Conventional level one data caches are widely used in high-performance microprocessors. Shrinking process parameters in chip fabrication technology allow a much larger number of devices on a chip with every new generation. This reduction in device size has led to an increase in the magnitude of a type of energy dissipation hitherto ignored?leakage energy. Transistor level leakage energy research for sub-micron processes has shown that leakage can be as much as or greater than the dynamic energy for advanced circuit designs. Researchers have devised techniques to reduce leakage energy at the fabrication and circuit levels. Transitioning the idle circuits from operating voltage to a reduced voltage is one such circuit-level technique. The ELRU-SEQ replacement policy exploits this technique to control cache bank transitions. This thesis proposes a new cache architecture called 2-way Leakage Reduction Cache (LRC) that uses this replacement policy. The architecture employs xor-mapping function to reduce conflict misses.

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The advantages of Integral Abutment Bridges (IABs) include reduced maintenance costs and increased useful life spans. However, comprehensive and practical analysis tools for design of IABs have not been developed to account for the impacts of thermal displacements on abutment and foundation components, including the components of mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) walls that are often used around the abutment piling. During this research, over 65 three-dimensional numerical analyses were performed to investigate and quantify how different structural and geotechnical bridge components behave during thermal expansion and contraction of the bridge deck. In addition, separate three-dimensional numerical models were developed to evaluate the usefulness of corrugated steel pipes around the abutment piles. The results of this research quantify the influence of design parameter variations on the effects of thermal displacement on system components, and thus provide guidelines for IAB design, where none had existed before. One of the findings is that corrugated steel pipes around abutment piles are not necessary. One of the most important products of this research is an easy-to-use Excel spreadsheet, named IAB v2, that not only quantifies the impact of thermal displacement in the longitudinal direction, but also in the transverse direction when the abutment wall is at a skew angle to the bridge alignment. The spreadsheet accommodates seven different pile sizes, which can be oriented in weak or strong directions, with variable offset of the abutment from the MSE wall and for variable skew angles. The spreadsheet calculates the increment of displacements, forces, moments, and pressures on systems components due to thermal displacement of IABs. / Ph. D.

Previous simulation studies on the non-normal GMM are very limited with respect to examining effects of a high degree of class imbalance. To extend previous studies, the present study aims to examine through Monte Carlo simulation the impact of a higher degree of imbalanced class proportion (i.e., 0.90/0.10) on the performance of different distribution methods (i.e., normal, t, skew-normal, and skew-t) in estimating non-normal GMMs. To fulfill this purpose, a Monte Carlo simulation was based on a two-class skew-t growth mixture model under different conditions of sample sizes (1000, 3000), class proportions (0.90/0.10, 0.50/0.50), skewness for intercept (1, 4), kurtosis (2, 6), and class separations (high, low), using the four different distributions (i.e., normal, t, skew-normal, and skew-t). Furthermore, another aim of the present study was to assess the ability of various model fit indices and LRT-based tests (i.e., AIC, BIC, sample size-adjusted BIC, LMR-LRT, LMR-adjusted LRT, and entropy) for detection non-normal GMMs under a higher degree of class imbalance (0.90/0.10). The results indicate that (1) the skew-t distribution is highly recommended for estimating non-normal GMMs under high-class separation with highly imbalanced class proportions of 0.90/0.10, irrespective of sample size, skewness for intercept, and kurtosis; (2) For low-class separation with high class imbalance (0.90/0.10), the normal distribution is highly recommended based on the AIC, BIC, and sample size-adjusted BIC, while the skew-t distribution is most recommended based on the entropy; (3) poor class separation significantly reduces the performance of every distribution for estimating non-normal GMMs with high class imbalance, especially for the skew-t and t GMMs; (4) insufficient sample size significantly reduces the performance of the skew-t and t distributions for estimating non-normal GMMs with high class imbalance; (5) high class imbalance (0.90/0.10) and poor class separation significantly reduces the ability of the LRT-based tests for all distributions across different conditions; (6) excessive levels of skewness for the intercept significantly decreases the ability of most fit indices for the skew-t distribution (BIC and LRT-based tests), t (AIC, BIC, sBIC, and LRT-based tests), skew-normal (AIC and BIC), and normal (LRT-based tests) distributions when estimating non-normal GMMs with high class imbalance; (7) excessive levels of kurtosis has a partial negative effect on the performance of the skew-t (AIC, BIC, and LRT-based tests) and t (AIC, BIC, sBIC, and LRT-based tests) distributions when the level of skewness for intercept is excessive; and (8) for the highly imbalanced class proportions of 0.90/0.10, the sBIC and entropy for the skew-t distribution outperform the other fit indices under high-class separation, while the AIC, BIC, and sample size-adjusted BIC for the normal distribution and the entropy for the skew-t distribution are the most reliable fit indices under low-class separation.

Neste trabalho estudamos a dinâmica assintótica de problemas parabólicos sob vista de diferentes teorias, particularmente interessados na estabilidade das propriedades dinâmicas dos sistemas. Estudamos a equi-atração no caso não autônomo pelos semifluxos skew-product, que transformam o sistema dinâmico não autônomo em um autônomo num espaço de fase conveniente. Para modelos multívocos, em que o semifluxo é uma função cujos valores são conjuntos, desenvolvemos a decomposição de Morse e mostramos sua equivalência com a existência de um funcional de Lyapunov, que é um resultado muito importante na teoria de semigrupos. Também estudamos a continuidade da dinâmica assintótica de um problema parabólico em um domínio ilimitado quando o aproximamos por domínios limitados específicos. / In this work we study assimptotic properties of parabolic problems under some different view of points, particularlly interested in the stability properties of the systems. We study equi-attraction in the non autonomous case using skew-product semiflows, which transform the non autonomous dynamical system into a autonomous one in a convenient phase space. For multivalued semiflows, in which the semiflow is a set valued function, we develop the Morse decomposition and show its equivalence with admiting a Lyapunov funcional, wich is a important result on the semigroup theory. We also study the continuity of the asymptotic dynamic for a parabolic problem in an unbouded domain when we approach it by bounded ones.

A presente tese aborda aspectos teóricos e aplicados da estimação dos parâmetros do modelo de calibração linear com erros distribuídos conforme a distribuição normal-assimétrica (Azzalini, 1985) e t-normal-assimétrica (Gómez, Venegas e Bolfarine, 2007). Aplicando um modelo assimétrico, não é necessário transformar as variáveis a fim de obter erros simétricos. A estimação dos parâmetros e das variâncias dos estimadores do modelo de calibração foram estudadas através da visão freqüentista e bayesiana, desenvolvendo algoritmos tipo EM e amostradores de Gibbs, respectivamente. Um dos pontos relevantes do trabalho, na óptica freqüentista, é a apresentação de uma reparametrização para evitar a singularidade da matriz de informação de Fisher sob o modelo de calibração normal-assimétrico na vizinhança de lambda = 0. Outro interessante aspecto é que a reparametrização não modifica o parâmetro de interesse. Já na óptica bayesiana, o ponto forte do trabalho está no desenvolvimento de medidas para verificar a qualidade do ajuste e que levam em consideração a assimetria do conjunto de dados. São propostas duas medidas para medir a qualidade do ajuste: o ADIC (Asymmetric Deviance Information Criterion) e o EDIC (Evident Deviance Information Criterion), que são extensões da ideia de Spiegelhalter et al. (2002) que propôs o DIC ordinário que só deve ser usado em modelos simétricos. / This thesis focuses on theoretical and applied estimation aspects of the linear calibration model with skew-normal (Azzalini, 1985) and skew-t-normal (Gómez, Venegas e Bolfarine, 2007) error distributions. Applying the asymmetrical distributed error methodology, it is not necessary to transform the variables in order to have symmetrical errors. The frequentist and the Bayesian solution are presented. The parameter estimation and its variance estimation were studied using the EM algorithm and the Gibbs sampler, respectively, in each approach. The main point, in the frequentist approach, is the presentation of a new parameterization to avoid singularity of the information matrix under the skew-normal calibration model in a neighborhood of lambda = 0. Another interesting aspect is that the reparameterization developed to make the information matrix nonsingular, when the skewness parameter is near to zero, leaves the parameter of interest unchanged. The main point, in the Bayesian framework, is the presentation of two measures of goodness-of-fit: ADIC (Asymmetric Deviance Information Criterion) and EDIC (Evident Deviance Information Criterion ). They are natural extensions of the ordinary DIC developed by Spiegelhalter et al. (2002).

A presente tese aborda aspectos teóricos e aplicados da estimação dos parâmetros do modelo de calibração linear com erros distribuídos conforme a distribuição normal-assimétrica (Azzalini, 1985) e t-normal-assimétrica (Gómez, Venegas e Bolfarine, 2007). Aplicando um modelo assimétrico, não é necessário transformar as variáveis a fim de obter erros simétricos. A estimação dos parâmetros e das variâncias dos estimadores do modelo de calibração foram estudadas através da visão freqüentista e bayesiana, desenvolvendo algoritmos tipo EM e amostradores de Gibbs, respectivamente. Um dos pontos relevantes do trabalho, na óptica freqüentista, é a apresentação de uma reparametrização para evitar a singularidade da matriz de informação de Fisher sob o modelo de calibração normal-assimétrico na vizinhança de lambda = 0. Outro interessante aspecto é que a reparametrização não modifica o parâmetro de interesse. Já na óptica bayesiana, o ponto forte do trabalho está no desenvolvimento de medidas para verificar a qualidade do ajuste e que levam em consideração a assimetria do conjunto de dados. São propostas duas medidas para medir a qualidade do ajuste: o ADIC (Asymmetric Deviance Information Criterion) e o EDIC (Evident Deviance Information Criterion), que são extensões da ideia de Spiegelhalter et al. (2002) que propôs o DIC ordinário que só deve ser usado em modelos simétricos. / This thesis focuses on theoretical and applied estimation aspects of the linear calibration model with skew-normal (Azzalini, 1985) and skew-t-normal (Gómez, Venegas e Bolfarine, 2007) error distributions. Applying the asymmetrical distributed error methodology, it is not necessary to transform the variables in order to have symmetrical errors. The frequentist and the Bayesian solution are presented. The parameter estimation and its variance estimation were studied using the EM algorithm and the Gibbs sampler, respectively, in each approach. The main point, in the frequentist approach, is the presentation of a new parameterization to avoid singularity of the information matrix under the skew-normal calibration model in a neighborhood of lambda = 0. Another interesting aspect is that the reparameterization developed to make the information matrix nonsingular, when the skewness parameter is near to zero, leaves the parameter of interest unchanged. The main point, in the Bayesian framework, is the presentation of two measures of goodness-of-fit: ADIC (Asymmetric Deviance Information Criterion) and EDIC (Evident Deviance Information Criterion ). They are natural extensions of the ordinary DIC developed by Spiegelhalter et al. (2002).

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:05:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissANCP.pdf: 696592 bytes, checksum: 1733e6a92a2421365932309fcb98d372 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-04-20 / The Item Response Theory (IRT) is a set of mathematical models representing the probability of an individual to take a correct response of an item and its ability. The purpose of our research is to show the models formulated in the IRT under the skew-normal distributions and to develop flexible alternative models. With this goal in mind we introduced the t-skew distributions (Azzalini et al. 1999) and results similar to Bazan s results are obtained. Some applications using Bayesian methods are also considered. / A Teoria de Resposta ao Item (TRI) e um conjunto de modelos matematicos que representam a probabilidade de um indivıduo dar uma resposta certa a um item (questao) como funcao dos parametros do item e da habilidade do indivıduo. O objetivo de nossa pesquisa e apresentar os modelos propostos na TRI normal assimetrica e desenvolver modelos alternativos mais flexıveis. Com esta finalidade em mente, introduzimos a distribuicao t-assimetrica (Azzalini e Capitanio 1999) e obtemos resultados similares aos obtidos por Bazan (2005). Algumas aplicacoes utilizando metodos bayesianos sao consideradas.

Neste trabalho estudamos a dinâmica assintótica de problemas parabólicos sob vista de diferentes teorias, particularmente interessados na estabilidade das propriedades dinâmicas dos sistemas. Estudamos a equi-atração no caso não autônomo pelos semifluxos skew-product, que transformam o sistema dinâmico não autônomo em um autônomo num espaço de fase conveniente. Para modelos multívocos, em que o semifluxo é uma função cujos valores são conjuntos, desenvolvemos a decomposição de Morse e mostramos sua equivalência com a existência de um funcional de Lyapunov, que é um resultado muito importante na teoria de semigrupos. Também estudamos a continuidade da dinâmica assintótica de um problema parabólico em um domínio ilimitado quando o aproximamos por domínios limitados específicos. / In this work we study assimptotic properties of parabolic problems under some different view of points, particularlly interested in the stability properties of the systems. We study equi-attraction in the non autonomous case using skew-product semiflows, which transform the non autonomous dynamical system into a autonomous one in a convenient phase space. For multivalued semiflows, in which the semiflow is a set valued function, we develop the Morse decomposition and show its equivalence with admiting a Lyapunov funcional, wich is a important result on the semigroup theory. We also study the continuity of the asymptotic dynamic for a parabolic problem in an unbouded domain when we approach it by bounded ones.