Climate change is no longer a problem of the future. Climate change is global, rapid, and intensifying. A reality. The latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report highlights the Anthropocene is behind the unprecedent rising temperatures, leading to extreme weather events such as heatwaves, droughts, heavy precipitation, or tropical cyclones. Climate action must be taken. The energy transition plays a fundamental role when considering the wellbeing of the planet. However, renewable energy finance has always been a challenge. To date, the energy transition has been regrettably underfunded. In 2018, the global energy system was below 50 % of the investment required to keep global warming below 1.5 °C and avert the worst consequences of the climate crisis[4]. This staggering statistic clearly shows that financial investment needs to either be redirected to the energy transition, or new financing channels must be open. Seeds Renewables, a California-based startup, has come up with a solution which has the potential to cover a portion of the energy financing deficit by enabling people to invest in renewable energy projects from as little as their spare change. Before allowing their users to invest, Seeds carries out the due diligence of the projects to determine the feasibility of the installation. It is identified that there is a current lack of concise and public literature regarding the process required to determine the technical feasibility and economic profitability of projects. This thesis serves as a guide for lenders, such as Seeds Renewables, who aim to conduct techno-economic assessments on solar photovoltaic installations. This core objectiveis complemented by qualitative checklists for project development and legal due diligence to provide a comprehensive overview of the factors which surround the techno-economic analysis of solar arrays. Furthermore, the optimal software available in the market to carry out an analysis of solarphotovoltaic installation is identified. The thesis covers the background research conducted on solar photovoltaic systems, acompilation of project due diligence best practices, insights on renewable energy project finance anda literature review on photovoltaic analysis software tools which leads to the selection of two softwares. PVsol and PVsyst are compared by means of a Multi-Criteria Analysis. A case study is conducted on a 63.3 kW solar photovoltaic array installed in 2016 to test the selected softwares. The array is located on the roof of Rinaldi Tile in Pajaro, California, United States of America. The array is replicated using PVsol and PVsyst. Consequently, the simulation predictions are compared to the real production data extracted from the system’s inverter. The performance ratio from the real data, PVsol and PVsyst are 82.4 %, 85.9 %, 80.51 % respectively. The real quantity of power produced over a 5-year period of study is average of 82.24 MWh whilethe simulations by PVsol and PVsyst predict 93.49 MWh and 81.30 MWh respectively. The discrepancy between the real data and software results is due to limitations of both tools. After evaluating the accuracy of the solar PV simulation tools, the Multi-Criteria Analysis rates PVsyst as the more desirable tool. Using this study, engineers or investors will have a clear framework to follow when carrying out the project due diligence on a solar photovoltaic installation and a rating of the available softwaresto assess the viability of the solar arrays. / Klimatförändringarna är inte längre ett framtidsproblem. Klimatförändringarna är globala, snabba och intensifierande. En verklighet. Den senaste Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) rapporten visar att Antropocen ligger bakom de aldrig tidigare skådade temperaturerna, vilket leder till extrema väderhändelser som värmeböljor, torka, kraftig nederbörd eller tropiska cykloner. Klimatåtgärder måste vidtas. Energiomställningen spelar en grundläggande roll när man överväger planetens välbefinnande. Finansiering av förnybar energi har dock alltid varit en utmaning. Hittills har energiomställningen tyvärr varit underfinansierad. År 2018 låg det globala energisystemet under 50% av investeringarna som krävs för att hålla den globala uppvärmningen under 1,5 ° C och avvärja de värstakonsekvenserna av klimatkrisen [4]. Denna häpnadsväckande statistik visar tydligt att finansiella investeringar antingen måste omdirigeras till energiomställningen eller att nya finansieringskanaler måste vara öppna. Seeds Renewables, en Kalifornienbaserad startup, har kommit fram till en lösning som har potential att täcka en del av energifinansieringsunderskottet genom att göra det möjligt för människor att investera i förnybara energiprojekt från så lite som deras växel. Innan de tillåter sina användare att investera, utför Seeds projektets due diligence -analys för att avgöra genomförbarheten av installationen. Det identifieras att det för närvarande saknas kortfattad och offentlig litteratur om processen som krävs för att bestämma projektens tekniska genomförbarhet och ekonomiska lönsamhet. Denna avhandling fungerar som en vägledning förlångivare, till exempel Seeds Renewables, som syftar till att göra tekno-ekonomiska bedömningar avsolcellsanläggningar. Detta kärnmål kompletteras med kvalitativa checklistor för projektutvecklingoch juridisk due diligence för att ge en övergripande överblick över de faktorer som omger den tekno-ekonomiska analysen av solsystem. Dessutom identifieras den optimala programvara som finns tillgänglig på marknaden för att utföra en analys av solcellsinstallation. Avhandlingen omfattar bakgrundsforskning på solcellssystem, en sammanställning av bästa praxis för aktsamhet, insikter om projektfinansiering för förnybar energi och en litteraturgenomgång om programvara för fotovoltaiska analyser som leder till val av två programvaror. PVsol och PVsyst jämförs med hjälp av en multikriterieanalys. En fallstudie genomförs på en solcellsanläggning på 63,3 kW installerad 2016 för att testa de utvalda programvarorna. Arrayen ligger på taket av Rinaldi Tile i Pajaro, Kalifornien, USA. Arrayen replikeras med PVsol och PVsyst. Följaktligen jämförs simuleringsprognoserna med de verkliga produktionsdata som extraherats från systemets inverter. Prestandakvoten från de verkliga uppgifterna, PVsol och PVsyst är 82.4 %, 85,9% respektive 80,51%. Den verkliga mängden kraft som produceras under en 5-års studieperiod är i genomsnitt 82,24 MWh medan simuleringarna av PVsol och PVsyst förutsäger 93,49 MWh respektive 81,30 MWh. Skillnaden mellan de verkliga data- och programvareresultaten beror på begränsningar för båda verktygen. Efter att ha utvärderat noggrannheten i solcells-PV-simuleringsverktygen med multikriterieanalysen bedöms Multi-Criteria Analysis PVsyst som det mer önskvärda verktyget. Med hjälp av denna studie kommer ingenjörer eller investerare att ha en tydlig ram att följa när projektet genomförs due diligence på en solcellsanläggning och en bedömning av de tillgängliga programvarorna för att bedöma matrisernas livskraft.

Thesis (M. Tech.) -- Central University of Technology, Free State, 2010 / The aim of this study is to produce more cost effective carbon fibre (CF) parts. To achieve this there must be a saving on materials, labour and time. Thus, a production process to produce cost effective CF moulds while saving time and money is required. This procedure must be suited for the incorporation in the small to medium production ranges. The composite industry is one of the fastest growing industries in the world. Therefore, the faster a mould can be produced, the faster the end product will reach the market. This research project investigates the possibility to sinter CF moulds on the Electro Optical Systems (EOS) Laser Sintering (LS) machine cheaper and faster than the conventional method using computer numerically controlled (CNC) machining. The surface finish produced on the LS machine is not of the same quality as a CNC machined mould, but there are ways to enhance the surface quality of a LS part to the point that it is compatible to the surface quality of a CNC machined mould. The CF moulding process uses many different types of moulding processes. However, it is not possible to use LS parts for all of the available processes to produce CF parts. In this study only one CF moulding process will be investigated, namely compression moulding. The moulds will be designed to be manufactured as cheaply and as quickly as possible. Different methods of mould adapting have been studied to find the cheapest most suitable method of mould design for the LS process.

abstract: The aging process due to Bias Temperature Instability (both NBTI and PBTI) and Channel Hot Carrier (CHC) is a key limiting factor of circuit lifetime in CMOS design. Threshold voltage shift due to BTI is a strong function of stress voltage and temperature complicating stress and recovery prediction. This poses a unique challenge for long-term aging prediction for wide range of stress patterns. Traditional approaches usually resort to an average stress waveform to simplify the lifetime prediction. They are efficient, but fail to capture circuit operation, especially under dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) or in analog/mixed signal designs where the stress waveform is much more random. This work presents a suite of modelling solutions for BTI that enable aging simulation under all possible stress conditions. Key features of this work are compact models to predict BTI aging based on Reaction-Diffusion theory when the stress voltage is varying. The results to both reaction-diffusion (RD) and trapping-detrapping (TD) mechanisms are presented to cover underlying physics. Silicon validation of these models is performed at 28nm, 45nm and 65nm technology nodes, at both device and circuit levels. Efficient simulation leveraging the BTI models under DVS and random input waveform is applied to both digital and analog representative circuits such as ring oscillators and LNA. Both physical mechanisms are combined into a unified model which improves prediction accuracy at 45nm and 65nm nodes. Critical failure condition is also illustrated based on NBTI and PBTI at 28nm. A comprehensive picture for duty cycle shift is shown. DC stress under clock gating schemes results in monotonic shift in duty cycle which an AC stress causes duty cycle to converge close to 50% value. Proposed work provides a general and comprehensive solution to aging analysis under random stress patterns under BTI. Channel hot carrier (CHC) is another dominant degradation mechanism which affects analog and mixed signal circuits (AMS) as transistor operates continuously in saturation condition. New model is proposed to account for e-e scattering in advanced technology nodes due to high gate electric field. The model is validated with 28nm and 65nm thick oxide data for different stress voltages. It demonstrates shift in worst case CHC condition to Vgs=Vds from Vgs=0.5Vds. A novel iteration based aging simulation framework for AMS designs is proposed which eliminates limitation for conventional reliability tools. This approach helps us identify a unique positive feedback mechanism termed as Bias Runaway. Bias runaway, is rapid increase of the bias voltage in AMS circuits which occurs when the feedback between the bias current and the effect of channel hot carrier turns into positive. The degradation of CHC is a gradual process but under specific circumstances, the degradation rate can be dramatically accelerated. Such a catastrophic phenomenon is highly sensitive to the initial operation condition, as well as transistor gate length. Based on 65nm silicon data, our work investigates the critical condition that triggers bias runaway, and the impact of gate length tuning. We develop new compact models as well as the simulation methodology for circuit diagnosis, and propose design solutions and the trade-offs to avoid bias runaway, which is vitally important to reliable AMS designs. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Electrical Engineering 2014

The main goal of this work is to gain knowledge of how and to what extent state-of-the-artsimulation tools can be used in a conceptual development phase for vehicle dynamics control atVolvo Car Corporation (VCC).The first part of the thesis deals with an evaluation of vehicle dynamics simulation tools and theiruses. The three simulation tools selected for the study, namely Mechanical Simulation CarSim 8.2.1,IPG CarMaker 4.0.5, and VI-Grade CarRealTime V14, are briefly described and discussed. In order toevaluate and compare these tools with respect to application for vehicle dynamics control, a criterialist is developed covering aspects such as tool requirements and intended usage. Based on thecriteria list and certain identified drawbacks, a ranking of the tools is made possible. Furthermore,the process of developing vehicle models for the different tools is discussed in detail, along with theprocedure of validating the vehicle models.In the second part, the concept of Collision Avoidance Driver Assistance (CADA) function isintroduced and possible approaches for developing CADA functions are discussed in brief. It isimportant to note that the CADA functions in this work are based on cornering the vehicle i.e.maneuvering around the threat, rather than solely reducing vehicle speed. A number ofimplementations of the functions are developed in Simulink. A frequency analysis of a simplifiedlinear vehicle model is performed to investigate the influence of steering, differential braking, andtheir combination on the resultant lateral displacement of the vehicle during an evasive maneuver.The developed CADA functions are then simulated using the vehicle simulation tools. Two specificmetrics - Lateral Displacement gain and DeltaX - are formulated to evaluate the effectiveness of theCADA functions. Based on these metrics, the assistance obtained due to the functions for a specificevasive maneuver is compared.From the evaluation process of the three tools, two were considered suitable for the purpose ofsimulating collision avoidance functions. The evaluation of the CADA functions demonstrates thatcombined assistive steering with differential braking provides considerable assistance in order toavoid collisions. The simulation results also present interesting trends which provide a usefuldirection regarding the conditions for intervention by such collision avoidance functions during anevasive maneuver. The use of simulation tools makes it possible to observe these trends and utilizethem in the development process of the functions.

Sistema de controle via rede (NCS) é um sistema de controle distribuído onde os sensores, atuadores e controladores estão alocados fisicamente em locais separados e são conectados através de uma rede de comunicação industrial. O NCS representa a evolução das arquiteturas de controle em rede, fornecendo maior modularidade e descentralização do controle, facilidade de diagnóstico e manutenção e menor custo. O desafio no desenvolvimento de um NCS é contornar os efeitos degenerativos causados por fatores que afetam o seu desempenho e estabilidade. Entre estes fatores estão o período de amostragem dos sinais, a perda de informações transmitidas na rede e os atrasos de comunicação. Buscando superar este desafio, este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de NCS para aplicações em redes CAN baseado no uso da simulação e na proposta de uma estratégia de controle. A utilização de ferramentas de simulação de NCS, selecionadas através de um estudo comparativo e qualitativo, permitiu analisar o impacto de fatores degenerativos no desempenho de controle e estabilidade de NCS. Essa análise por simulação permitiu evidenciar o período de amostragem como o fator de maior influência para o projeto de NCS em redes CAN. Para superar o problema do período de amostragem, uma estratégia de controle adaptativo foi proposta. Essa estratégia usa informações de saída do NCS para automaticamente adaptar o período de amostragem das mensagens, garantindo desempenho de controle e diminuindo significativamente a ocupação da rede CAN. Experimentos realizados em uma plataforma de pesquisa sobre NCS demonstraram a confiabilidade e robustez do uso da estratégia de controle adaptativo, mesmo em condições extremas de operação da rede CAN. Os experimentos também permitiram comprovar a eficácia de uma técnica de identificação de NCS desenvolvida, que apresenta a vantagem de utilizar informações disponíveis na rede para obtenção de um modelo do NCS com precisão aceitável. / Networked control system (NCS) is a distributed control system where the sensors, actuators and controllers are physically separated and connected through an industrial communication network. The NCS represents the evolution of networked control architectures providing greater modularity and control decentralization, maintenance and diagnosis ease and lower cost of implementation. The challenge in the development of NCS is to overcome the degenerative effects of factors which affect its performance and stability. Among these factors are the sampling time, the loss of information on the network and the network delays. Aiming to overcome this challenge, this work presents the development of NCS for applications in CAN-Based networks based on the simulation use and in a control strategy proposal. The use NCS simulation tools, selected by a comparative and qualitative study, allowed to analyze the impact of degrading factors in the NCS control performance and stability. This analysis using simulation highlighted the message sampling time as factor with the biggest influence for the design of CAN-based NCS. To overcome the sampling time problem, an adaptive control strategy was proposed. This strategy uses the NCS output to automatically adapt the message sampling time, ensuring NCS control performance and stability and providing significant reduction of the CAN network load. Experiments carried out on a NCS Research Platform demonstrated the reliability and robustness of the adaptive control methodology application, even under worst case conditions of operation of the CAN-based network. Experiments have also proved the effectiveness of a model identification technique developed for NCS, which presents the advantage of using information available on the network to obtain the NCS model with acceptable accuracy.

Sistema de controle via rede (NCS) é um sistema de controle distribuído onde os sensores, atuadores e controladores estão alocados fisicamente em locais separados e são conectados através de uma rede de comunicação industrial. O NCS representa a evolução das arquiteturas de controle em rede, fornecendo maior modularidade e descentralização do controle, facilidade de diagnóstico e manutenção e menor custo. O desafio no desenvolvimento de um NCS é contornar os efeitos degenerativos causados por fatores que afetam o seu desempenho e estabilidade. Entre estes fatores estão o período de amostragem dos sinais, a perda de informações transmitidas na rede e os atrasos de comunicação. Buscando superar este desafio, este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de NCS para aplicações em redes CAN baseado no uso da simulação e na proposta de uma estratégia de controle. A utilização de ferramentas de simulação de NCS, selecionadas através de um estudo comparativo e qualitativo, permitiu analisar o impacto de fatores degenerativos no desempenho de controle e estabilidade de NCS. Essa análise por simulação permitiu evidenciar o período de amostragem como o fator de maior influência para o projeto de NCS em redes CAN. Para superar o problema do período de amostragem, uma estratégia de controle adaptativo foi proposta. Essa estratégia usa informações de saída do NCS para automaticamente adaptar o período de amostragem das mensagens, garantindo desempenho de controle e diminuindo significativamente a ocupação da rede CAN. Experimentos realizados em uma plataforma de pesquisa sobre NCS demonstraram a confiabilidade e robustez do uso da estratégia de controle adaptativo, mesmo em condições extremas de operação da rede CAN. Os experimentos também permitiram comprovar a eficácia de uma técnica de identificação de NCS desenvolvida, que apresenta a vantagem de utilizar informações disponíveis na rede para obtenção de um modelo do NCS com precisão aceitável. / Networked control system (NCS) is a distributed control system where the sensors, actuators and controllers are physically separated and connected through an industrial communication network. The NCS represents the evolution of networked control architectures providing greater modularity and control decentralization, maintenance and diagnosis ease and lower cost of implementation. The challenge in the development of NCS is to overcome the degenerative effects of factors which affect its performance and stability. Among these factors are the sampling time, the loss of information on the network and the network delays. Aiming to overcome this challenge, this work presents the development of NCS for applications in CAN-Based networks based on the simulation use and in a control strategy proposal. The use NCS simulation tools, selected by a comparative and qualitative study, allowed to analyze the impact of degrading factors in the NCS control performance and stability. This analysis using simulation highlighted the message sampling time as factor with the biggest influence for the design of CAN-based NCS. To overcome the sampling time problem, an adaptive control strategy was proposed. This strategy uses the NCS output to automatically adapt the message sampling time, ensuring NCS control performance and stability and providing significant reduction of the CAN network load. Experiments carried out on a NCS Research Platform demonstrated the reliability and robustness of the adaptive control methodology application, even under worst case conditions of operation of the CAN-based network. Experiments have also proved the effectiveness of a model identification technique developed for NCS, which presents the advantage of using information available on the network to obtain the NCS model with acceptable accuracy.

With a more global market, manufacturing companies have to increase their focus on cost management to stay competitive. With new technologies available, new methods of evaluating concepts and ideas arise. Among these are simulation tools. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate how simulation tools can be integrated into the product development process to improve target costing. To achieve this purpose, a case study was conducted at a large manufacturing company, where a simulation tool was used. It was found that cost and manufacturing simulation tools can be used for target costing, negotiation with suppliers, as well as a helpful tool for design methods such as design for manufacturing and design to cost. Furthermore, cross-functional teams and good collaboration are a postulate for successful implementation and utilization of simulation tools in the product development process. The proposition is therefore that large manufacturing companies with advantage should implement cost and manufacturing simulation tools into their product development process to improve target costing. / Med en mer global marknad måste tillverkningsföretag öka sitt fokus på kostnadshantering för att förbli konkurrenskraftiga. Med ny teknik tillgänglig uppstår nya metoder för att utvärdera koncept och idéer. Bland dessa finns simuleringsverktyg. Syftet med denna studie är därför att undersöka hur simuleringsverktyg kan integreras i produktutvecklingsprocessen för att förbättra arbetet med målkostnader. För att uppnå detta syfte genomfördes en fallstudie på ett stort tillverkningsföretag där ett simuleringsverktyg användes. Det upptäcktes att kostnads- och tillverkningssimuleringsverktyg kan användas för målkostnadsberäkning, förhandlingar med leverantörer, samt att det kan vara ett användbart verktyg för designmetoder såsom design for manufacturing och design to cost. Vidare är tvärfunktionella team och gott samarbete en förutsättning för en framgångsrik implementering och användning av simuleringsverktyg i produktutvecklingsprocessen. Därför bör stora tillverkningsföretag med fördel implementera kostnads- och tillverkningssimuleringsverktyg i sin produktutvecklingsprocess för att förbättraarbetet med målkostnader.

Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are the most promising resources of energy production for everyday life. Therefore, the precise combination of RES based technologies into hybrid systems could provide the solution to several energy problems facing the planet. The motivation of the present research study is the total understanding of the prevailing phenomena by using RES equipment in several projects. This thesis will focus on standalone hybrid RES based systems. By presenting the RES systems the necessity of buffering systems will become apparent as the most crucial parts of off-grid systems. Therefore, the most well-established buffering technologies will be analytically presented in order to be subsequently embodied into the simulated RES applications. Following the above theoretical approach of RES based equipment and hybrid systems in general, this thesis will focus on a more applied research study comprising the energetic and economical simulation and optimization of a RES based stand alone system that is already installed in Leicestershire, UK. Based on local meteorological data, an optimization strategy has been developed to identify the most economical and efficient scenarios for electricity generation to cover the desirable load on an annual basis. Furthermore, the environmentally-friendly character of the system was highly concerned with emissions reduction; therefore the capability of an off-grid system was also investigated. The feasibility of RES based systems for electricity supply will then be presented for four different Greek Islands. Three specific typical loads have been selected to be covered and the grid connection was considered optional. Up to this point the simulation and optimization procedures were applied by using the HOMER software tool in order to investigate the most suitable well-established platform in the world. After the theoretical research study on the most well-known platform of HOMER an innovative optimization theory based on the energy part of a hybrid system will be presented in order to select the most efficient system according to the desired requirements and the location of a RES based project. This thesis will then focus on the design and operation of an autonomous hybrid system under real-life meteorological conditions which is capable of simulating several loads assumed to cover the electricity demands of small buildings. The specific hybrid system embodies technologies that use photovoltaic and wind energy in combination with an electrochemical storage bank. Experiments on the coverage of annual loads regarding a typical house, a typical country house and a small company were also performed to prove the feasibility of the stand-alone system. The same established RES project was then simulated on a yearly basis using the HOMER software platform to determine real-time results. The above analysis revealed that HOMER software cannot successfully simulate the operation of such a system, therefore the design of a new mathematical model to produce results similar to those of the experimental process was considered essential based on a new optimization strategy. / Οι Ανανεώσιμες Πηγές Ενέργειας (ΑΠΕ) αποτελούν τις πιο πολλά υποσχόμενες πηγές στον τομέα της παραγωγής της ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας μέσα στην ανθρώπινη καθημερινότητα. Έτσι ο ακριβής συνδυασμός των ΑΠΕ σε υβριδικά συστήματα θα μπορούσε να αποτελέσει τη λύση στο μεγάλο ενεργειακό πρόβλημα που αντιμετωπίζει ο πλανήτης τα τελευταία χρόνια και όσο περνάει ο καιρός αυτό φαίνεται να διογκώνεται. Το κίνητρο για την εκπόνηση της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής στηρίζεται στην ανάγκη για απόλυτη κατανόηση των φαινομένων που λαμβάνουν χώρα κατά τη χρήση των ΑΠΕ σε διάφορα συστήματα για την παραγωγή ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας. Επιπλέον, μέσα από αυτή την έρευνα θα φανεί πως οι καιρικές συνθήκες επηρεάζουν τη συμπεριφορά ενός υβριδικού συστήματος και σε ποιό ποσοστό. Ακόμα περιμένουμε να γίνει φανερό το πόσο σημαντική είναι η σωστή επιλογή των τεχνολογιών σύμφωνα με τις ηλεκτρικές ανάγκες που πρέπει να καλυφθούν από ένα εγκατεστημένο σύστημα. Στη συνέχεια της παρούσας εργασίας μελετήθηκε κάτω από ποιες συνθήκες ένα αυτόνομο υβριδικό σύστημα μπορεί να είναι εφικτό καθώς και πόσο ακριβή αποτελέσματα μπορούν αν δώσουν τα θεωρητικά μαθηματικά μοντέλα επάνω στην πρόβλεψη της λειτουργίας ενός συστήματος. Τέλος, παρουσιάστηκε πως μπορεί να ενισχυθεί ο οικολογικός χαρακτήρας ενός συστήματος ενώ την ίδια στιγμή αποκαλύφθηκε η κύρια αδυναμία του κατά τη λειτουργία καθώς και πως αυτή μπορεί να λυθεί με τη χρήση καινοτόμων συσκευών για την αποθήκευση ενέργειας. Μέσω της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής αποδείχθηκε πως ένα υβριδικό σύστημα υποστηριζόμενο από ΑΠΕ μπορεί να μετατραπεί σε εντελώς αυτόνομο με ενισχυμένο τον οικολογικό του χαρακτήρα και με την οικονομική και ενεργειακή βιωσιμότητά του να κυμαίνεται σε υψηλά επίπεδα. Το παραπάνω συμπέρασμα προέκυψε μέσω θεωρητικών αλλά και πειραματικών προσομοιώσεων διάφορων υβριδικών μονάδων. Αυτό αποτελεί ίσως το πιο ενθαρρυντικό στοιχείο για πλήρη αξιοποίηση των ΑΠΕ προκειμένου να καλυφθούν οι παγκόσμιες ενεργειακές ανάγκες με τρόπους εντελώς φιλικούς προς το περιβάλλον στο άμεσο μέλλον.