaram que as amostras de água encontraram-se em conformidade com os limites estabelecidos pela legislação, enquanto que para camarão uma amostra estava fora do limite exigido para Staphylococcus coagulase positiva e para Salmonella spp. as demais apresentavam-se de acordo com a legislação. As amostras de camarão apresentaram correlação com a água e sedimento do viveiro, demonstrando que a contaminação microbiológica do viveiro reflete na qualidade do camarão. O monitoramento da qualidade da água e a adoção do manejo correto na carcinicultura assumem grande importância para garantir a produção de camarões de boa qualidade, atendendo às exigências do mercado para comercialização e a segurança na saúde do consumidor / Shrimp farming is an activity that is expanding, as well as the consumption of shrimp, considered a healthy food due to your nutritional quality. In this context, it is important to ensure the supply of a product of microbiological quality, which meets the requirements of the food market and does not offer risks to consumer health. Thus, this study aim to verify the relationship between contamination of shrimp Macrobrachium amazonicum and culture environment and to compare the results obtained with the Brazilian legislation for water and shrimp. Thereunto, we investigated the microbiological quality of the shrimp, sediment and water of the pond where they were grown, enumerating total and thermotolerant coliforms and Staphylococcus coagulase positive, and investigating the presence of pathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella. The water samples were obeying the limits established by legislation, while a sample of shrimp was out of range required for Staphylococcus coagulase positive and for Salmonella all samples were in accordance with the law. Samples of shrimp were correlated with the water and sediment of the pond, showing that the microbiological contamination of the pond reflects the quality of shrimp. The monitoring of water quality and the adoption of the correct management in shrimp farming are very important to ensure that shrimp production of good quality, acordding the market requirements and consumer health safety