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<p>Depression är vanligt hos personer med Borderline personlighetsstörning (BPS). Det finns risk för att komorbid depression försämrar behandlingsutfall och minskar sannolikhet för remission från BPS, en problematik förknippad med signifikant funktionsned-sättning. Denna studie syftade till att undersöka hur patienter med BPS och samtidig depression, svarade på beteendeaktivering inriktad på att konkurrera ut ohälsosamma beteenden med hälsosamma. I single-case design om fyra patienter, registrerades aktivitetsnivå dagligen samt upprepade mätningar med validerade skattningsskalor under baslinje och aktiv intervention. Resultatet visade att patienterna hade stora svårigheter med registrering och närvaro, och att även om hälsosamma beteenden ökade i vissa fall så påverkades inte grad av depression.</p>

Depression är vanligt hos personer med Borderline personlighetsstörning (BPS). Det finns risk för att komorbid depression försämrar behandlingsutfall och minskar sannolikhet för remission från BPS, en problematik förknippad med signifikant funktionsned-sättning. Denna studie syftade till att undersöka hur patienter med BPS och samtidig depression, svarade på beteendeaktivering inriktad på att konkurrera ut ohälsosamma beteenden med hälsosamma. I single-case design om fyra patienter, registrerades aktivitetsnivå dagligen samt upprepade mätningar med validerade skattningsskalor under baslinje och aktiv intervention. Resultatet visade att patienterna hade stora svårigheter med registrering och närvaro, och att även om hälsosamma beteenden ökade i vissa fall så påverkades inte grad av depression.

The purpose of this research was to examine the impact of self-management on daily net calories consumed by women who are overweight. Four white females between the ages of 35 and 41 with a self-reported BMI between 25 and 29.9 completed this study. A multiple baseline across participants design was used to demonstrate a functional relation between the independent variable (i.e., self-management) and the dependent variable (i.e., net calories consumed) for each participant. Three of the four participants decreased their daily net calories consumed after beginning the self-management intervention. This was the first single case research study to examine the effectiveness of self-management on daily net calories consumed (i.e., caloric intake minus caloric expenditure) and extended previous literature on white females who were overweight.

The purpose of this research was to examine the impact of self-management on daily net calories consumed by women who are overweight. Four white females between the ages of 35 and 41 with a self-reported BMI between 25 and 29.9 completed this study. A multiple baseline across participants design was used to demonstrate a functional relation between the independent variable (i.e., self-management) and the dependent variable (i.e., net calories consumed) for each participant. Three of the four participants decreased their daily net calories consumed after beginning the self-management intervention. This was the first single case research study to examine the effectiveness of self-management on daily net calories consumed (i.e., caloric intake minus caloric expenditure) and extended previous literature on white females who were overweight.

This study examined the effects of anaphoric pronouns presented via computer screen on the reading comprehension of four children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Stories from the education.com website were used to collect data. The students’ responses to reading comprehension questions during baseline, treatment, and follow-up sessions were analyzed. The perceptions of students regarding anaphoric pronouns were also analyzed. Initially, reading levels, fluency and comprehension rate, of the students with ASD were identified via the Gray Oral Reading Test, Fifth edition (GORT-5), Test of Narrative Language (TNL), and Test of Narrative Language, Second edition (TNL-2). A randomized multiple baseline (MBL) design with a follow-up extension across participants was implemented to determine the effects of anaphoric reference support using computer-based instruction on the students’ reading comprehension skills. The analysis indicated a statistically significant increase in the reading comprehension skills. Positive student feedback about using anaphoric reference support with automated computer program supported the effect of the intervention on the reading comprehension of the students with ASD. The researcher presented recommendations for further research and studies.

In single-case research, multiple-baseline (MB) design is the most widely used design in practical settings. It provides the opportunity to estimate the treatment effect based on not only within-series comparisons of treatment phase to baseline phase observations, but also time-specific between-series comparisons of observations from those that have started treatment to those that are still in the baseline. In MB studies, the average treatment effect and the variation of these effects across multiple participants can be estimated using various statistical modeling methods. Recently, two types of statistical modeling methods were proposed for analyzing MB studies: a) within-series model and b) between-series model. The within-series model is a typical two-level multilevel modeling approach analyzing the measurement occasions within a participant, whereas the between-series model is an alternative modeling approach analyzing participants’ measurement occasions at certain time points, where some participants are in the baseline phase and others are in the treatment phase. Parameters of both within- and between-series models are generally estimated with restricted maximum likelihood (ReML) estimation and ReML is developed based on the assumption of normality (Hox, et al., 2010; Raudenbush & Bryk, 2002). However, in practical educational and psychological settings, observed data may not be easily assumed to be normal. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the robustness of analyzing MB studies with the within- and between-series models when level-1 errors are non-normal. A Monte Carlo study was conducted under the conditions where level-1 errors were generated from non-normal distributions in which skewness and kurtosis of the distribution were manipulated. Four statistical approaches were considered for comparison based on theoretical and/or empirical rationales. The approaches were defined by the crossing of two analytic decisions: a) whether to use a within- or between-series estimate of effect and b) whether to use REML estimation with Kenward-Roger adjustment for inferences or Bayesian estimation and inference. The accuracy of parameter estimation and statistical power and Type I error were systematically analyzed. The results of the study showed the within- and between-series models are robust to the non-normality of the level-1 error variance. Both within- and between-series models estimated the treatment effect accurately and statistical inferences were acceptable. ReML and Bayesian estimations also showed similar results in the current study. Applications and implications for applied and methodology researchers are discussed based on the findings of the study.

Researchers have noted the lack of research to guide reading practice for students with and at risk for emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD). Although comprehensive syntheses have identified promising practices and areas for future research, none have evaluated the rigor of studies according to quality indicators. The current study evaluated the extant single-case reading intervention research for this student population according to the What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) standards. Thirty studies met article selection criteria, 20 (66.6%) of which had at least one dependent variable that did not meet design standards. Study findings suggest a need for researchers to employ stronger designs and place a greater emphasis on investigating the effects of reading instructional practices in inclusive settings. Overall, two reading interventions were identified as potentially promising: cognitive mapping and a listening while reading accommodation. Furthermore, findings suggest that it may be advantageous to embed behavioral strategies within reading interventions. Study limitations include the exclusive use of single-case design studies and a reliance on visual analysis to determine intervention effectiveness.

In recent years, kindness-based meditation practices, including loving-kindness meditation (LKM), have gained empirical support for decreasing depression and anxiety symptoms. LKM is defined as the intentional transmission of unselfish kindness toward all beings. It is practiced by contemplating an object of meditation (e.g., self, difficult person) and offering goodwill by silently repeating phrases (e.g., “May you be happy”). Given LKM’s focus on cultivating positive emotional states, researchers have hypothesized that LKM may work by increasing positive affect (PA), promoting cognitive and behavioral flexibility, and reducing negative affect (NA). This study was the first to employ a multiple baseline, single-case design to evaluate the acceptability and clinical efficacy of a brief, individual LKM intervention for individuals (N = 9) with unipolar depressive disorders, social anxiety disorder, or generalized anxiety disorder and low PA. Participants were randomized to a 2-, 4-, or 6-week baseline and completed weekly assessments during baseline, 7 weeks of treatment, and at 1-, 2- and 4-week follow-up. LKM was hypothesized to be acceptable and effective for reducing depression and anxiety symptoms and increasing PA. Secondary hypotheses were that (1) improvements in PA would precede disorder symptom improvement and (2) LKM would lead to improvements in other treatment variables (e.g., NA, anger, mindfulness, affective regulation styles, quality of life, etc.) Results revealed that the study intervention had good feasibility and acceptability. Per visual inspection, LKM led to improvements in principal disorder symptoms for four participants during treatment and five participants at follow-up (three of whom showed clinically reliable change). Contrary to study hypotheses, only one participant demonstrated reliable improvements in PA during treatment. For this participant, increases in PA occurred simultaneously with reductions in depression. Across participants, LKM exerted moderate to large effects on disorder severity, depression and anxiety symptoms, quality of life, mindful nonreactivity, and tolerating affective style. Overall, individuals with principal unipolar depressive disorders showed the strongest response to the study intervention. In summary, this study provided preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of brief, individual LKM for reducing depression and anxiety in a transdiagnostic outpatient sample with low positive affect.