The Myxococcus xanthus Dif and Frz chemosensory pathways play important roles in the regulation of gliding motility. The Dif system regulates the production of exopolysaccheride (EPS), which is essential for social motility and fruiting body formation. The Frz pathway controls reversal frequency, which is fundamental for directed movement by this surface-gliding bacterium. In addition, both pathways are involved in the chemotactic response towards several phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) species such that the Dif pathway is required for excitation while the Frz pathway is essential for adaptation. In this study we addressed three crucial questions regarding the signal processing of these two chemosensory pathways by focusing on DifA and FrzCD, the MCP homologs from their respective pathways. First, the receptor protein in the Dif pathway, DifA, lacks a perisplasmic domain, the typical signal-sensing structure. To examine whether DifA shares similar transmembrane signaling mechanism with typical transmembrane sensor proteins (MCPs and sensor kinases), we constructed a chimeric protein that is composed of the N-terminus of NarX (nitrate sensor kinase) and the C-terminus of DifA. This NarX-DifA chimera restores the DifA functionality (EPS production, agglutination, S-motility and development) to a "difA mutant in a nitrate-dependent manner, suggesting DifA shares a similar transmembrane signaling mechanism with typical MCPs and sensor kinases despite its unorthodox structure. Second, the M. xanthus chemotaxis is still controversial. It has been argued that the taxis-like response in this slowly gliding bacterium could result from physiological effects of certain chemicals. To study motility regulation by the Frz pathway, we constructed two chimeras between the N-terminus of NarX and C-terminus of FrzCD, which is the receptor protein of the Frz pathway. The two chimeras, NazDF and NazDR, are identical except that NazDR contains a G51R mutation in the otherwise wild-type NarX sensory module. This G51R mutation was shown to reverse the signaling output of a NarX-Tar chimera to nitrate. We discovered that nitrate specifically decreased the reversal frequency of NazDF-expressing cells and increased that of NazDR-expressing cells. These results show that directional motility in M. xanthus can be regulated independently of cellular metabolism and physiology. Surprisingly, the NazDR strain failed to adapt to nitrate in temporal assays, as did the wild type to known repellents. Therefore, the lack of temporal adaptation to negative stimuli is an intrinsic property in M. xanthus motility regulation. Third, the Dif and Frz pathways are both involved in the chemotactic response towards certain PE molecules such that the Dif pathway is required for excitation and while the Frz system is essential for adaptation. In addition, 12:0 PE, known to be sensed by DifA, results in increased FrzCD methylation. These findings suggested that in the regulation of PE response, two pathways communicate with each other to mediate adaptation. Here we provided evidence to indicate that DifA does not undergo methylation during EPS regulation and PE chemotaxis. On the other hand, using mutants expressing the NarX-DifA chimera, it was found that signal transduction through DifA, DifC (CheW-like) and DifE (CheA-like) modulates FrzCD methylation. Surprisingly, the attractant 12:0 PE can modulate FrzCD methylation in two ways distinguishable by the dependency on DifA, DifC and DifE. The DifACE-independent mechanism, which may result from specific sensing of 12:0 PE by FrzCD, increases FrzCD methylation as expected. Unexpectedly, 12:0 PE decreases FrzCD methylation with the DifACE-dependent mechanism. This "opposite" FrzCD methylation by DifACE-dependent signaling was supported by results from NafA-expressing mutants because nitrate, which acts as a repellent, increases FrzCD methylation. Based on these findings, we proposed a model for chemotaxis toward 12:0 PE (and 16:1 PE). In this model, DifA and FrzCD both sense the same signal and activate the pathways of excitation (Dif) and adaptation (Frz) independently. The two pathways communicate with each other via methylation crosstalk between DifACE and FrzCD in such a way that processes of excitation and adaptation can be coordinated. / Ph. D.

Diese Arbeit basiert auf der grundlegenden Annahme, dass Signaltransduktionsnetzwerke in lebenden Organismen als das Ergebnis eines evolutionären Prozesses betrachtet werden können, der sich durch Mutations- und Selektionsprinzipien auszeichnet. Basierend auf dieser Hypothese werden zwei Ansätze vorgestellt, um Design und Kontrollmechanismen von Netzwerken zu untersuchen. In Kapitel 2 wird ein Modell entwickelt, welches die Struktur analysiert. Ein vereinfachtes Modell wird benutzt, um Systeme, bestehend aus Rezeptoren, Kinasen und Phosphatasen, zu beschreiben. Zwei dynamische Eigenschaften sollten für die Überlebensfähigkeit der Organismen eine wichtige Rolle spielen: (i) Um eine Autoaktivierung zu verhindern, z.B. gegenüber stochastischen Schwankungen von Rezeptorliganden, muss der Signal-Aus Zustand dynamisch stabil sein. (ii) Das Ausgangssignal sollte verstärkt werden. Um Netzwerke zu charakterisieren, die beide Kriterien gleichzeitig erfüllen, wird eine systematische Analyse von kleinen Netzwerken durchgeführt. Die Untersuchungen machen deutlich, dass für solche Netzwerke die folgenden zwei Design-Eigenschaften gelten: (i) Mit steigender Netzwerkgröße verringert sich die Konnektivität, was einer steigenden Spezifität der Kinasen gleichkommt. (ii) Die Anzahl der "Feedback"-Zyklen nimmt mit zunehmender Netzwerkgröße ab, was eine abnehmende Tendenz anzeigt, dass "nachgeschaltete" Kinasen "vorgelagerte" Kinasen aktivieren. Die allgemeine Gültigkeit dieser Eigenschaften wird durch die Untersuchung eines großen Kinase-Netzwerks aus der Datenbank TRANSPATH gestützt, welches hinsichtlich verschiedener Strukturmerkmale weitergehend untersucht. Das Netzwerk-Design unterscheidet sich aussagekräftig von Zufallsnetzen. In Kapitel 3 werden Kontrollmechanismen unterschiedlicher Signalnetzwerke analysiert, indem die Metabolische Kontroll Theorie auf transiente Aktivierungsprofile angewendet wird, indem Kontrollkoeffizienten für Amplitude, Signaldauer berechnet werden. / This work is based on the hypothesis that signal transduction networks in living cells are the result of an evolutionary development which is governed by mutations and natural selection principles. Based on this working hypothesis, two approaches are presented to investigate design and control mechanisms of signal transduction networks. In the first approach, covered in chapter 2, a model is developed to analyse the structural design of signaling networks. A simplified model is used to describe systems consisting of receptors, kinases and phosphatases. Two dynamic features of signaling systems are assumed to be crucial for the organism''s surviving capacity: (i) To avoid autoactivation, e.g. due to stochastic fluctuations of receptor ligand, the signal off-state must be dynamically stable. (ii) The signal output should be amplified. To characterise networks fulfilling both criteria simultaneously, a systematic analysis is performed for small networks. The investigations reveal that for such networks the following two design principles hold true: (i) With increasing network size the connectivity decreases connoting an increasing specificity of kinase activities. (ii) The number of feedback cycles decrease with increasing network size indicating a decreasing tendency of downstream kinases to activate upstream kinases. The general validity of these design principles is supported by the analysis of a large kinase network retrieved from the TRANSPATH database. This signaling network is further investigated regarding several design properties. When comparing the design and dynamic features of the TRANSPATH network to random networks, significant differences are observed. In the second approach, described in chapter 3, control mechanisms of different signaling networks are analysed by applying Metabolic Control Analysis to transient activation profiles. Control coefficients on the signal amplitude, signal duration and integrated response are calculated.

Chan Siu Lan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 149-181). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.ii / Chinese Abstract (摘要) --- p.v / Acknowledgements --- p.viii / Publications --- p.x / Table of contents --- p.xii / List of Figures --- p.xvi / List of Table and Diagram --- p.xx / Abbreviations --- p.xxi / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Major objectives and long-term significance --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Biological significance of apoptosis --- p.1 / Chapter 1.3 --- Importance of apoptosis in the study of the female reproductive system --- p.3 / Chapter 1.4 --- Specific aims of the present project --- p.3 / Chapter 1.5 --- Experimental approaches --- p.8 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Materials and Methods / Chapter 2.1 --- General experimental methods --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Culture of cells --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1.1.1 --- Culture of rabbit immortalized uterine epithelial cells --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1.1.2 --- Culture of primary mouse uterine epithelial cells --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1.1.3 --- Culture of human ovarian epithelial cancer cells --- p.13 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Assessment of apoptotic DNA fragmentation --- p.13 / Chapter 2.1.2.1 --- DNA extraction --- p.14 / Chapter 2.1.2.2 --- Assessment of apoptotic DNA --- p.14 / Chapter 2.1.2.3 --- Assessment of apoptotic DNA by CE-LIF --- p.15 / Chapter 2.1.2.4 --- Assessment of apoptosis by Nuclear Hoechst 33248 Staining / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Assessement of protein content --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1.3.1 --- Protein extraction and western blot analysis --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Adenoviral infection of A2780s cells --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2 --- Preparation of solutions --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3 --- Animals and cell lines --- p.25 / Chapter 2.4 --- Statistical analysis --- p.25 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Literature Review / Chapter 3.1 --- Morphological analysis of physiological cell death --- p.26 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Characteristics of apoptosis --- p.27 / Chapter 3.2 --- Methods of detecting apoptosis --- p.31 / Chapter 3.3 --- Molecules controlling apoptosis --- p.33 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Caspases --- p.33 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- The Bcl-2 family proteins --- p.34 / Chapter 3.4 --- Apoptosis signalling --- p.36 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- The death receptor-dependent pathway --- p.36 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- The mitochondria-dependent pathway --- p.38 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- The endoplasmic-reticulum-dependent pathway --- p.39 / Chapter 3.5 --- Importance of apoptosis in the female reproductive system --- p.40 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Apoptosis in uterus epithelial cells --- p.40 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells --- p.42 / Chapter 3.6 --- Regulation of apoptosis by nitric oxide/cGMP/protein kinase G --- p.44 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Regulation of apoptosis by nitric oxide --- p.44 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Regulation of apoptosis by cGMP --- p.48 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- Regulation of apoptosis by soluble guanyly cyclase activator --- p.50 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- "Apoptotic DNA fragmentation caused by sodium nitroprusside, a nitric oxide donor, in uterine epithelial cells: ultrasensitive quantitation using the new capillary electrophoresis/laser-induced fluorescence (CE-LIF) technology" / Chapter 4.1 --- Abstract --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2 --- Introduction --- p.53 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.57 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.61 / Chapter 4.5 --- Figures of Chapter 4 --- p.66 / Chapter Chapter 5: --- Guanylyl-cyclase inhibitors NS2028 and ODQ and protein-kinase-G inhibitor KT5823 trigger apoptotic DNA fragmentation in an immortalized uterine epithelial cell line: anti-apoptotic effects of basal cGMP/PKG / Chapter 5.1 --- Abstract --- p.74 / Chapter 5.2 --- Introduction --- p.75 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results --- p.80 / Chapter 5.4 --- Discussion --- p.83 / Chapter 5.5 --- Figures of Chapter 5 --- p.89 / Chapter Chapter 6: --- "Direct, prolonged activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase by YC-1 or protein kinase G by cGMP analogs enhances the level of apoptosis in an immortalized uterine epithelial cell line, HRE-H9 cells" / Chapter 6.1 --- Abstract --- p.100 / Chapter 6.2 --- Introduction --- p.101 / Chapter 6.3 --- Results --- p.105 / Chapter 6.4 --- Discussion --- p.107 / Chapter 6.5 --- Figures of Chapter 6 --- p.114 / Chapter Chapter 7: --- "ODQ，an inhibitor of soluble guanylyl cyclase, down-regulates XIAP expression and induces apoptosis in human ovarian cancer cells" / Chapter 7.1 --- Abstract --- p.124 / Chapter 7.2 --- Introduction --- p.125 / Chapter 7.3 --- Results --- p.129 / Chapter 7.4 --- Discussion --- p.132 / Chapter 7.5 --- Figures of Chapter 7 --- p.138 / Chapter Chapter 8: --- Overall Conclusion --- p.145 / Chapter Chapter 9: --- References --- p.149

Measles virus (MV) causes an acute childhood disease, associated in certain cases with the infection of the central nervous system (CNS). MV induces a profound immunosuppression, resulting in high infant mortality. The major cellular receptor for MV is CD150, which binds MV hemagglutinin (MV-H). As dendritic cell (DC) dysfunction is considered to be essential for the MV immunopathogenesis, we analyzed consequences of MV-H interaction with DCs. We developed an experimental model allowing us to analyze the direct CD150-MV-H interaction in the absence of infectious context. This interaction caused the downregulation of surface expression of CD80, CD83, CD86 and HLA-DR molecules and inhibition of IL-12 production in DCs. DCs also failed to activate T cell proliferation. The CD150-MV-H interaction in DCs and B cells decreased the phosphorylation of JNK1/2, but not ERK1/2 kinases, after subsequent CD150 ligation with anti-CD150 antibodies. Moreover, MV-H by itself induced Akt phosphorylation via CD150 in DCs and B cells. Engagement of CD150 by MV-H in mice transgenic for human CD150 decreased the inflammatory reaction, contact hypersensitivity response, confirming the immunosuppressive effect of CD150-MV-H interaction in vivo. Furthermore, our studies revealed the CD150 expression in CNS tumors and identified the novel CD150 isoform, containing an additional 83bp exon expressed in lymphoid cells, DCs and CNS tumors. Although its isoforms remain intracellular in tumor cells, CD150 may represent a new marker for human brain tumors. Novel mechanism of CD150-induced immunosuppression and new CD150 isoform identified in these studies shed new light on its immunoregulatory role and CD150 isoform diversity and open perspectives for their clinical applications.

No description available.

No description available.

Les plantes n'échappent pas à leur lieu de vie, elles doivent en permanence adapter leurs processus physiologiques pour répondre aux variations de leurs conditions environnementales. Durant ma thèse, j'ai étudié deux stress affectant le développement des plantes, les stress thermique (HS) et oxydant (OS), en ciblant des éléments clé de ces phénomènes (les protéines de choc thermique Hsp et Thiorédoxines TRX) afin d'apporter des éléments de réponse quant à l'interconnexion de ces stress et leur importance pour la plante.En utilisant le riz et le soja comme modèles, je montre que le HS suit une « signature Ca2+ » en provoquant une entrée de calcium de l'apoplaste vers le cytosol, assurant ainsi une rigidité à la paroi cellulaire et une cascade de signaux. J'identifie aussi une Pectine Methylesterase nécessaire au remodelage de la paroi cellulaire et à l'intégrité de la membrane. J'ai aussi recherché comment la plante perçoit les changements de température et transmet ce signal vers des effecteurs. Par des analyses d'expression de gènes, je montre qu'une CaM bien spécifique coordonne la réponse au HS, qui se traduit par l'expression spécifique de certaines petites Hsp nucléaires et cytosoliques.Je réalise enfin une étude moléculaire de TDX, une TRX suspectée d'agir dans la réponse au HS. Je montre que TDX interagit avec des Hsp70 de type cytosoliques/nucléaires de façon redox dépendante, que les stress HS et OS induisent une relocalisation nucléaire de TDX. Je montre enfin que TDX est essentielle pour la thermotolérance acquise et la transduction du signal oxydant. Ces résultats sont discutés et des modèles de transduction des signaux entre HS et OS sont proposés. / While being unable to escape their lands, plants are continuously submitted to the modifications of their environment, and need to adjust proper physiological processes in response to various stimuli. During this work, I devoted my studies on two major stresses affecting plant development, heat shock (HS) and oxidative stresses (OS), focusing on key elements in these pathways (HS chaperons and HS-related thioredoxins) in order to bring news elements of knowledge and interconnexion of these pathways.Using rice and soybean as mono- and dicotyledonous plant systems, I show how HS leads to calcium release from plant cell apoplast to the cytosol in a typical calcium signature, conferring cell wall rigidity and enhancing HS signaling pathway. I also identify Pectin Methylesterase as required in this pathway for cell wall remodeling and plasma membrane integrity. I further investigate how plant sense temperature increases and how they transmit the HS signal to downstream elements. Using systematic analyses of Calmodulin (CaM) and small heat shock protein (sHsp) gene expression, I identify one CaM as a coordinator of HS response, which I characterize as involving specific cytosolic/nuclear isoforms of the sHsp family.I latter perform the molecular analysis of TDX, a Thioredoxin suspected to be involved in heat shock response. I show that TDX interacts with cytosolic/nuclear members of the Hsp70 family in a redox dependent manner, both HS and OS inducing its nuclear relocation, and that TDX is required for both acquired thermotolerance and OS signaling.I finally discuss the data brought by this work and propose models with cross-talks between HS and oxidative stress signaling.

Der JAK/STAT-Signalübertragungsweg ist im Tierreich evolutionär konserviert und spielt eine Rolle in der Entwicklung eines Organismus, sowie beim Erhalt von Stammzellen. Desweiteren verursacht eine erhöhte Signalaktivität in Blutzellen Leukämie. Mit Hilfe der genetischen und molekularen Methoden, die in der Taufliege Drosophila melanogaster verfügbar sind, wurden die Hauptkomponenten der JAK/STAT-Signalkaskade identifiziert.Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Identifikation von Effektoren, die durch die JAK/STAT-Signalkaskade in Drosophila angeschaltet werden und die Bildung von Bluttumoren verursachen. Die Untersuchung des Geneexpressionsmusters ergab, dass 1197 Gen-Loci direkt oder indirekt durch den Liganden der Signalkaskade namens UPD zu unterschiedlichen Zeitenpunkten reguliert werden. Mit Hilfe von bioinformatischen Methoden konnten diese 1197 Gene zu immunologisch relevanten Kategorien (auch Gene Ontology genannt) zugewiesen werden, welche ebenfalls eine zeitlich dynamische Verteilung aufweisen. Weiterhin identifizierte die Promotoranalyse von hoch-regulierten Genen DNA-Bindungsstellen, an die der Transkriptionsfaktor der JAK/STAT-Signalkaskade mit hoher oder niedriger Affinität bindet. Die Rolle von zehn der 1197 Gene wurde in der Taufliege bezüglich der Tumorentwicklung untersucht. Darunter befinden sich Gene, die für die Zellpolarität verantwortlich sind; eine Funktion, die kürzlich mit der Aktivierung der JAK/STAT-Signalkaskade im Epithelgewebe in Verbindung gebracht wurde.

No description available.

Le récepteur A des peptides natriurétiques (NPRA) fait partie de la famille des guanylates cyclases membranaires. L’activation du NPRA par ses agonistes naturels, ANP et BNP, induit une production de GMPc qui est responsable de leur rôle dans l’homéostasie cardiovasculaire, l’inhibition de l’hypertrophie et de la fibrose cardiaques et la régulation de la lipolyse. Le NPRA est un homodimère non covalent composé d’un domaine extracellulaire de liaison du ligand (ECD), d’un unique domaine transmembranaire (TM), d’un domaine d’homologie aux kinases et d’un domaine guanylate cyclase. Bien que le NPRA ait un rôle physiologique important, les mécanismes moléculaires régissant son processus d’activation restent inconnus. Nous avons donc analysé les premières étapes du processus d’activation du NPRA. Nous avons d'abord étudié le rôle de la dimérisation des ECD dans l’activation du récepteur. Nous avons utilisé les techniques de liaison de radioligand, de FRET et de modélisation moléculaire, pour caractériser la liaison à l’ECD des agonistes naturels, d’un superagoniste et d’un antagoniste. L’ANP se lie à un dimère d’ECD préformé et la dimérisation spontanée est l’étape limitante du processus de liaison. De plus, comme le démontrent nos études de FRET, tous les peptides, incluant l’antagoniste, stabilisent le récepteur sous sa forme dimérique. Cependant, l’antagoniste A71915 stabilise le dimère d’ECD dans une conformation différente de celle induite par l’ANP. La dimérisation du NPRA semble donc nécessaire, mais non suffisante à l’activation du récepteur. L’état d’activation du NPRA dépend plutôt de l’orientation des sous unités dans le dimère. Nous avons ensuite étudié le mécanisme moléculaire de transduction du signal à travers la membrane. Plusieurs études ont suggéré que l’activation du NPRA implique un changement de conformation du domaine juxtamembranaire (JM). Cependant, les études de cristallographie de l’ECD soluble de NPRA n’ont pas permis de documenter la structure du JM et le changement de conformation impliqué dans la transduction du signal reste inconnu. Pour analyser ce changement de conformation, nous avons d’abord séquentiellement substitué les neuf acides aminés du JM par une cystéine. En étudiant la capacité des mutants à former des dimères covalents de façon constitutive ou induite par l’ANP, nous avons pu évaluer la proximité relative des résidus du JM, avant et après activation du NPRA. Ces résultats ont démontré la proximité élevée de certains résidus spécifiques et sont en contradiction avec les données cristallographiques. Nous avons également démontré que le domaine intracellulaire impose une contrainte conformationnelle au JM à l’état de base, qui est levée après liaison de l’ANP. En introduisant de 1 à 5 alanines dans l’hélice-α transmembranaire, nous avons montré qu’une rotation des TM de 40° induit une activation constitutive du NPRA. Le signal d’activation pourrait donc être transmis à travers la membrane par un mécanisme de rotation des TM. En utilisant nos données expérimentales, nous avons généré le premier modèle moléculaire illustrant la conformation active du NPRA, où les domaines JM et TM sont représentés. Dans son ensemble, cette étude apporte une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires régissant les premières étapes du processus complexe d’activation du NPRA. / Natriuretic peptide receptor-A (NPRA) is a member of the particulate guanylate cyclase family. NPRA activation by natural agonists, ANP and BNP, leads to cGMP production, which is responsible for their role in cardiovascular homeostasis, cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis inhibition and lipolysis regulation. NPRA is a non covalent dimer composed of an extracellular domain (ECD) with a ligand binding site, a single transmembrane region (TM), a kinase homology domain, and a guanylyl cyclase domain. Although NPRA plays an important physiologic role, molecular mecanisms driving its activation process are yet unknown. We thus analysed the first steps of NPRA’s activation process. First, we studied the role of ECD dimerization in receptor activation and determined the sequential steps of this dimerization process. We used radioligand binding, FRET and molecular modeling to characterize the interaction of ECD with natural agonists, a superagonist and an antagonist. ANP binds to preformed ECD dimers and spontaneous dimerization is the rate-limiting step of the ligand binding process. Furthermore, like demonstrated with fluorescence homoquenching, all the studied peptides, including A71915 antagonist, stabilize a dimeric form of the receptor. However, A71915 stabilizes the ECD dimer in a conformation distinct from those induced by ANP. Thus, ECD dimerization is necessary but not sufficient for NPRA activation. The activation state of NPRA seems to depend on the orientation of the receptor subunits within the dimer. Then, we tried to identify the molecular mechanism of signal transduction through the plasma membrane. Previous studies have shown that activation of NPRA involves a conformational change of the juxtamembrane domain (JM). However, crystallographic study of the soluble ECD of NPRA has failed to document JM structure, and the conformational change involved in transmembrane signal transduction is still unknown. To analyse this conformational change, we first sequentially substituted nine amino acids of JM by a cysteine residue. By studying the mutant’s capacity to form ANP-induced or constitutive covalent disulfide dimers, we evaluated the relative proximity of JM residues, before and after NPRA activation. These results demonstrate a high proximity of specific JM residues and are in disagreement with crystallography data. We also demonstrated that intracellular domain imposes a conformational constraint on JM at basal state, which becomes relaxed upon ANP binding. We finally confirmed, with a full-length receptor, that A71915 stabilizes NPRA in a dimeric form where JM are in a conformation distinct from the basal state. By introducing 1 to 5 alanine residues in the transmembrane α-helix, we showed that a TM rotation of 40° leads to constitutive NPRA activation. Activation signal could thus be transmitted through the membrane by a TM rotation mechanism. We finally studied the role of the TM in NPRA dimerization. By using the ToxR system, we demonstrated that the last JM residues are required to stabilize the TM dimer. Using these experimental data, we generated the first molecular model illustrating the active conformation of NPRA, where JM and TM are depicted. In summary, this study allows a better understanding of molecular mecanisms driving the first steps of NPRA’s complex activation process.