This study used a qualitative descriptive case study approach (Yin, 1994) to examine the influences on Sikh Indo-Canadian student selection of entering the applied social sciences at the university level. Seven students in the last two years of their undergraduate academic program participated in the study. The study examined (a) factors that had affected their academic and career path, (b) their perception of supports and barriers in pursuing their academic and career choice, and (c) and how they managed barriers. An analysis was conducted using the social cognitive career theory of Lent, Hackett, and Betz (1994) as a theoretical base to understand the process by which Sikh Indo-Canadian young women made career decisions to enter the applied social sciences. Across the sample of participants', personal factors, such as interests and various forms of learning experiences, were cited as significant in forming an individual's career choices. Contextual factors, such as norms held by the family and ethnic community, and requirements of academic institutions, were cited as potential impediments to career choice implementation but were seen as manageable by the participants. Self-efficacy played an important role in moderating the participants' view of contextual factors and their ability to create various strategies of resistance or coping strategies to maintain their career choice. The educational decisions of these young women were influenced by factors such as parental influence, cultural expectations, and considering marriage and family plans. Salient findings of the study in support of the social cognitive career theory (Lent et al., 1994) that applied to all the young women were that early immersion with helping people within their ethnic community contributed to their current career interest. Based on early exposure to helping others within their ethnic community, the participants felt confident with exploring their interest helping people in settings outside of their ethnic community. The participants also had developed outcome expectations of making a personal, social and societal contribution through their work. The longer the young women persisted in the field their sense of self-efficacy grew and they would set higher outcome expectations for themselves. They also believed that their career choice was a reflection of their fate. Findings from this study that were contrary to the social cognitive career theory (Lent et al., 1994) were that despite contextual influences in the educational system, family and ethnic community to engage in their career choice being perceived as not fully supportive, they still persisted in their career choice. The social cognitive career theory (Lent et al., 1994) suggested that if contextual influences were perceived as low, the individual's commitment to pursuing that career goal would also be low. In this study, the participants' planning behaviour and career choice goals were maintained despite the barriers that participants perceived. Lent et al. also posited that a lack of role models in the field would contribute to having lower levels of self-efficacy. In the study, having a lack of Indo-Canadian role models in the field did not have an effect on their sense of self-efficacy to do well in their chosen line of work. Future studies are required to address how Sikh Indo-Canadian young women conceptualize fate, balance career, family, and marriage expectations, and make life-career decisions after completion of their academic program upon entrance into the world of work. / Graduate

Suivant un terrain ethnographique mené à l’été 2012 ainsi qu'une phase exploratoire pendant le baccalauréat en anthropologie, ce mémoire a pour tâche d'investiguer la diaspora sikhe montréalaise de l'intérieur. Des entretiens semi-dirigés avec différents acteurs sikhs et des observations dans les gurdwaras m'ont permis de constater les disjonctions intra-communautaires. À cet effet, je questionne l’utilisation des notions de diaspora et d’ethnicité à des fins essentiellement inclusives. J'ai noté chez les Sikhs des divergences d'opinions notables sur la relation à la « mère-partie », le Punjab, et sur le mouvement nationaliste Khalistani. Par ailleurs, l'autorité religieuse portée par les Sikhs amritdharis les mésententes politico-religieuses divisant les temples seront soulignées. En contrepartie, j'ai constaté qu'en diaspora, le poids du nid familial, des institutions, des symboles et de l'histoire mythifiée propre au sikhisme engendrent une cohésion ethnique particulière. / Following an exploratory phase during my undergraduate studies in anthropology, and an ethnographic fieldwork conducted in summer of 2012, this dissertation investigates the Montréal Sikh diaspora from the inside. Semi-structured interviews and observations in different gurdwaras (temples) led me to see internal disjunctures in the community. To explain these, I investigate the use of diaspora and ethnicity as inclusive notions. I find among the Sikhs subjects several interpretations of the Punjab "homeland", and opposing views concerning the Khalistani nationalist movement. Moreover, religious authority carried by amritdhari Sikhs and politico-religious divisions between multiple gurdwaras are being paid special attention. Concurrently, I suggest that in the Montréal Sikh diaspora, the weight of family, institutions, symbols and mythical history related to the religion produce a particularly solid ethnic cohesion.

This thesis examines the political and social worldview of British and Indian royalty during the nineteenth century. Rather than viewing them as mere 'ornamental' figureheads, it seeks to highlight and scrutinise the ideas held by monarchs (sovereign or deposed) about empire and the role of royalty, as well as considering how their attempts at implementing such ideas can complicate existing narratives about the relative influence and authority of this group. Above all, this thesis breaks new ground by adopting a transnational approach in its study of such royal ideas and endeavours. Ruling dynasties, monarchs and courts have long been part of an interconnected, if rarefied, world encompassing Europe and Asia, though this is not adequately reflected in the historiography on the nineteenth century. This is despite the ironic fact that in that century, many royal houses were brought closer together than ever before, through the impact of growing global empires, and advancing communications and transportation networks. The first direct meetings between British and Indian royalty took place during this period, in the early 1850s, and are closely examined here. Based on a core case-study of the longstanding relationship between the Punjabi and British dynasties of Maharajah Ranjit Singh and Queen Victoria, and using a wide variety of textual and material sources, this thesis captures royal perspectives of their status and role in an evolving world, alongside considering how British and Indian royalty directly or indirectly influenced one another. This study effectively de-centres the British imperial official as the primary agent in Anglo-Indian elite encounters, and goes further to demonstrate that whether in the case of the connections between royal personages, or in the ties between ‘monarchy, nation and empire’, the capability for royal agency to shape the nature of such relationships evolved over time and was a consistently contested matter.

Relationships between acculturative stress, self esteem, and ethnic identity were studied with 2nd generation male and female Sikh adolescents in grade 8, 9, and 10. Students were given the Cawte Acculturative Stress Scale, Coopersmith Self Esteem Inventory, and the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure. Overall, 2nd generation Sikh students were found to have a high level of acculturative stress. Within the multiple regression analysis of Acculturative Stress scores on the Full scale and Subscale scores of Self Esteem, significant relationships were found for the Full scale score and the General Self Esteem score. A multiple regression analysis of Acculturative Stress and Full scale and Subscales of Ethnic Identity did not result in any significant relationships. A Stepwise Regression analysis included as the independent variables all the Full scale and Subscale scores for Self Esteem and Ethnic Identity. It resulted in only three independent variables with significant b weights, General Self Esteem, Social Self Esteem and Ethnic Behaviors, which combined accounted for 43% of the variance (r=.66). Gender differences were found with males having significantly higher scores on Acculturative Stress and lower scores on Affirmation/belonging and Social Self Esteem than females. The school that a student attended was found to be related to scores on Other Group Orientation, General Self Esteem, Home/peers Self Esteem,and Full scale Self Esteem. The ethnic label that a student subscribes is a good indicator of the scores on the Full Scale and Subscales of Ethnic Identity. / Education, Faculty of / Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of / Graduate

Life, individual and collective, exists in reference to what came before; my research into the life histories of places explores the cultural threads which tie us to places and which allow us to make personal and collective connections between the past and the present. Understanding these life histories helps us understand the value and power historic places have in the world today. This thesis focuses on Mughal caravanserais from northwestern Pakistan, examining how they were initially intended to be used during the Mughal rule of South Asia and how they were reused in the periods that followed (Sikh, Afghani, British, and Pakistani). Caravanserais are walled arcaded buildings where travelers could stop briefly. After the Mughal Empire declined, caravanserais were reused by local people and/or taken over by subsequent governing bodies. Surviving structures are still used today, although their original appearance and functions have been altered to serve new purposes. My research is part of the Caravanserai Networks Project, directed by Dr. Heather Miller, University of Toronto. I develop my survey method through comparative study of two caravanserais, Gor Khuttree and Pakka Khanpur. Using information from architectural survey, historic documents, and photographs, I create three-dimensional architectural models of Gor Khuttree���s occupations. I use access and planning analysis to characterize the use and alteration of the sites��� architecture. Conceptually, I develop a tripartite formation of place: formed, in practice, and in memory. As a multifaceted place, I consider Gor Khuttree���s life history; the occupations, identities, and memories associated with the site through time. The City of Peshawar, central to this research, was at the time of writing in Pakistan���s North West Frontier Province. This province was renamed Khyber Pakhtunkhwa on April 15th, 2010. This research continues to refer to the province by its former name. This ensures continuity with published documents and the organizational names used by colleagues in Pakistan at the time of research.

Life, individual and collective, exists in reference to what came before; my research into the life histories of places explores the cultural threads which tie us to places and which allow us to make personal and collective connections between the past and the present. Understanding these life histories helps us understand the value and power historic places have in the world today. This thesis focuses on Mughal caravanserais from northwestern Pakistan, examining how they were initially intended to be used during the Mughal rule of South Asia and how they were reused in the periods that followed (Sikh, Afghani, British, and Pakistani). Caravanserais are walled arcaded buildings where travelers could stop briefly. After the Mughal Empire declined, caravanserais were reused by local people and/or taken over by subsequent governing bodies. Surviving structures are still used today, although their original appearance and functions have been altered to serve new purposes. My research is part of the Caravanserai Networks Project, directed by Dr. Heather Miller, University of Toronto. I develop my survey method through comparative study of two caravanserais, Gor Khuttree and Pakka Khanpur. Using information from architectural survey, historic documents, and photographs, I create three-dimensional architectural models of Gor Khuttree’s occupations. I use access and planning analysis to characterize the use and alteration of the sites’ architecture. Conceptually, I develop a tripartite formation of place: formed, in practice, and in memory. As a multifaceted place, I consider Gor Khuttree’s life history; the occupations, identities, and memories associated with the site through time. The City of Peshawar, central to this research, was at the time of writing in Pakistan’s North West Frontier Province. This province was renamed Khyber Pakhtunkhwa on April 15th, 2010. This research continues to refer to the province by its former name. This ensures continuity with published documents and the organizational names used by colleagues in Pakistan at the time of research.

Le Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) ou parti populaire indien fait partie du mouvement de l'hindutva qui désire rendre l'Inde plus hindoue, qu'elle devienne un pays officiellement hindou. Le mouvement et le parti sont tous les deux controversés. Le présent travail cherche à mieux comprendre le fonctionnement du BJP. Son traitement des minorités religieuses, soit les chrétiens, les musulmans et les sikhs a été étudié dans ce but. C'est par une revue des publications officielles des 25 premières années du parti qu'a été accompli le travail. L'hypothèse était que le parti est principalement divisé selon des lignes idéologiques, entre extrémistes et pragmatiques. Des paroles inclusives envers les minorités étaient considérées comme l'œuvre de l'aile pragmatique, tandis que des paroles discriminatoires viendraient des extrémistes. La conclusion a été que le parti est bel et bien divisé à ce niveau. L'aile pragmatique semble avoir le dessus, la majorité des écrits est inclusive. Les chrétiens et musulmans ont fait l'objet d'une certaine discrimination. Malgré cela, les paroles les concernant sont largement positives. Les sikhs sont très bien traités dans les publications. Les écrits du BJP sont plus axés sur leurs revendications contre le parti du Congrès et le Pakistan. ______________________________________________________________________________

Using ethnobotanical, anthropological and social science theory and methods this work illustrates significance of studying traditional foods and their medicinal qualities for maintaining health. Set in the background of the communities¿ practises and rituals specific plant-based items, used by Sikh and Ukrainian migrant communities, are a central focus to understanding the significance of practises and related knowledge for maintaining health and the broader concept of ¿well-being¿. Literature review, participant observation and in-depth interviewing techniques were used to identify 126 species of plants mentioned. These illustrate what was a primarily female domain of knowledge now becoming superficial and spread over domains of both men and women. This study notes convenience in terms of time and transport, changes in markets in the UK, importation of goods and the use of machinery and techniques such as freezing, and intervention by healthcare professionals have all affected the way traditional foods and remedies are perceived and practised. There are key foods which will remain important for generations to come whilst the domains are changing. Specific community structures support maintenance of food practises, including langar within the Sikh community and the regular OAP Ukrainian lunchtime club and numerous food events where foods with particular religious and cultural significance are made by at least two generations. These events involve transmission of knowledge related to foods and their health qualities, including images of strength as a ¿people¿. By questioning the significance of emic perspectives healthcare professionals and policymakers could learn much from practises developed over centuries or millennia.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / Terrorism is the principal threat to global and national security in the post-11 September world. Facing terrorist threats at home and abroad, the United States has declared counterterrorism its top priority. As the United States embarks on its global counterterrorism campaign, it must draw on the experience of other countries. Specifically India, with an extensive history of counterterrorism efforts, can reveal important lessons applicable to America's endeavors. India offers three primary examples of counterterrorism strategies: Punjab, its northeast region, and Kashmir, from which four findings emerge. First, aggressive military operations are central to beating terrorism. Second, economic and social development programs, though not enough to end terrorism alone, are essential components of the larger national strategy. Third, terrorism cannot be stopped without international assistance. Terror networks export personnel, knowledge, weapons and money across international boundaries with growing frequency. This cannot be effectively stopped without a coordinated national and international effort. Fourth, to be successful, a counterterrorism strategy must engender the public's support for the government and promulgate a sense of public ownership to the conflict. By applying these lessons from the Indian case study, America's efforts to end terrorism both domestically and internationally will be significantly more productive. / Captain, United States Air Force

This thesis is centred on exploring the identity options and orientations of young British Indians, from Sikh and Hindu backgrounds, who are British born and living in the London area. Recent socio-political debates have assumed a lack of Britishness amongst these young people, an assumption that is rooted in the belief that high bonding capital within ethnic minorities has led to a lack of bridging capital. This thesis argues that such statements are an essentialisation of the reality of these young people. In fact, their sources of belonging are far more complex, and far less threatening than we may be led to believe. Through the utilisation of eighty in-depth interviews, this thesis presents the intricate social worlds of these young people and the range of orientations (positive and negative) they feel towards component parts of their social worlds, as well as examining the strength and permeability of boundaries that demarcate these social worlds. The final substantive chapter deals with Britishness, and uncovers and presents the different perceptions and understandings that these young people have about British national identity and the ways in which it is accommodated (or not) alongside other important sources of belonging. It is found that a multi-dimensional approach to identity and belonging is best suited to understand the diverse and highly individualistic trajectories of these young people and that 'diverse-dual identities' are the most common pattern of belonging in this particular empirical case. This thesis make a significant contribution to the existing theoretical frameworks on identity and assimilation as well as the current socio-political debates on Britishness and the cultural integration of ethnic minorities in Britain, by presenting data on an under-researched group, British Indians, and highlighting the range of experiences within this group and the sources of this diversity.