Codeine-containing medication is commonly used for pain after c-section. In most people, 10% of codeine is biotransformed into morphine by the Cytochrome P450 enzyme 2D6 (CYP2D6). Individuals who convert up to 50 fold more codeine into morphine, ultrarapid metaboizers, are at a greater risk for adverse effects. Conversely poor metabolizers, individuals who convert almost no codeine into morphine, are at risk for untreated pain. The pharmacodynamic relationship between codeine-analgesia and CYP2D6 genotype is studied for possible development of a titration model. To minimize these treatment risks, alternatives to opioids are sought. Reiki, an ancient Japanese form of healing used to treat pain and depression, has not been systematically reviewed for its efficacy in treating pain. My systematic review of Reiki literature (n=12) showed that while most trials yielded a positive result on primary outcomes, all existing Reiki studies lacked in one of the three key areas of proper patient allocation concealment, randomization or blinding which can lead to the introduction of bias. We designed a randomized controlled trial using distant Reiki for postpartum pain, taking careful steps to control for each of those three key areas. Eighty pregnant women scheduled for an elective c-section where recruited and randomly allocated to one of the two arms (n=40 Reiki and n=40 control). Women were monitored in hospital for up to three days. Visual Analogue Scores (VAS) for pain were recorded 4 times per day; and all pain medication, adverse effects and milestone recovery rates after c-section were recorded. Blood samples were taken to determine CYP2D6 genotype. We determined that distant Reiki did not reduce women’s pain; neither the measured pain nor the cumulative dose of pain medication differed between groups. Moreover, rates of recovery after c-section were also not different between the two groups. This led to the conclusion that distant Reiki was not suitable as a primary method of controlling pain after c-section. Our second study (n=45) looked for correlation between CYP2D6 genotype and effectiveness of codeine analgesia. Only a small sample of the women were genetic extremes (n=2 poor metabolizers and n=3 ultrarapid metabolizers), while most were, as expected, extensive or intermediate metabolizers. An individual examination of each of these cases provided valuable insight into patients where CYP2D6 polymorphism is clinically relevant. Two of the three ultrarapid metabolizers stopped opioid analgesia due to adverse effects, while both poor metabolizers complained that the codeine-containing medication was not providing analgesia (i.e. ineffective pain treatment). Healthcare providers need to be aware of patient response to pharmacotherapy and use this information to individualize postpartum opioid analgesia.

Codeine-containing medication is commonly used for pain after c-section. In most people, 10% of codeine is biotransformed into morphine by the Cytochrome P450 enzyme 2D6 (CYP2D6). Individuals who convert up to 50 fold more codeine into morphine, ultrarapid metaboizers, are at a greater risk for adverse effects. Conversely poor metabolizers, individuals who convert almost no codeine into morphine, are at risk for untreated pain. The pharmacodynamic relationship between codeine-analgesia and CYP2D6 genotype is studied for possible development of a titration model. To minimize these treatment risks, alternatives to opioids are sought. Reiki, an ancient Japanese form of healing used to treat pain and depression, has not been systematically reviewed for its efficacy in treating pain. My systematic review of Reiki literature (n=12) showed that while most trials yielded a positive result on primary outcomes, all existing Reiki studies lacked in one of the three key areas of proper patient allocation concealment, randomization or blinding which can lead to the introduction of bias. We designed a randomized controlled trial using distant Reiki for postpartum pain, taking careful steps to control for each of those three key areas. Eighty pregnant women scheduled for an elective c-section where recruited and randomly allocated to one of the two arms (n=40 Reiki and n=40 control). Women were monitored in hospital for up to three days. Visual Analogue Scores (VAS) for pain were recorded 4 times per day; and all pain medication, adverse effects and milestone recovery rates after c-section were recorded. Blood samples were taken to determine CYP2D6 genotype. We determined that distant Reiki did not reduce women’s pain; neither the measured pain nor the cumulative dose of pain medication differed between groups. Moreover, rates of recovery after c-section were also not different between the two groups. This led to the conclusion that distant Reiki was not suitable as a primary method of controlling pain after c-section. Our second study (n=45) looked for correlation between CYP2D6 genotype and effectiveness of codeine analgesia. Only a small sample of the women were genetic extremes (n=2 poor metabolizers and n=3 ultrarapid metabolizers), while most were, as expected, extensive or intermediate metabolizers. An individual examination of each of these cases provided valuable insight into patients where CYP2D6 polymorphism is clinically relevant. Two of the three ultrarapid metabolizers stopped opioid analgesia due to adverse effects, while both poor metabolizers complained that the codeine-containing medication was not providing analgesia (i.e. ineffective pain treatment). Healthcare providers need to be aware of patient response to pharmacotherapy and use this information to individualize postpartum opioid analgesia.

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree DPhil (Community Psychology) in the Faculty of Arts, in the Department of Psychology at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2011. / Domestic violence is a huge social, moral and spiritual problem in society today and many traditional methods of healing such as psychodynamic, solution-focused and cognitive behavioural therapies have left a vacuum when addressing the needs of the abused woman. This study aimed to determine whether there is a place for integrative therapies, particularly Philophonetics and Reiki which are both considered to be “body-based” therapies in the treatment of survivors of Domestic Violence. The sample was drawn from patients that sought treatment from the Community Care Centre and consisted of eight case studies of women who have been abused. A phenomenological approach was used in order to find the meaning the women attached to their experience of being abused. The findings of the study revealed a reduction in both depressive and anxiety symptoms. Depression and anxiety are common diagnosis for those who have suffered abuse and prior to the study all participants showed signs of depression and anxiety. The findings further showed that with Reiki therapy significant changes occurred physically as well as psychologically. With Philophonetics therapy changes occurred at a deeper layer as individuals were able to access the abuse in a nonverbal manner, without intellectualizing the problem. Both therapies proved to be effective due to the fact that individual’s had to “feel” rather than “think”. A further finding was that all participants felt comfortable enough to access their spirituality, thus showing that mind-body connection is vital in treating abuse. Finally it was revealed that no therapy can work in isolation, therefore the combination of traditional and CAM therapies had shown merit for the twenty first century therapist.

El proyecto contempla un Programa de Comunicación Visual para difundir Reiki en los recintos hospitalarios donde actualmente se está aplicando la terapia. Como se ha expresado con anterioridad, es necesario comenzar a informar sobre Reiki, porque aunque se ha ido incluyendo lentamente a los hospitales, su práctica dentro de este contexto no ha sido divulgada por ningún medio (excepto artículos breves en algunos periódicos nacionales o sitios de internet especializados), provocando que sólo algunos doctores y personal médico tengan conocimiento al respecto.

Estudaram-se os efeitos da influência do Reiki na evolução do granuloma induzido experimentalmente pela inoculação do BCG no coxim plantar de hamsters, assim como os efeitos da mesma terapia em camundongos portadores do tumor ascítico de Ehrlich in vivo e in vitro. No modelo de inflamação granulomatosa crônica, utilizou-se 40 hamsters machos, os quais após serem inoculados com BCG no dia 0 no coxim da pata posterior direita, foram separados em dois grupos contendo 20 animais em cada. Um grupo denominado controle o qual não recebeu nenhum tratamento, e um grupo denominado Reiki, o qual recebeu reiki por 15 minutos, diariamente, a uma distância de 30 cm. Imediatamente antes da inoculação foi realizada a medida do diâmetro da pata a ser inoculada, sendo que as medições continuaram até o momento do sacrifício dos animais, sendo realizadas em dias alternados. No modelo de tumor ascítico de Ehrlich, foram utilzadas 26 camundongos fêmeas, as quais foram injetadas com células de Tumor de Ehrlich pela via intraperitoneal, sendo este considerado dia 0 do experimento. Em seguida estes camundongos foram separados em 3 grupos: controle (n=8), reiki A (n=9) e reiki B (n=9). Grupo controle não recebeu nenhum tipo de tratamento, grupo Reiki A recebeu reiki por 10 minutos, diariamente, à uma distância de 30 cm e grupo Reiki B recebeu manipulação e uma técnica diferente de Reiki. Os animais então foram observados diariamente até o dia de óbito. Em relação ao edema de pata, foi observada diminuição deste nos hamsters inoculados com BCG e tratados com Reiki. Com respeito à avaliação da taxa de sobrevida em camundongos com tumor ascítico de Ehrlich, observou-se maior taxa de sobrevida nos camundongos inoculados pertencentes ao grupo Reiki A. / We studied the effects of the influence of Reiki in the evolution of the experimental induced granuloma by the inoculation of BCG in the footpad of hamsters, and the effects of the same therapy in mice with Ehrlich ascitic tumor in vivo and in vitro. In the chronic granulomatous inflammation model, it was used, 40 male hamsters, which, after been inoculated with BCG in day 0, it was separated in two groups with 20 animals per group: control and reiki. The control group received no treatment, and reiki group, which was treated with Reiki by 15 minutes, daily, from 30 cm of the box. Immediately before the inoculation, the footpad diameter was measured, and after this measure was made in every other day, until complete 54 days. In the Ehrlich ascitic tumor model, it was used, 26 female mice inoculated with Ehrlich tumor cells, by intraperitoneal via, in the day 0. After that, the mice were separated in three groups: control (n=8), reiki A (n=9) and reiki B (n=9). The control group received no treatment, reiki A group received Reiki treatment by 10 minutes, daily, from 30 cm of the box, and reiki B group, which was manipulated and received a different way of Reiki treatment. The mice were observed daily until death in order to analyze survival rate. As regards granuloma evaluation it was observed a reduced footpad edema in hamsters inoculated with BCG and treated with Reiki. In relation to survival rate assay, it was observed an increased lifespan of those mice of the reiki A group.

Estudaram-se os efeitos da influência do Reiki na evolução do granuloma induzido experimentalmente pela inoculação do BCG no coxim plantar de hamsters, assim como os efeitos da mesma terapia em camundongos portadores do tumor ascítico de Ehrlich in vivo e in vitro. No modelo de inflamação granulomatosa crônica, utilizou-se 40 hamsters machos, os quais após serem inoculados com BCG no dia 0 no coxim da pata posterior direita, foram separados em dois grupos contendo 20 animais em cada. Um grupo denominado controle o qual não recebeu nenhum tratamento, e um grupo denominado Reiki, o qual recebeu reiki por 15 minutos, diariamente, a uma distância de 30 cm. Imediatamente antes da inoculação foi realizada a medida do diâmetro da pata a ser inoculada, sendo que as medições continuaram até o momento do sacrifício dos animais, sendo realizadas em dias alternados. No modelo de tumor ascítico de Ehrlich, foram utilzadas 26 camundongos fêmeas, as quais foram injetadas com células de Tumor de Ehrlich pela via intraperitoneal, sendo este considerado dia 0 do experimento. Em seguida estes camundongos foram separados em 3 grupos: controle (n=8), reiki A (n=9) e reiki B (n=9). Grupo controle não recebeu nenhum tipo de tratamento, grupo Reiki A recebeu reiki por 10 minutos, diariamente, à uma distância de 30 cm e grupo Reiki B recebeu manipulação e uma técnica diferente de Reiki. Os animais então foram observados diariamente até o dia de óbito. Em relação ao edema de pata, foi observada diminuição deste nos hamsters inoculados com BCG e tratados com Reiki. Com respeito à avaliação da taxa de sobrevida em camundongos com tumor ascítico de Ehrlich, observou-se maior taxa de sobrevida nos camundongos inoculados pertencentes ao grupo Reiki A. / We studied the effects of the influence of Reiki in the evolution of the experimental induced granuloma by the inoculation of BCG in the footpad of hamsters, and the effects of the same therapy in mice with Ehrlich ascitic tumor in vivo and in vitro. In the chronic granulomatous inflammation model, it was used, 40 male hamsters, which, after been inoculated with BCG in day 0, it was separated in two groups with 20 animals per group: control and reiki. The control group received no treatment, and reiki group, which was treated with Reiki by 15 minutes, daily, from 30 cm of the box. Immediately before the inoculation, the footpad diameter was measured, and after this measure was made in every other day, until complete 54 days. In the Ehrlich ascitic tumor model, it was used, 26 female mice inoculated with Ehrlich tumor cells, by intraperitoneal via, in the day 0. After that, the mice were separated in three groups: control (n=8), reiki A (n=9) and reiki B (n=9). The control group received no treatment, reiki A group received Reiki treatment by 10 minutes, daily, from 30 cm of the box, and reiki B group, which was manipulated and received a different way of Reiki treatment. The mice were observed daily until death in order to analyze survival rate. As regards granuloma evaluation it was observed a reduced footpad edema in hamsters inoculated with BCG and treated with Reiki. In relation to survival rate assay, it was observed an increased lifespan of those mice of the reiki A group.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / A pesquisa foi desenvolvida com estudantes, docentes e demais componentes do corpo escolar da Escola de Ensino Fundamental e MÃdio Professor PlÃcido Aderaldo Castelo (EPAC), localizada no bairro Conjunto CearÃ, na cidade de Fortaleza â CE. Realizamos uma investigaÃÃo sobre a construÃÃo de uma Cultura de Paz na instituiÃÃo referida, como foco na terapia Reiki. O estudo se configura como uma pesquisa aÃÃo, de carÃter qualitativo, uma vez que, juntamente com sujeitos do contexto investigado, produzimos uma intervenÃÃo no ambiente escolar, aplicando e iniciando docentes na terapia reiki. Em um segundo momento foram realizadas aplicaÃÃes de reiki em alunos da escola. Feito isso buscamos compreender os sentidos atribuÃdos por alunos e profissionais que compÃem a EPAC, sobre a prÃtica dessa terapia. Procuramos, ainda, entender como os resultados dessa aÃÃo podem servir para a construÃÃo de uma Cultura de Paz no espaÃo pesquisado. Percebemos que prÃticas que fomentam a Cultura de Paz na escola sÃo capazes de estimular o estabelecimento de um contexto onde predominam relaÃÃes de respeito, tolerÃncia, cooperaÃÃo e fraternidade (MATOS, 2011, 2012 e 2013). A coleta de dados se deu por observaÃÃo, registros e conversas informais, alÃm de entrevistas estruturadas. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram os alunos da EPAC, professores e demais funcionÃrios do corpo escolar que participaram das atividades de reiki na escola. A fundamentaÃÃo teÃrica desse estudo sustenta-se nos conceitos de EducaÃÃo, aprofundando-se na dimensÃo da EducaÃÃo Integral (SALIS, 2002; JAEGUER, 1995; YUS, 2002; DELORS, 1998; MORIN, 2000), Espiritualidade (ERVEDOSA, 2004; WILBER, 2000, 2005 e 2008), Reiki (BRENNAN, 1987; DE'CARLI, 2006; SORDI, 2000; OLIVEIRA, 2003, MATOS, 2006) e Cultura de Paz (MATOS, 2011, 2012, 2013; GUIMARÃES, 2006, 2011; FREIRE, 2006; JARES, 2002, 2007; WEIL, 1993). Constatamos que a prÃtica da terapia reiki na EPAC gerou impactos positivos com relaÃÃo ao estÃmulo de uma Cultura de Paz nesse contexto. Professores relataram uma diminuiÃÃo do seu nÃvel de estresse e melhor desenvolvimento das suas funÃÃes apÃs a prÃtica terapÃutica. Alunos que receberam reiki expuseram que isso os auxiliou a se concentrarem melhor nas atividades desenvolvidas em sala de aula, alÃm de gerar um desbloqueio relacionado a questÃes de relacionamento com outras pessoas. O reiki tambÃm se mostrou efetivo, de acordo com os sujeitos pesquisados, quanto a alunos que apresentaram dificuldades de relacionamento com outros colegas da escola ou com professores, gerando sensaÃÃo de equilÃbrio e tranquilidade nos sujeitos que receberam o reiki estimulando as relaÃÃes humanas pautadas no respeito e diÃlogo. / The research was developed with students, teachers and other members of the scholar group of Middle and High School Teacher PlÃcido Aderaldo Castelo (EPAC), located on the neighborhood Conjunto CearÃ, on the Town of Fortaleza â Ce. It was realized a investigation about the construction of a Culture of Peace on the institution with main subject on the Reiki therapy. The study is classified as an action research, with qualitative character, since that together with the people of the investigation context, it was made an intervention on school environment, applying and initiating teachers on Reiki therapy. On a second moment it was realized an application of the practice of Reiki in students of the school. Since it was done it was seek to understand the meaning given for students and professionals that are in EPAC about this therapy practice. It was still tried to understand how the results of this action could contribute for a construction of a Culture of Peace on the researched space. It was realized that practices that promotes a Culture of Peace on schools are able to encourage the establishment of a context where the relations of respect, tolerance, cooperation and fraternity are the predominant (Matos, 2011, 2012, 2013). The collected data were done by observation, records and informal conversations, besides structured interviews. The people of the research were the students of EPAC, teachers and other employees of the scholar group that participated of reiki activities on school. The Theoretical Foundantion of this study it was built on the concepts of Education, deepening on the dimension of Integral Education (SALIS, 2002; JAEGUER, 1995; YUS, 2002; DELORS, 1998; MORIN, 2000), Spirituality (ERVEDOSA, 2004; WILBER, 2000, 2005, 2008), Reiki (BRENNAN, 1987; DE'CARLI,2006; SORDI, 2000; OLIVEIRA, 2003, MATOS, 2006) and Peace Culture (MATOS, 2011,2012, 2013; GUIMARÃES, 2006, 2011; FREIRE, 2006; JARES, 2002, 2007; WEIL, 1993). It was found that the Reiki therapy practices on EPAC made positive impacts in relation at the encouragement of a Culture of Peace in this context. Teachers reported a decrease on the stress levels and a better development of their functions after the therapy practice. Students that received Reiki reported that it helped them to a better concentration on activities developed on the classroom, and also generated an unlock in the matters of relationships with other people. The Reiki also was effective in relation of the people researched, with students that showed difficulties in relationships with others collegues on school or with teachers, causing the sensation of balance and tranquility on the people that received Reiki, encouraging human relationships based on respect and dialogue.

This qualitative study explored the use of Reiki in improving the quality of life of people living with HIV (PLWH). A purposive sample of seven participants consented to the study. Reiki attunement, self healing and data collection were done over a six-month period. An idiographic approach was used. The participants were interviewed, then underwent Reiki attunement, performed self healing for 21-30 days and were interviewed again. Responses suggest that Reiki therapy had positive outcomes. Illnessspecific symptom relief, increased levels of energy, improved sleeping patterns, decreased anxiety and depression, spiritual awakening and a better ability to handle stressful situations were reported. Reiki therapy enabled the participants to reappraise living with HIV, deal with anger, depression and self-blame. These positive changes led to some of them seeking employment, leaving destructive personal relationships and reconnecting with family members. The researcher strongly recommends further research in this area. / Sociology / (M.A. (Social Behavioural Studies HIV/AIDS))

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Montana, 2008. / Title from title screen. Description based on contents viewed Aug. 21, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 109-111).

This qualitative study explored the use of Reiki in improving the quality of life of people living with HIV (PLWH). A purposive sample of seven participants consented to the study. Reiki attunement, self healing and data collection were done over a six-month period. An idiographic approach was used. The participants were interviewed, then underwent Reiki attunement, performed self healing for 21-30 days and were interviewed again. Responses suggest that Reiki therapy had positive outcomes. Illnessspecific symptom relief, increased levels of energy, improved sleeping patterns, decreased anxiety and depression, spiritual awakening and a better ability to handle stressful situations were reported. Reiki therapy enabled the participants to reappraise living with HIV, deal with anger, depression and self-blame. These positive changes led to some of them seeking employment, leaving destructive personal relationships and reconnecting with family members. The researcher strongly recommends further research in this area. / Sociology / (M.A. (Social Behavioural Studies HIV/AIDS))