Thesis (Ph. D.)--Case Western Reserve University, 2006. / [School of Medicine] Department of Biochemistry. Includes bibliographical references. Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center.

Thesis (Ph.D. in Cell and Developmental Biology) -- University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, 2005. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 123-141). Free to UCDHSC affiliates. Online version available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations;

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Toledo, 2006. / "In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biomedical Sciences." Major advisor: Zi-Jian Xie. Includes abstract. Document formatted into pages: iii, 156 p. Title from title page of PDF document. Bibliography: pages 64-67, 97-100, 116-117, 125-155.

Η HARP (Heparin Affin Regulatory Peptide), γνωστή και ως πλειοτροπίνη, είναι ένας αυξητικός παράγοντας που η έκφρασή του στα ενήλικα άτομα είναι περιορισμένη σε συγκεκριμένους ιστούς. Ωστόσο, έκφραση ή υπερέκφρασή της έχει παρατηρηθεί in vivo σε διάφορους όγκους και στον ορό του αίματος ασθενών με διάφορες μορφές καρκίνου, καθώς και in vitro σε διάφορες καρκινικές κυτταρικές σειρές. Παρόλο που οι in vivo βιολογικές δράσεις της HARP είναι αδιαμφισβήτητες, δεν έχει διασαφηνιστεί ο μηχανισμός με τον οποίο ασκεί τις δράσεις αυτές. Επίσης, υπάρχουν πολλά αντικρουόμενα αποτελέσματα αναφορικά με τις in vitro βιολογικές της δράσεις. Στη συγκεκριμένη εργασία διερευνήθηκε το εάν η διαφορετική έκφραση των υποδοχέων της HARP, RPTPβ/ζ και ALK, είναι ένας άλλος λόγος για τα αντικρουόμενα αυτά αποτελέσματα. Χρησιμοποιώντας την RNAi τεχνολογία, δημιουργήσαμε DU145 και PC3 κύτταρα (κυτταρικές σειρές από καρκίνο ανθρώπινου προστάτη), τα οποία σταθερά έχουν μειωμένα επίπεδα έκφρασης του RPTPβ/ζ και του ALK. Τα DU145 κύτταρα εκφράζουν μόνο τον RPTPβ/ζ, σε αντίθεση με τα PC3 κύτταρα που εκφράζουν και τους δύο υποδοχείς. Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν ότι ο RPTPβ/ζ καταστέλλει την επαγόμενη από HARP κυτταρική προσκόλληση και μετανάστευση, ενώ ο ALK επάγει την επαγόμενη από HARP κυτταρική μετανάστευση. Επιπλέον, η μελέτη της μεταγωγής σήματος αυτών των υποδοχέων έδειξε ότι ο RPTPβ/ζ καταστέλλει τα επίπεδα φωσφορυλίωσης της κινάσης Src, της Fak, της Pten/Akt και των Erk1/2, ενώ ο ALK επάγει την ενεργότητα της Akt και των Erk1/2. Επιπρόσθετα, η μείωση της έκφρασης του RPTPβ/ζ σχετίζεται με την επαγωγή EMT φαινοτύπου, αφού καταστέλλει την έκφραση της E-καντερίνης και επάγει την έκφραση της Ν-καντερίνης, των ιντεγκρινών-α5, -αv και β3, καθώς και της MMP9. Επιπλέον, είναι γνωστό ότι οι αυξητικοί παράγοντες αποτελούν υπόστρωμα για διάφορα πρωτεολυτικά ένζυμα του κυτταρικού μικροπεριβάλλοντος, με αποτέλεσμα την παραγωγή βιολογικά ενεργών πεπτιδίων που μπορούν να έχουν παρόμοιες ή και αντίθετες δράσεις με το ολικό μόριο. Η πλασμίνη, η τρυψίνη και η MMP2, πέπτουν την HARP και παράγουν πεπτίδια που αναστέλλουν την επαγωγική της δράση. Σύμφωνα με αυτές τις μελέτες, το ενδιαφέρον για την ανακάλυψη πεπτιδίων με αντικαρκινική δράση εντοπίζεται στο καρβοξυτελικό τμήμα της HARP, καθώς και στις δύο κεντρικές περιοχές που παρουσιάζουν ομολογία με τις επαναλαμβανόμενες αλληλουχίες της θρομβοσπονδίνης-1. Στην παρούσα εργασία μελετήθηκε ο μηχανισμός δράσης του P(122-131) και οι βιολογικές δράσεις των P(13-39) και P(65-97). Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν ότι το P(122- 131) μετά την πρόσδεσή του στον RPTPβ/ζ, μειώνει τα επίπεδα φωσφορυλίωσης της κινάσης Src, της Fak, της Pten και των Erk1/2 και καταστέλλει την in vitro προσκόλληση και μετανάστευση των DU145 και LNCaP κυττάρων. Επιπλέον, τα αποτελέσματα υποστηρίζουν την υπόθεση ότι το P(122-131) καταστέλλει αυτές τις διαδικασίες και μετά από τον ανταγωνισμό του με τη HARP για την πρόσδεση όχι μόνο στον ALK, αλλά και σε άλλους υποδοχείς. Τέλος, χρησιμοποιώντας το σύστημα της χοριοαλλαντοϊδικής μεμβράνης εμβρύου όρνιθας, παρατηρήσαμε ότι το P(122-131) καταστέλλει και την in vivo αγγειογένεση. Παρόμοια με το P(122-131), τα P(13-39) και P(65-97) καταστέλλουν την in vitro προσκόλληση και μετανάστευση των DU145 και PC3 κυττάρων μετά την πρόσδεσή τους στον RPTPβ/ζ. Συμπερασματικά, στην παρούσα εργασία καταδεικνύεται ο ρόλος των υποδοχέων RPTPβ/ζ και ALK στον μηχανισμό δράσης του αυξητικού παράγοντα HARP και των πεπτιδίων του. Για πρώτη φορά αποδεικνύεται ότι η ανασυνδυασμένη HARP προκαρυωτικής προέλευσης είναι βιολογικά ενεργή και ότι η δράση της εξαρτάται από τη συνισταμένη των δράσεων που έχει κάθε υποδοχέας της, αντικατοπτρίζοντας τον περίπλοκο μηχανισμό δράσης της HARP και των πεπτιδίων της. / HARP (Heparin Affin Regulatory Peptide), also known as Pleiotrophin, is a growth factor that is thought to be involved in carcinogenesis. Elevated concentrations of this growth factor are found in many types of tumors, as well as in the plasma of patients with different types of cancer. However, contradictory results have been published concerning the in vitro activities of HARP. Here, we investigated whether the differential expression of HARP receptors, namely RPTPβ/ζ and ALK, is another reason for these controversies. Using the RNAi technology, we stably transformed prostate cancer cell lines DU145 and PC3 to knockdown RPTPβ/ζ or ALK expression. DU145 cells express only RPTPβ/ζ, while PC3 cells express both RPTPβ/ζ and ALK. Our results showed that RPTPβ/ζ inhibits HARP-mediated cellular adhesion and migration, while ALK induces HARP-mediated cellular migration. Investigation of the transduction mechanism revealed that RPTPβ/ζ inactivates Src, Fak, Pten/Akt, and Erk1/2, while ALK activates Akt and Erk1/2. In addition, RPTPβ/ζ knockdown promotes a shift in expression form E- to N-cadherin, and induces the expression of integrin-α5, -αv, -β3, and MMP9. Growth factors can be hydrolyzed by proteases, leading to the production of biological active peptides. Previous studies indicate that HARP is cleaved by enzymes in the extracellular environment, such as plasmin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and MMP2. Moreover, the resulting peptides exert altered biological functions compared to the whole molecule. Here, we investigated the effect of (P122-131), corresponding to the basic cluster of the C-terminal region of HARP, as well as the effect of P(13-39) and P(65-97) derived from the TSR domains of HARP. Our results demonstrated that P(122-131) interacts with RPTPβ/ζ, inactivates its catalytic activity, and triggers a signal transduction pathway that inhibits DU145 and LNCaP adhesion and migration, while in parallel interferes with ALK or other pleiotrophin receptors inhibiting pleiotrophin-induced cellular adhesion and migration. In addition, P(122-131) inhibits angiogenesis in vivo, as determined by the chicken embryo CAM assay. Furthermore, P(13-39) and P(65-97) interacts with RPTPβ/ζ and inhibits DU145 and PC3 adhesion and migration. Taken together, the results of this study demonstrate the effect of RPTPβ/ζ and ALK on HARP and its peptides-mediated biological actions. Our results support the hypothesis that the overall effect of pleiotrophin depends on the expression profile of its receptors. Concluding, we show that bacterial pleiotrophin is biological active and part of the diversity of pleiotrophin biological actions is due to RPTPβ/ζ and /or ALK and the complex way of their interactions and signaling.

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is one of many bacterial and viral pathogens that can exploit the eukaryotic actin cytoskeleton for its own purposes. EPEC injects its own receptor, Tir, into the host cell plasma membrane where, upon binding the bacterial adhesin, intimin, can trigger actin assembly beneath bound bacteria resulting in characteristic actin "pedestals". The formation of these lesions is thought to be critical for bacterial colonization; and can also provide insight into actin dynamics of mammalian cells. EPEC Tir stimulates multiple signaling pathways converging on a central actin nucleation promoting factor, N-WASP. The best-characterized pathway of actin pedestal formation also involves the eukaroytic adaptor protein, Nck, but at least two Nck-independent signaling cascades have also been identified. Multiple aspects of Tir-mediated signaling cascades remain unclear. For example, although Nck can directly bind and activate N-WASP, current models of Tir-mediated, Nck-dependent actin signaling postulate an indirect interaction between Nck and N-WASP mediated by one or more unidentified host factors. Additionally, the relationship of this pathway to the Nck-independent pathways is unknown. To better understand Tir-mediated actin assembly, a detailed and quantitative analysis of the domain requirements of Nck and N-WASP for pedestal formation was conducted. The results indicate that, contrary to previously favored models, Nck is unlikely to require additional host factors to bind N-WASP during pedestal formation, but apparently directly stimulates this nucleation promoting factor. In addition, the results show that the Nck-dependent and -independent pathways target distinct regulatory domains of N-WASP.

Cytokinesis is the cytoplasmic division of one cell into two independent daughter cells. Precise regulation of cytokinesis during cell cycle is essential for healthy and rapid multiplication of any organism. Schizosaccharomyces pombe has emerged as an excellent model system to study eukaryotic cell division regulation. This rod shaped organism grows by bipolar elongation in interphase when its actin cytoskeleton is concentrated at the cell ends (poles). However, growth stops in mitosis and the actin cytoskeleton is rearranged to facilitate assembly of the contractile actomyosin ring at the cell middle. Although several studies have focused on the separate processes of growth and division, it was unclear how cells regulate the cytoskeletal remodeling during the transition between the different stages of the cell cycle. The Septation Initiation Network (SIN) is a signaling cascade essential for fission yeast cytokinesis (Balasubramanian et al., 1998; Mishra et al., 2004) and the MOR (morphogenesis) signaling pathway is essential for interphase bipolar growth (Kanai et al, 2005). Interestingly, inactivation of the SIN not only failed to maintain the cytokinetic apparatus at the cell middle but also caused the redistribution of the cytoskeletal elements like actin to the cell ends that led to bipolar cell elongation similar to cells in interphase (Mishra et al., 2004). These results suggested that SIN signaling inhibits interphase bipolar growth, but it was not clear if the SIN had a direct role in inhibition of interphase growth during mitosis and this question was the major focus of this thesis. The results presented in Chapter II show a novel cross-pathway interaction between the SIN and the MOR in the fission yeast. Our results in Chapter III suggest that some of the MOR pathway components might be important for coordination between nuclear and cytoplasmic divisions in mitosis, revealing novel roles of the pathway. In a separate study (Chapter IV) we sought to identify additional regulators of the SIN and cytokinesis through a suppressor screen and found that the nucleolar rDNA transcription machinery inhibits cytokinesis in fission yeast.

La synthèse de l'adénosine triphosphate (ATP) est un événement clé dans la bioénergétique cellulaire. ATP synthesis est possible quand un gradient de potentiel électrochimique de protons est présent sur les membranes des cellules ou des organelles. Ce gradient est produit par les réactions d'oxydoréduction ou les réactions photochimiques qui sont contrôlées par l'enzyme. Bactériorhodopsine (bR) est la protéine la plus simple et la plus étudiée qui convertit l'énergie lumineuse en potentiel électrochimique. bR est un protéine transmembranaire de Halobacterium salinarum. bR absorbe des photons de lumière et transmet un proton à partir du cytoplasme vers l'espace extracellulaire. Grâce à sa disponibilité en relativement grandes quantités, la procédure de purification facile et stable, bR reste un des protéines membranaire les plus étudiés au cours des 40 dernières années.Pour comprendre le mécanisme moléculaire de la bR fonctionnement il faut connaître les changements structurels, provoqués par l'absorption de photon, qui accompagnent le cycle de travail des protéines et poussent à transporter le proton. Cela implique l'obtention des structures cristallographiques de bR état fonctionnel avec une résolution atomique. Selon cette approche, il est important d'avoir les cristaux protéiques très ordonnés et les méthodes de fixage des molécules de protéines dans les états intermédiaires. Les méthodes de fixage dans des conditions cryogéniques ont été développées précédemment. Les cristaux de la qualité désirée peuvent être obtenus par la cristallisation in meso où lipide mésophase bicontinue est utilisé pour la cristallisation des protéines membranaires.Le mécanisme de la cristallisation in meso est actuellement étudié pauvrement. Cette situation limite grandement son application potentielle pour des protéines membranaires. Malgré ses limites l’approche in meso a récemment permis d'obtenir les structures de base ainsi que les structures intermédiaires des états de bR. Cependant, différents groupes de scientifiques ont publié de différents structures cristallographiques des mêmes états intermédiaires. Les mécanismes de protons transport proposés par des auteurs différents sont contradictoires. Les raisons de l'absence de consensus dans les structures intermédiaires restent floues. Les raisons possibles discutées dans la littérature sont: la qualité insuffisante de la diffraction des cristaux protéiques, twinning merohedral et détérioration des cristaux par l'irradiation de rayonnement X, ainsi que la génération de nouvelles protéines états provoqués par rayons X.L'objectif de l'étude était de trier les raisons de contradictions dans le domaine de l'analyse cristallographique de bR états fonctionnels et de trouver des moyens de surmonter les problèmes connexes. Ceci implique plusieurs sous-objectifs distincts: l'étude de twinning merohedral de bR cristaux; étude des changements dans la structure bR induit par les 'irradiation de rayonnement X; étude des changements structurels dans bR par les petites doses de radiations. Un autre objectif de ce travail était d'étudier un rôle de molécules de la matrice de in meso cristallisation dans la stabilisation des cristaux de protéines membranaires. / The synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a key event in the cell bioenergetics. ATP synthesis is only possible when a proton electrochemical potential gradient is present on the membranes of cell or organelle. This gradient is produced by enzyme-controlled redox or photochemical reactions. Bacteriorhodopsin (bR) is the simplest and most studied protein that converts light energy into electrochemical potential. Being transmembrane protein of Halobacterium salinarum it absorbs light photon and transfers a proton from the cytoplasmic to the extracellular space. Due to its availability of relatively large quantities, easy purification procedure and protein stability bR remains one of the most extensively studied membrane proteins during the past 40 years.Current state of investigated problems. To understand the molecular mechanism of bR functioning is necessary to know the structural changes caused by light absorption which accompany the protein working cycle and lead to the directional transport of the proton. It implies obtaining of X-ray structures of bR functional states with atomic resolution. Following this approach it is important to have highly ordered three-dimensional protein crystals on the one hand and effective methods of trapping protein molecules in intermediate states on the other one. Trapping procedures for bR intermediate states under cryogenic conditions have been developed previously. Crystals of the desired quality can be obtained by in meso crystallization where lipid bicontinuous mesophase is used for the crystallization of membrane proteins. The mechanism of in meso crystallization is currently poorly investigated. This situation greatly limits its potential applicability for membrane proteins. Despite its limitations in meso approach have recently made possible to obtain the ground and some intermediate states structures of bR. However, different scientific groups have published different X-ray models of the same bR intermediate states. The proposed by different authors mechanisms of proton transport are contradictory. The reasons for the lack of the consensus in intermediate structures remain unclear. The possible reasons for this contradiction which have been discussed in literature are: insufficient quality of diffraction data, merohedral twinning and radiation damage of protein crystals, as well as the generation of new protein states caused by X-ray illumination.The aim of the study was to sort out the reasons for contradictions in the field of X-ray crystallographic analysis of bR functional states and to find ways to overcome related problems. This implies several separate subgoals: study of merohedral twinning of bR crystals; study of X-ray-radiation-induced changes in bR structure; study of low-dose radiation-induced structural changes in bR structure. An additional goal of the work was to study a role of molecules of the in meso crystallization matrix in the stabilization of membrane protein crystals.

A colina quinase, 1ª enzima de uma via que forma 45% da membrana de P. falciparum foi clonada, expressa e purificada, e um anticorpo policlonal desenvolvido. Estudos de transporte da enzima demonstraram que a PfChok é transportada para o citossol por uma via independente do inibidor Brefeldina A. Obteve-se informação da estrutura secundária e uma modelagem da estrutura terciária da proteína, tendo sido localizados sítios de fosforilação para proteínas quinases. Através de uma nova abordagem em genômica funcional de Plasmodium, o gene da proteína adaptadora PfRACK foi códon otimizado e inserido em células de mamíferos. Estudos de dinâmica de Ca2+ em microscopia confocal indicaram que sua sinalização nas células estudadas é inibida na presença de PfRACK, dependente da interação direta com receptores de IP3. A enzima localiza-se distintivamente em relação à RACK1 endógena. Nossos resultados abrem a possibilidade de novos estudos, ao estabelecer a transfecção de genes do parasita para estudos de mecanismos de transdução de sinal na interação Plasmodium-hospedeiro. / Choline Kinase, the first enzyme of a pathway responsible for up to 45% of Plasmodium falciparum parasite membrane, was cloned, expressed and purified, and a policlonal antibody was developed to follow its localization along the intraerythrocytic cycle. The enzyme is transported to parasite´s cytosol, through a pathway independent of the Endoplasmic Reticulum to Golgi apparatus. Information about the secondary structure was obtained, as well a model of the tertiary structure, where several kinases phosphorylation sites were identified. The PfRACK gene was codon-optimized and transfected in mammalian cells. Dynamic Ca2+ studies by confocal microscope have revealed that Ca2+ signaling of the transfected cells was inhibited by PfRACK, dependent on direct interaction with InsP3 receptors. The protein co-localizes distinctly of the endogenous RACK1. Our results open new possibilities of malaria functional genomics, by establishing the transfection of parasites genes into mammalian cells with the aim to study transduction signals mechanisms of the Plasmodium-host interaction.

Crotalfina é um peptídeo sintetizado a partir da sequência de um composto analgésico purificado do veneno de serpentes Crotalus durissus terrificus. Apesar da atividade opióide, ensaios moleculares indicam que esse peptídeo não se liga diretamente aos receptores opióides, sugerindo que a liberação de opióides endógenos sejam os responsáveis pela atividade analgésica. Baseado em dados da literatura que demonstram a estreita relação entre o sistema canabinóide e o sistema opióide, o objetivo deste projeto foi avaliar o possível efeito da crotalfina sobre o sistema canabinóide. Os resultados indicam que receptores canabinóides CB2 estão envolvidos na antinocicepção acarretada pela crotalfina, na vigência de hiperalgesia induzida por PGE2. Ainda, este efeito é dependente de liberação de opióides endógenos, particularmente dinorfina A, agonista endógeno de receptores opióides do tipo kappa, sendo essa liberação dependente da ativação de receptores CB2. / Crotalphine is a peptide synthesized based on the sequence of the analgesic compound purified from the Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom. Despite the opioid activity, molecular assays indicate that this peptide does not directly bind to opioid receptors, suggesting that the endogenous opioid release could be responsible for analgesic activity. Based on data from literature demonstrating the close relationship between the cannabinoid and the opioid systems, the goal of this project was to evaluate the possible effect of crotalphine on the cannabinoid system. Results demonstrated that CB2 cannabinoid receptors are involved in the antinociception induced by crotalphine during PGE2-induced hyperalgesia. In agreement, this effect is dependent of the release of endogenous opioids, particularly dynorphin A, the endogenous agonist of kappa opioid receptors. This release is dependent of the CB2 receptor activation.

Os mastócitos participam do sistema imunológico liberando mediadores farmacologicamente ativos. A principal via de ativação dos mastócitos é através do receptor de alta afinidade para a imunoglobulina E (FcRI). A ativação dos mastócitos via FcRI culmina com a liberação de mediadores. A enzima PLD atua sobre fosfolipídios hidrolisando a fosfatidilcolina em ácido fosfatídico e colina. A PLD é ativada após o estímulo via FcRI e possui um papel importante na transdução do sinal em mastócitos. Existem duas isoformas da enzima PLD, a PLD1 e a PLD2 que são expressas, diferentemente, de acordo com o tipo celular. Ambas as isoformas podem estar expressas numa mesma célula, apenas uma ou nenhuma. Neste estudo foram utilizadas células RBL-2H3 transfectadas para a super expressão PLD2 nas formas catalítica ativa (CA) e inativa (CI). O papel da PLD2 foi examinado nestas células com o objetivo de elucidar sua atuação no processo de secreção incluindo o aparelho de Golgi e os grânulos secretores. As células CA e CI possuem maior atividavidade de -hexosaminidase total, porém quando estimuladas mostram uma deficiência na liberação desta enzima, quando comparadas com as células selvagens. A PLD2 nas células CA, CI, VET e RBL-2H3 está localizada no citosol, sendo abundante na região justanuclear, principalmente nas células CI, sugerindo uma associação com o aparelho de Golgi. A dupla marcação com o mAb AA4, que imunomarca gangliosídeos derivados do GD1b da membrana plasmática e com anti-PLD2, mostrou que esta enzima não se localiza na membrana plasmática. A dupla marcação com anti-PLD2 e anti-GM130 mostrou que as áreas de maior concentração da PLD2 se co-localizam com o aparelho de Golgi, especialmente nas células CI. A marcação com anti-GM130 e os experimentos com microscopia eletrônica de transmissão mostraram que o aparelho de Golgi está organizado nas células CA e desorganizado nas células CI, onde se encontra disperso no citoplasma. Ainda, as células CI expressam menos GM130 em comparação com as demais linhagens celulares. Quando a produção de PA pela PLD está inibida pelo 1-Butanol, as células CA apresentam as mesmas características fenotípicas das células CI. A incubação das CI com PA resulta na reestruturação do aparelho de Golgi. A manutenção estrutural do aparelho de Golgi, também está relacionada com os microtúbulos. Nas células CI o centro organizador de microtúbulos é dificilmente identificado. Os microtúbulos nas células CI são desordenados em comparação com as demais linhagens celulares. Estes resultados mostram que a produção de PA pela PLD2 é importante na organização de microtúbulos e na manutenção da estrutura do aparelho de Golgi. As alterações celulares relacionadas com os microtúbulos e o aparelho de Golgi afetam o processo secretor nestas células e, provavelmente, em outros tipos de células secretoras. Estes achados poderão levar a novas estratégias terapêuticas para controlar a liberação de mediadores durante processos alérgicos e inflamatórios. / Mast cells are components of the immune system that liberate a wide variety of pharmacologically active mediators. The principle method of activating mast cells is through the high affinity receptor for IgE (FcRI). This activation then culminates with the release of mediators. Phospholipase D (PLD) acts on phospholipids, hydrolyzing phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline. PLD is activated following stimulation via FcRI and plays an important role in signal transduction in mast cells. PLD has two isoforms, PLD1 and PLD2, which are differentially expressed depending on the cell type where none, one or both may be expressed. RBL-2H3 cells, a mast cell line, transfected to super express catalytically active (CA) and inactive (CI) forms of PLD2 were used in the present study. The role of PLD2 was examined in these cells in order to clarify the action of PLD2 in the secretory process. Although the CA and CI cells posses a greater total -hexosaminidase activity, when stimulated these cells release less -hexosaminidase than cells transfected with empty vector or wild type RBL-2H3 cells. In all cell lines, PLD2 was dispersed throughout the cytoplasm with a concentration in the juxtanuclear region suggesting an association of PLD2 with the Golgi apparatus. Double labeling with anti-PLD2 and mAb AA4, which recognizes gangliosides derived from GD1b on the plasma membrane, showed that PLD2 was not associated with the plasma membrane. When the cells were double labeled with anti-PLD2 and anti-GM130, which labels the cis-Golgi saccules, PLD2 does colocalize with the Golgi apparatus, especially in CI cells. Labeling with anti-GM130 alone as well as experiments employing transmission electron microscopy revealed that the Golgi apparatus is well organized in the CA cells, but is disorganized and dispersed in the cytoplasm in the CI cells. By Western Blotting, the CI cells also expressed less GM130 than the other cell lines. When the production of PA by PLD2 was inhibited by 1-Butanol, the Golgi apparatus of the CA cells presented the same phenotypic characteristics as that of the CI cells. Conversely, incubation of the CI cells with PA resulted in the reorganization of the Golgi apparatus. The structural maintenance of the Golgi apparatus is also related to microtubules. In the CI cells, the microtubule organizing center was difficult to identify and the microtubules were disorganized in the cytoplasm as compared to the other cell lines. These results show that the production of PA by PLD2 is important in the arrangement of the microtubules and in maintaining the structure of the Golgi apparatus. Alterations in the distribution of the microtubules and the structure of the Golgi apparatus in the CI cells affect the secretory process in these cells, and such alterations may affect the secretory process in other cell types as well. The findings presented here may lead to new therapeutic strategies to control the production and release of mediators during allergic and inflammatory processes.