Transient receptor potential vanilloid 2 channel (TRPV2) is a Ca2+-permeable ion channel that is highly expressed in leukocytes but is also present in skeletal and cardiac muscle and endocrine cells. The TRPV2 function is implicated in a number of physiological processes, including bacterial phagocytosis, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, cardiac hypertrophy, and cancer development. TRPV2 knockout mice exhibit a high incidence of perinatal mortality, arguing that the channel plays essential roles in physiology. Despite the importance of TRPV2 for normal homeostasis, the mechanisms that control TRPV2 gating in response to pharmacological agonists, heating, membrane stretch, bioactive lipids and reactive oxygen species (ROS) remain poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that TRPV2 is functionally expressed in microglia (i.e., ‘brain macrophages’) and the microglia-like BV-2 cell line, and demonstrate that the gating of an endogenous TRPV2-like conductance is positively modulated by the bacterial toxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is known to cause pro-inflammatory (M1) activation and increase ROS production by NADPH oxidase. To determine how TRPV2 gating is modulated by ROS, we recorded single channel activity in inside-out patches excised from HEK-293 cells expressing GFP-rTRPV2. Unitary currents elicited by the TRPV2 agonist 2-aminophenyl borinate (2-APB) or cannabidiol (CBD) are linear in monovalent recording solutions and give rise to an estimated unitary conductance of ~100pS, which is similar to TRPV1 but significantly smaller than TRPV3. Intriguingly, we find that although TRPV2 is insensitive to ROS (in the form of exogenously applied H2O2) alone, apparent open probability is synergistically enhanced when H2O2 is applied together with CBD. We identify two intracellular Cys residues that are necessary for TRPV2 responses to H2O2 sensitivity and find that these residues are located close to one another, albeit in different subunits, in the TRPV2 structure, suggesting that ROS promote the formation of an inter-subunit disulfide bond that alters sensitivity to pharmacological agonists. We hypothesize that ROS-dependent modulation of TRPV2 activity may be an important contributor to pro-inflammatory activation of microglia underline central nervous system diseases and that TRPV2 antagonism could be a useful therapeutic strategy in the treatment of neuroinflammation.

Ionotrope Glutamatrezeptoren steuern exzitatorische Prozesse im Gehirn. Der AMPA-Rezeptor ist der schnellste Glutamatrezeptor und reguliert die Signaltransduktion in hochfrequenten Bereichen. Um die Konformationen des Rezeptors für die Aktivierung aufzuschlüsseln, wurden die Ligandenbindedomänen (LBD), mit künstlichen Metallbrücken verlinkt. Die tetramerische LBD-Schicht hat mehrere Freiheitsgrade. Sie reichen vom Schließen der LBD durch Ligandenbindung, bis hin zu den verschiedenen Konformationsmöglichkeiten innerhalb des Tetramers. Die bereits publizierte T1-Mutante wurde verlinkt und auf Einzelkanalebene elektrophysiologisch untersucht. Anschließend wurde T1 mit einer Mutante (DKD-3H) verglichen die durch molekulardynamische Simulationen identifiziert wurde. Die Eigenschaften von T1 und DKD-3H wurden mit einem natürlich vorkommenden AMPAR-Linker, namens Con ikot ikot, verglichen. Meeresschnecken der Gattung Conus setzen das Polypeptid zur Fischjagd ein. Zur Analyse wurde eine Software entwickelt, speziell für Ströme von ligandengesteuerten Ionenkanälen mit multiplen Leitfähigkeiten (www.github.com/AGPlested/ASCAM). Durch Verlinkung in T1 konnten drei präaktive Konformationen aufgeschlüsselt werden und die schnelle Aktivierung im sub-Millisekundenbereich verschwindet ganz. Obwohl die Metall-koordinierenden Residuen von T1 und DKD-3H nah beieinander liegen, konnte für DKD-3H nur eine einzelne präaktive Konformation gefunden werden. Es deutet darauf hin, dass die LBD-Schicht von AMPA-Rezeptoren hochdynamisch ist da die geringe Abweichung große Auswirkungen auf den Phänotypen des Rezeptors hat. LBD-Verlinkung mit Con-ikot-ikot ergab einen EC50 von ~5 nM. Alle drei Verlinkungsarten resultierten in einer reduzierten Offenwahrscheinlichkeit. Einzelkanalanalysen von T1 und Con-ikot-ikot-gebundenen AMPA-Rezeptoren unterstützen die Hypothese, dass die veränderten Phänotypen aus dem Wechselspiel der LBDs innerhalb der LBD-Schicht resultieren. / Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) mediate excitatory neurotransmission in the mammalian brain. The AMPA-type receptor is the fastest iGluR member, activating at the sub-millisecond time scale. In this study, ligand-binding domains (LBDs), where AMPAR activation is initialised, were cross-linked with artificially introduced metal bridges to trap and investigate conformational states of the receptor before- and during activation. The tetrameric LBD layer has multiple degrees of freedom, from closure of individual clamshells and their conformational arrangement within the dimers and the tetramer. The previously studied T1 mutant was cross-linked at the single-channel level and compared to a second cross-linking mutant (DKD 3H) that was predicted on a molecular dynamics approach. T1 and DKD 3H were to the effects of a naturally occurring AMPAR-specific LBD cross-linker (Con ikot ikot) from a fish-hunting snail of the genus Conus. Single-channel recordings were analysed with a newly developed software dedicated to ligand-gated ion channels with conductances in the low pA range and multiple subconductance levels (www.github.com/AGPlested/ASCAM). Trapping of the T1 mutant revealed three pre-active conformational states that were not described for AMPARs before. Fast activation in the sub-millisecond range disappears fully indicating that these conformations proceed too fast in non-restricted wild-type receptors to be resolved. Although the metal-coordinating residues of T1 and DKD 3H are in close proximity, DKD 3H yielded one single pre-active state. A slightly distinct register of the bridge results in largely different phenotypes. Cross-linking with con ikot ikot identified an EC50 of ~5 nM. All three cross-linking approaches reduced open probability. The results support the hypothesis that the altered phenotypes are not a result of singly restricted LBDs but the dynamics of the tetrameric LBD-layer as one unit.