Thesis (Ph. D.)--Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 1997. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Bibliography: leaves 254-264.

Thesis (doctoral)--Freie Universität Berlin, 1982.

Thesis (M.A.)--Rowan University, 2009. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references.

Zugl.: Köln, Univ., Diss., 2009

L’expérience de la maternité des femmes étiquetées « handicapées mentales » est un droit mais son application ne va pas de soi, le « handicap mental » impliquant des difficultés à traiter des problèmes, cognitifs et affectifs de la vie quotidienne, et relationnels. Situation liminaire, cette expérience de la maternité est pensée, encadrée, socialisée par des institutions gardiennes de la normalité. Cette thèse montre que ces femmes sont tenues à assumer seules la responsabilité de leur maternité, selon un modèle de « bonne mère » qui n’inclut guère le père. Être une « bonne mère » est une gratification dans un contexte où la situation de handicap reste une cause d’exclusion sociale. Dans l’incertitude sur leurs compétences maternelles, les mères vivent dans un état de tension permanente et la crainte qu’on leur retire la garde de leurs enfants. Leurs expériences sociales les mettent constamment aux prises avec des risques de renforcement des stéréotypes. La négociation leur est quasiment impossible.La première partie de ce travail doctoral rend compte d’un parcours de recherche et de la construction progressive de l’objet. Dans la seconde partie, l’état de l’art permet de comprendre que l’incompétence maternelle, supposée tenir au handicap, renvoie à la difficulté à être mère « tout court ». La troisième partie présente les résultats sous forme de portraits sociologiques. Puis sont présentés les moments-clés de leurs parcours de maternité, sous le contrôle des professionnels du champ social et médical. / The experience of motherhood is a right but, for women labelled « mentally handicapped », its implementation is not obvious at all, as « mental handicap » implies difficulties to deal with cognitive and affective problems of everyday life as well as relational problems. As a liminal situation, this experience of motherhood is thought, controlled and socialized by normality-keeping institutions. This research shows that these women are expected to deal alone with their motherhood’s responsibility, according to a « good mother » pattern that hardly includes the father. To be a « good mother » is a reward in a context where the handicap situation remains a cause of social exclusion. But, as they doubt of their maternal competences, the mothers live in a state of permanent stress and fear to lose their children’s custody. Their social experiences constantly confront them with the risk of reinforcing stereotypes. Negotiation is almost impossible. The first part of this doctoral work gives an account of the research and object’s progressive construction. In the second part, the state-of-the-art review shows that the maternal incompetence, supposedly caused by the handicap, refers as a matter of fact to the difficulty to be a mother in general. The third part presents the results in the form of sociological portraits. Finally, are presented the key-moments of these women’s motherhood under the control of medico-social field’s professionals.

Les recherches sur le développement des conceptions en physique mettent l’accent soit sur des processus intraindividuels, soit sur des processus situés dans les situations collectives. En revanche, les situations individuelles et leur intérêt dans la construction des idées restent mal définies. Une expérimentation pré-/post-test a permis de suivre 106 enfants de 10 ans qui prédisent, justifient et expliquent de manière générale le phénomène de flottaison des objets. L’entraînement leur propose d’utiliser des objets et des outils pour élaborer à trois reprises une explication du phénomène, sans feedback de l’adulte. Quatre conditions expérimentales sont comparées. Dans deux conditions, les enfants travaillent par trois fois soit individuellement, soit en dyade. Deux autres conditions articulent des situations solitaires et dyadique : dans une condition, ils s’entraînent en individuel puis en dyade puis en individuel ; dans une autre, ils s’entraînent en dyade puis en individuel puis en dyade. Les évolutions cognitives diffèrent selon les conditions. Le fait de travailler régulièrement en dyade favorise l’enrichissement des justifications particulières. Le fait de faire travailler les enfants ensemble enrichirait le répertoire argumentatif pour décrire la réaction des objets. L’entraînement individuel-dyadique-individuel favorise de meilleures prédictions. Cette articulation spécifique des situations amènerait une restructuration plus profonde des connaissances. Il y a donc des articulations de situations plus favorables selon les performances attendues. L’analyse des conduites pendant l’entraînement et les études de cas révèlent l’importance des contradictions rencontrées, dues à la fois à l’hétérogénéité des objets, aux interactions entre pairs et à la présence d’outils. Des pistes de recherche et d’application sont enfin proposées. / Research on how children conceptualize the principles of physics classically emphasizes intraindividual processes or collective situations. Individual situations and their consequences on the development of concepts are poorly defined. A pre-/post-test study was conducted in a school setting with 106 ten-year-old children. Children had to predict, justify and generally explain the phenomenon of buoyancy exhibited by objects immersed in water. During the training phases, they were free to use objects and instruments to write a general explanation. This task was repeated three times, which enable us to compare four experimental conditions: (1) children who worked individually; (2) children who worked in close collaboration; (3) children who began working individually, then worked in a dyad, and then worked again individually; and (4) children who began working in dyads, then worked individually, and then worked again in dyads. Evolution of cognition differed. When they are trained regularly in dyads, children develop better justifications of their particular predictions. Working in dyads enriches their argumentative repertoire to describe objects’ reactions. The individual-dyadic-individual training was the only experimental condition that led to progressively more accurate predictions. This specific combination may lead to a restructuration of cognitive processes. Each combination of social situation has a different effect on the childrens’ ability to predict, justify and generally explain. During the training, general and specific analyses of the practices of the children helped us to propose a detailed interpretation: these analyses show that children are confronted with different contradictions depending not only on their interactions with peers, but also with heterogeneous objects and tools. Future research is proposed.

Selon une vision répandue dans l'enseignement, l'écoute musicale d'une oeuvre doit être envisagée comme totale et continue. Toutefois, cette perspective se heurte à une réalité contingente de la réception : l'ennui situationnel. Cette notion, limitée à la situation d'écoute, semble avoir été esquivée, à des fins méthodologiques et philosophiques, et révèle une discrépance entre les attentes de l'auditeur et l'assouvissement de ces attentes. Elle invite à une réévaluation de principes théoriques fondamentaux de la musicologie, qui placent le musical dans l'œuvre d'art (partition ou interprétation particulière) et non dans le traitement que le sujet réalise de cette dernière.Ce projet de doctorat propose une réflexion dont l'objectif est de définir et d'envisager un cadre théorique de l'ennui situationnel en période d'écoute musicale. Ce champ, nouveau et peu représenté, prend la forme d'une critique d'un idéal de réception en interrogeant des notions importantes et actuelles comme l'intérêt, l'incorporation, la conscience, la familiarité. Le thème de l'ennui en période de réception pose la question de l'intégration du sujet au sein de l'analyse. Jusqu'où est-il possible de se passer du sujet ? Ce projet de doctorat, s'il ne répond pas définitivement, pose les fondations d'un espace théorique problématique nouveau et riche, et propose une première modélisation. / According to a common view in music education, listening to music must be considered both a whole experience as total as a continuous one, equally. However, this perspective is in conflict with the possible reality that the listener can fall into a state of situational boredom.Thus far, both philosophically and methodologically, this concept of boredom has been disregarded in the experience of listening to music. Once boredom is included, a discrepancy between the expectations of the listener and the satisfaction of these expectations is revealed. It calls for a theoretical reevaluation of the foundations of musicology, which have put the origin of music in the work of art (the score or a specific interpretation).This PHD project attempts to define a theoretical framework for the following question: what is situational boredom in the experience of listening to music? By questioning important and current notions such as interest, embodiment, awareness, familiarity, treatment, and conscience, this new field approach becomes a criticism of the idealization of esthetic reception. During a reception time, boredom brings to light the question of the subject’s integration into the analysis. Until when can the subject be ignored? This study, while not responding definitively, prepares the ground for a new and interesting problematic theoretical field and offers its first modelization.

In the electric utility industry, displays provide power system operators with information on and the status of the system, who then make decisions on how to maintain the safety, the reliability and the efficient operation of the utility generation and transmission grid based on that information. Complexity of the data presented and the display itself can lead to errors or misjudgments that can cause power system operators to make unwise decisions. The primary goal of this research was to develop a method to quantify display complexity for select displays used by system operators when operating the electric generation and transmission grids. Three studies were performed: (1) complexity measure development, (2) validation of the measure using usability and situation awareness (SA) techniques, and (3) display revisions based on complexity measure findings. Fifteen 15 different complexity metrics were originally considered (additive models, multiplicative models, and combination models with five different weighting schemes). The additive model with equal weighting was found to be the most sensitive in differentiating displays and was used in the later studies. For the validation study, system operators were asked to complete a usability questionnaire and a paper-based SA test using the current displays. Correlation and scatter plot analyses was used to determine if the complexity metric and usability and SA scores were related. Results of the validation study indicated that usability and SA scores for the studied displays were not well correlated with the complexity metric. In study 3, the highest and lowest scoring displays were redesigned with an emphasis on maintaining functionality but reducing aspects of complexity that were driving the complexity score. Systems operators again completed the usability and SA testing using the redesigned displays and again correlation analysis was performed. As was the case with study 2, usability scores were not correlated with the complexity metric; however, SA scores were significantly correlated. The complexity metric developed here can be used to quantify the complexity in a display and identify redesign opportunities to reduce non-essential information, as displays that are less complex should result in improved operator performance and satisfaction with the display.

No description available.

Kronisk njursjukdom med livsuppehållande hemodialysbehandling medförde förändrade levnadsvillkor för patienter och närstående. Närvaro av närstående var en faktor som positivt påverkade patienten och utan närståendes stöd krävdes större insatser från sjukvården. Till närstående räknas anhöriga, men även andra som har nära relationer med patienten, som till exempel vänner eller grannar. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att undersöka hur litteraturen beskriver situationen för närstående till hemodialyspatienter och vilken typ av stöd de efterfrågade, samt att beskriva inkluderade studiers urvalsgrupper. Det är en beskrivande litteraturstudie där 10 kvalitativa artiklar från databasen CINAHL inkluderades. Studiens resultat utmynnade i två huvudkategorier och åtta underkategorier. Situationen för de närstående präglades av oro, rädslor och osäkerhet kopplade till den sjukes hälsotillstånd och hemodialysbehandlingarna som orsakade stora begränsningar. Livssituationen påverkade många av de närståendes relationer, där den vårdande rollen och den sociala isoleringen hade framträdande platser. Resultatet visade att de närstående hade behov av att samtala om existentiella frågor, främst om döden, vilket gav en uppfattning om allvaret i de närståendes livssituation. Det var tydligt att stödet från sjukvården till de närstående upplevdes som mer betydelsefullt än stödet från övrig omgivning. De närstående hade svårigheter att uttrycka önskemål om stöd och efterfrågade initiativ till samtal från sjukvården. / Chronic kidney disease with life-sustaining hemodialysis treatment caused changes in living conditions for patients and next of kin. The presence of kin was a factor that positively affected the patient and without relatives support, greater efforts was required from health care. To next of kin families are counted, but also others who have close relationships with the patient, such as friends or neighbors. The purpose of this literature review was to examine how the literature describe the situation for relatives to hemodialysis patients and what type of support they requested, and to describe included studies’ sample groups. It´s a descriptive literature review where 10 qualitative articles from database CINAHL was included. The results of the study led to two main categories and eight subcategories. The situation for the next of kin was marked by anxiety, fears and uncertainties linked to the patient’s state of health and hemodialysis treatments that caused severe limitations. The life situation affected many of the next of kin´s relationships, where the caring role and social isolation had prominent places. The result showed that the relatives had a need to talk about existential questions, mainly about death, which gave an idea of the seriousness of the relatives’ life situation. It was clear that the support from health care to the next of kin was perceived as more important than support from others. The relatives had difficulties in expressing the wishes of support and requested initiate calls from health care.