Nos últimos anos, vários estudos têm demonstrado que durante o desenvolvimento da insuficiência cardíaca (IC) ocorre uma ativação no sistema imunológico, notadamente através de alterações nos níveis plasmático de citocinas pro e antiinflamatórias. Desta forma, estratégias terapêuticas têm sido utilizadas com o intuito de modular a ação destas citocinas e neste caso, o treinamento físico aeróbio parece promissor. Em nosso estudo, avaliamos o efeito de oito semanas de um programa de treinamento aeróbio em esteira para ratos com IC secundária a infarto do miocárdio (IM). Apesar da produção e expressão dos genes (TNF-<font face=\"symbol\">a, IL-6 e IL10) estarem aumentados nos músculo sóleo dos animais com IC, o programa de treinamento aeróbio foi capaz de reverter este quadro, demonstrando valores próximos aos animais normais (sem IC). Desta forma, nos estudo sugere que o treinamento aeróbio moderado demonstrou efeito antiinflamatório em animais com IC secundária a (IM), podendo exercer um importante papel como terapêutica em programas de reabilitação de doenças cardiovasculares. / Recently, several studies has demonstrated immune activation during heart failure (HF) development, notably through changes in plasmatic levels pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines. For this reason, therapeutic interventions have been used with targeting to modulate this cytokine action and in this way, endurance training may be promising. In our study, we evaluated the effect of 8 weeks of endurance training program in a treadmill for post-myocardial (MI) HF rats. Despite increased of levels and gene expression (TNF-<font face=\"symbol\">a, IL-6 e IL10) in soleus muscle of post-MI HF rats, endurance training was able to reverse this change, showing similar values that as founded in control group (without HF). In this way, our study suggests that moderate endurance training demonstrated anti-inflammatory effect in post-MI HF rats, and it may play an important role as therapeutic in rehabilitation programs of cardiovascular disease.

O aumento mundial na incidência da obesidade está associado com um aumento significante com os custos com a saúde. Somente nos Estados Unidos, os gastos com os tratamentos associados a obesidade superam 9% dos custos anuais com a saúde, em torno de $147 bilhões de dólares por ano. Os efeitos da obesidade no músculo esquelético estão relacionados com o desenvolvimento da resistência à insulin (IR), diabetes e piora da qualidade de vida. Trabalhos rescentes tem demonstrado que a dieta hiperlipídica (DHL) diminui a capacidade do músculo esquelético responder a sinais de crescimento. Este efeito negativo relacionado a diminuição na ativação da via Akt/mTOR e aumento nd estresse de retículo endoplasmático (ERE) é denominado de resistência anabólica. Por outro lado, estudos têm demonstrado um possível efeito benéfico da suplementaçãoo com o ácido graxo polinsaturado ômega 3 (Ag-w3) e do treinamento físico aeróbico em diversos parâmetros como, melhora da capacidade oxidativa, sistema imunológico, síntese proteica e degradação em saudáveis ou com alguma patologia associada. Dessa maneira, o presente trabalho demonstra que 8 semanas de DHL contribuíram para o desenvolvimento da obseidade. Por outro lado, o protocolo de TA promoveu um efeito protetor ao ganho de peso nos animais obesos. A suplementação com o AG-w3 foi capaz de prevenir alguns parametros analisados e a associação do óleo de peixe não foi capaz de potencializar os efeitos benéficos encontrados com o TA. / There is a worldwide increase in the incidence of obesity that is associated with significant increases in medical costs. In the United States alone, treatment of obesity related health problems accounts for up to 9% of the total annual cost of healthcare, an estimated $147 billion per year. The effects of obesity on skeletal muscle are correlated with insulin resistance (IR), diabetes and decreased of quality of life. Recent work has demonstrated that a high fat diet (HFD) decreases the ability of skeletal muscle to hypertrophy in a model of increased mechanical load. This negative effect on muscle growth is correlated with a decrease in activation of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and an increase in endoplasmic reticulum stress.

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Recentemente foi demonstrado que na insuficiência cardíaca (IC), a via final das doenças circulatórias e a maior causa de internação em idosos no Brasil, os danos morfo-funcionais da musculatura esquelética representam um preditor independente de mortalidade. Por outro lado, é conhecido que o treinamento físico aeróbico previne o aparecimento desses prejuízos, que potencialmente podem ter relação com alterações no transporte intracelular de Ca2+. Nesse sentido, o objetivo principal do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da IC e do treinamento físico aeróbico na IC em relação à função da musculatura esquelética, à expressão de proteínas que transportam Ca2+ no sóleo e no plantar (DHPR&alpha;1, DHPR &alpha;2, DHPR &beta;1, RYR, NCX, SERCA 1, SERCA 2, parvalbumina) e à atividade da via proteolítica dependente deste íon nestes músculos (calpaína e calpastatina). Foram utilizados camundongos machos C57B7/6J controle e com inativação dos genes para os receptores &alpha;2A e &alpha;2C adrenérgicos com 7 meses de idade, quando estes apresentam IC induzida por hiperatividade simpática e 50% de mortalidade. A função muscular foi avaliada pelos testes de deambulação e resistência à inclinação. Tanto a expressão protéica como a atividade proteolítica foram avaliadas por Western blot. Os animais com IC apresentaram disfunção muscular, prejuízos nas proteínas relacionadas ao transiente de Ca2+ tanto no sóleo como no plantar, além de alterações na via proteolítica dependente deste íon em relação aos controle. O treinamento físico, por sua vez, preveniu o aparecimento dessas alterações funcionais e moleculares nos animais com IC. Em conclusão, o treinamento físico aeróbico mostrou-se uma terapia efetiva para a síndrome / Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome with poor prognosis characterized by exercise intolerance, early fatigue and skeletal muscle myopathy, which has been considered an independent predictor of mortality. Conversely, aerobic exercise training prevents skeletal muscle dysfunction, which might be related to altered intracellular Ca2+ handling. Therefore, we tested whether HF would lead to alterations in skeletal musculature function related to changes in Ca2+ handling proteins expression (DHPR&alpha;1, DHPR &alpha;2, DHPR &beta;1, RYR, NCX, SERCA 1, SERCA 2, parvalbumin) and activity of the Ca2+-dependent proteolysis (calpain and calpastatin) in soleus and plantaris muscles. The potential role of exercise training in preventing Ca2+ handling alterations was also studied. Male wild type and &alpha;2A e &alpha;2C adrenoceptor knockout (KO) mice on a C56BL/6J genetic background were studied at 7 months of age, when KO mice display HF and skeletal muscle myopathy associated with sympathetic hyperactivity and 50% of mortality. KO mice displayed skeletal muscle dysfunction paralleled by altered Ca2+ handling protein expression and Ca2+- induced proteolysis in both soleus and plantaris. Interestingly, exercise training prevented skeletal muscle dysfunction and Ca2+-induced proteolysis in both soleus and plantaris. Collectively, we provide evidence that improved net balance of Ca2+ handling proteins and decreased Ca2+-induced proteolysis upon exercise training is, at least in part, a compensatory mechanism against skeletal muscle myopathy of sympathetic hyperactivity-induced HF

Le but de la thèse était d'étudier la sensibilité de nouveaux biomarqueurs RMN visant à quantifier les changements pathologiques dans le muscle dystrophique. La dystrophie musculaire (DM) désigne un groupe hétérogène de maladies avec une atrophie musculaire progressive associée à un état de faiblesse. Elle est caractérisée par des degrés variables de nécrose, de régénération, de troubles de l'homéostasie ionique, d'inflammation chronique et finalement par le remplacement des muscles par du tissu fibro-graisseux. Mon objectif était d’évaluer la RMN du ²³Na et les techniques avancées de mesure du temps de relaxation transversal ¹H (T₂) en tant que des biomarqueurs sensibles et précoces. La RMN du ²³Na mesure les concentrations de sodium étroitement contrôlées et donne sa distribution dans le tissu. Cette information peut être utilisée pour évaluer l'homéostasie ionique et l'intégrité cellulaire. Cependant, la concentration in vivo en ²³Na est faible, la RMN du ²³Na souffre donc d'une faible sensibilité par rapport à ¹H. L’altération du T₂ ¹H du muscle, communément interprétée comme un indicateur de l'activité de la maladie, est liée à une variété d’événements non-spécifiques tels que l'œdème, l'inflammation ou la nécrose, qui précèdent le remplacement musculaire par la graisse. Des protocoles comprenant diverses méthodes de RMN du ²³Na et de ¹H T₂ ont été mis en œuvre pour évaluer les tissus musculaires squelettiques sains et dystrophiques sur des modèles animaux et sur patients. Ce travail fournit des preuves que la RMN du ²³Na pourrait offrir un biomarqueur sensible capable de surveiller l'altération spécifique du muscle dystrophique à un stade très précoce. / The aim of the thesis is to investigate the sensitivity of novel NMR outcome measures (OM) aiming to quantify pathological changes in the dystrophic muscle. Muscular dystrophy (MD) refers to a heterogeneous group of diseases with progressive muscle wasting and associated weakness characterized by variable degrees of necrosis, regeneration, ionic homeostasis disturbances, chronic inflammation, and, ultimately, resulting in the replacement of muscles by fibro-fatty tissue. My focus was on the evaluation of ²³Na NMR and advanced ¹H transverse relaxation time (T₂) techniques as early, sensitive OM. ²³Na NMR measures the tightly controlled sodium concentrations and distribution in skeletal muscle tissue. This biophysical information can be used to assess ion homeostasis and cell integrity. However, ²³Na NMR suffers from a low sensitivity and in vivo concentration compared to ¹H. Alterations in the muscle ¹H T₂, commonly interpreted as an indicator of disease activity, are linked to a variety of non-specific events like oedema, inflammation, or necrosis that precede the actual muscle replacement by fat. Protocols including different ²³Na NMR and ¹H T₂ methods were implemented to evaluate healthy and dystrophic skeletal muscle tissues of animal models and patients. This work provides evidence that ²³Na NMR could offer a sensitive outcome measure able to monitor specific alteration of the dystrophic muscle at a very early stage.

With old age, blood flow to the high-oxidative red skeletal muscle is reduced and blood flow to the low-oxidative white muscle is elevated during exercise. Changes in the number of feed arteries perforating the muscle are thought to contribute to this altered hyperemic response during exercise. We tested the hypothesis that exercise training would ameliorate age-related differences in blood flow during exercise and feed artery structure in skeletal muscle. Young (6–7 mo old, n = 36) and old (24 mo old, n = 25) male Fischer 344 rats were divided into young sedentary (Sed), old Sed, young exercise-trained (ET), and old ET groups, where training consisted of 10–12 wk of treadmill exercise. In Sed and ET rats, blood flow to the red and white portions of the gastrocnemius muscle (GastRed and GastWhite) and the number and luminal cross-sectional area (CSA) of all feed arteries perforating the muscle were measured at rest and during exercise. In the old ET group, blood flow was greater to GastRed (264 ± 13 and 195 ± 9 ml·min−1·100 g−1 in old ET and old Sed, respectively) and lower to GastWhite (78 ± 5 and 120 ± 6 ml·min−1·100 g−1 in old ET and old Sed, respectively) than in the old Sed group. There was no difference in the number of feed arteries between the old ET and old Sed group, although the CSA of feed arteries from old ET rats was larger. In young ET rats, there was an increase in the number of feed arteries perforating the muscle. Exercise training mitigated old age-associated differences in blood flow during exercise within gastrocnemius muscle. However, training-induced adaptations in resistance artery morphology differed between young (increase in feed artery number) and old (increase in artery CSA) animals. The altered blood flow pattern induced by exercise training with old age would improve the local matching of O2 delivery to consumption within the skeletal muscle.

No description available.

No description available.

Les dystrophies musculaires sont un groupe de pathologies génétiques qui cause une faiblesse et une perte progressive des muscles squelettiques. Parmi elles, la dystrophie des ceintures de type 2B (LGMD2B) est caractérisée par des mutations dans le gène de la dysferline, entrainant de sévères dysfonctionnements, dont un défaut de réparation membranaire. Les ruptures de la membrane plasmique sont des évènements physiologiques induits par des contraintes mécaniques, comme lors de la contraction des fibres musculaires. Les cellules eucaryotes possèdent donc une machinerie protéique assurant une réparation rapide de larges ruptures membranaires. La liste exhaustive des composants de la machinerie de réparation et leur mode d’action reste à établir.Les annexines (Anx) sont de petites protéines solubles, au nombre de 12 chez les mammifères, qui partagent la propriété de lier les membranes exposant des phospholipides chargés négativement en présence de Ca2+. De nombreuses études ont montré l’implication de certaines Anx (AnxA1, A2, A4, A5, A6 et A7) dans la réparation membranaire de différents types cellulaires (muscle, cancer, endothélium…) et dans différentes espèces (souris, poisson-zèbre, homme…). La présence des Anx dans le muscle squelettique, et la participation de plusieurs membres de cette famille dans la réparation membranaire, soulèvent la question d’un rôle collectif de ces protéines dans la protection et la réparation des ruptures du sarcolemme.Les objectifs de ce travail ont été 1) d’identifier les Anx impliquées dans la réparation membranaire des cellules musculaires squelettiques humaines, 2) développer une stratégie de microscopie corrélative pour étudier le site de rupture et la distribution subcellulaire des Anx à haute résolution, 3) élucider la fonction des Anx dans le mécanisme de réparation, et 4) analyser les Anx dans des cellules musculaires dystrophiques. Avec des approches en biologie cellulaire et moléculaire, et en microscopie de fluorescence et électronique, nous avons donc étudié le comportement des Anx lors d’un dommage du sarcolemme.Nous avons ainsi montré que les AnxA1, A2, A4, A5 et A6 sont exprimées dans les myoblastes et les myotubes humains, et sont recrutées au site de rupture quelques secondes après le dommage, en formant une structure dense à l’extérieur du myotube endommagé appelé domaine « cap ». De plus, nous avons pu déterminer l’ordre relatif de recrutement des Anx au site membranaire endommagé. Les premières Anx à être recrutées sont l’AnxA1, suivies des AnxA6 et A5, les moins sensibles au Ca2+. Les dernières Anx recrutées sont les plus sensibles au Ca2+, les AnxA4 puis A2, qui semblent se lier à des vésicules intracellulaires initialement éloignées du site de rupture. Nous avons également étudié l’ultrastructure du site de rupture à haute résolution. Nos résultats ont révélé que le domaine « cap » correspondait à une accumulation de matériel membranaire qui est associé au Anx. En s’appuyant sur nos résultats et la littérature, nous avons proposé un modèle de réparation membranaire, impliquant les AnxA1, A2, A4, A5 et A6, dans les cellules musculaires squelettiques humaines. Nous nous sommes également intéressés à l’expression des Anx dans des lignées de cellules musculaires dystrophiques issues de patients atteints de dystrophies musculaires des ceintures de type 2B (déficients en dysferline) et 1C (déficients en cavéoline-3). Nous avons ainsi montré que le contexte pathologique perturbait l’expression de certaines Anx, sans en modifier leur localisation subcellulaire.En conclusion, ce travail de thèse montre que plusieurs membres de la famille des Anx sont impliqués dans la réparation membranaire, et agissent de concert pour réparer un dommage de la membrane plasmique. L’implication des Anx dans d’autres pathologies, comme le cancer et la pré-éclampsie, renforce l’intérêt de leur étude dans les processus de réparation membranaire et en font une cible thérapeutique potentielle. / Muscular dystrophy encompasses a group of genetic disorders which cause progressive weakness and wasting of skeletal muscle. Among them, limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B (LGMD2B) is characterized by mutations in the dysferlin gene leading to several dysfunctions including a failure in cell membrane repair process. Cell membrane disruption is a physiological phenomenon induced by mechanical stress, such as contraction of muscle fibers. Thus, eukaryotic cells have a repair protein machinery ensuring a rapid resealing of large cell membrane ruptures. The exhaustive list of components of the repair machinery and their interplay remain to be established.The annexin (Anx) family consists of twelve soluble proteins in mammals and share the property of binding to membranes exposing negatively charged phospholipids in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Several studies have shown the involvement of Anx (AnxA1, A2, A4, A5, A6 and A7) in membrane repair of different cell types (muscle, cancer, endothelium…) in different species (mouse, zebrafish, human…). The presence of different Anx in skeletal muscle, together with the participation of several members of the Anx family in membrane repair processes, raise the question of a collective role of these proteins in the protection and repair of sarcolemma injuries.The PhD project aimed 1) at identifying Anx that are essential for membrane repair in human skeletal muscle cells, 2) developing a correlative light and electron microscopy to study the wounded site and the Anx distribution at high resolution, 3) elucidating the function of each Anx in this process and 4) analyzing Anx in dystrophic muscle cells. Using approaches including cellular and molecular biology, fluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, we studied the behavior of Anx during sarcolemma damage.We showed that AnxA1, A2, A4, A5 and A6 are expressed in human myoblasts and myotubes, and are recruited at the disruption site within seconds after the sarcolemmal damage, forming a dense structure outside the cell, named the “cap” domain. Furthermore, we determined the relative order of Anx recruitment at the disruption site. The first Anx recruited are AnxA1, followed by AnxA6 and A5, the less sensitive to Ca2+. The last Anx recruited are the most sensitive to Ca2+, AnxA4 and A2. AnxA2 and A4 are instead rapidly recruited to intracellular vesicles present deeper in the cytosol. We also studied the ultrastructure of the disruption site at high resolution. Our results revealed that the “cap” domain correspond to a disorganized membrane structure, associated with the Anx. Thanks to our results and the literature, we have proposed a model for membrane repair involving Anx in human skeletal muscle cells. We also looked at the expression of Anx in dystrophic muscle cell lines from patients with limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B (dysferline deficient) and 1C (deficient in cadaveoline-3). We have thus shown that the pathological context disrupts the expression of some Anx, without altering their subcellular location.In conclusion, this work shows that several members of the Anx family are involved in membrane repair and act together to repair plasma membrane damage. The implication of Anx in other pathologies, such as preeclampsia or cancer, reinforces the interest of their study in the process of membrane repair.

No description available.