En el presente trabajo de investigación se analiza la viabilidad de la elaboración y comercialización de mascarillas en crema faciales elaboradas con insumos naturales y orgánicos, envasadas y empaquetadas con productos sostenibles en el medio ambiente bajo la marca Sumaq Skin Care. El presente trabajo, además, cuenta con cuatro capítulos de suma importancia para el correcto análisis. El primero, titulado ‘‘Fundamentos Iniciales’’, incluye el proceso de ideación del modelo de negocio para Sumaq Skin Care. El segundo, titulado ‘‘Validación del Modelo de Negocio’’, incluye el planteamiento del problema a resolver, la segmentación y la solución del problema del presente trabajo debidamente sustentado con experimentos. El tercero, titulado ‘‘Desarrollo del Plan de Negocio’’, incluye el plan estratégico, el plan de operaciones, el plan de recursos humanos, el plan de marketing, el plan de responsabilidad social empresarial y el plan financiero. El cuarto y último capítulo, titulado ‘‘Conclusiones’’, incluye lo evidenciado en el presente trabajo de investigación, los hallazgos más resaltantes y las recomendaciones académicas. / The aim of the following academic investigation is to analyze the viability of the elaboration and commercialization of cream face masks elaborated with natural and organic products with sustainable packaging that won’t harm the environment. This business model has been named Sumaq Skin Care and it bases its sales through the platform created in a web page and the social media Facebook and Instagram. This academic investigation has four important chapters to obtain the correct analysis of the business model. The first, under the title ‘‘Initial basis’’, includes the process to develop the idea of the business model. The second, under the title ‘‘Validation of the Business Model’’, includes the initial problem to solve, the segmentation and the solution to the initial problem. The third, under the title ‘‘Develop of the Business Model’’, includes the strategic plan, the operational plan, the human resources plan, the marketing plan, the corporate social responsibility plan and the financial plan. The fourth and last chapter, under the title ‘‘Conclusions’’, includes the results of the following academic investigation, the most important findings and the academic recommendations. / Trabajo de investigación

Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) is an evidence-based intervention, recommended by the World Health Organization, with the potential to prevent neonatal deaths and morbidity among low-birthweight and preterm babies. In Bangladesh, where the number of neonatal deaths is high, KMC is identified as a priority intervention to be scaled up in the country. Our aim was to explore the experiences of caregivers and healthcare providers (HCPs) of KMC in Bangladesh. We conducted semi-structured interviews in two hospitals in Dhaka, where KCM service was provided. In Study I, we interviewed fifteen caregivers. The results showed conducive conditions for caregivers to perform KMC at the hospital and at home, but support is needed from both healthcare providers and their families. Caregivers felt empowered and motivated when they observed improvements in the child's well-being. However, there are challenges to KMC implementation due to the struggle to keep the baby skin-to-skin, pain after caesarean section, delayed initiation of KMC, and routines that promote an initial separation between the mother and baby. In Study II, we interviewed eleven HCPs. The results showed that HCPs experienced KMC as a continuous process that requires both support and counselling, adapted to caregivers’ needs. Commitment, supervision, and training are necessary. However, there are structural conditions that challenge KMC implementation, including clinical routines that promote the initial separation of the mother and baby, staff shortages, and incomplete follow-up. In conclusion, the findings from this exploratory research can inform the design of interventions for scaling up KMC in Bangladesh. Caregivers' and HCPs' experiences show that continuous support, counselling, and family involvement are essential in the care, and that providing KMC empowers caregivers. Their experiences also indicate that KMC is sub-optimally implemented due to structural conditions and routines that need to be addressed to scale up KMC in the country by avoiding the initial separation of mother and baby, meeting the mothers' needs for care and support, and strengthening the follow-up. Our results also suggest a need to update clinical practices in line with the new WHO recommendations. / <p></p><p></p><p></p>

Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is reportedly superior to mechanical ventilation in the neonatal population by reducing bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). The neonate is vulnerable to injury secondary to immature physiological systems and skin structures and the current CPAP devices place constant pressure on nares, nasal septum and forehead, increasing injury risk. Through the framework of comparative effectiveness research an examination of nasal interfaces currently used during neonatal CPAP was conducted in an effort to provide scientifically supported recommendations and improve clinical outcomes. The primary aim of this study was to determine differences in the frequency, severity and specific types of nasal injuries described when comparing different nasal CPAP interfaces (prongs/mask/rotation) used in the treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). A secondary aim of the study was to identify risk factors that may be associated with skin breakdown during nasal CPAP administration. A three group prospective randomized experimental design was used to study78 neonates <1500 grams receiving nasal CPAP using the same delivery system. The subjects were randomized into three groups: 1) continuous nasal prong group, 2) continuous nasal mask group, or 3) alternating mask/prongs group. Serial data collection included: demographic, biophysical measures and the Neonatal Skin Condition Scale (NSCS). This study demonstrated a significant difference in the frequency and severity of skin injury when utilizing a method of rotating mask and prong nasal interfaces during neonatal CPAP therapy; a useful clinical recommendation. Specific nursing care implications related to study findings include; choosing a device for best fit for infant (face shape and infant size); positioning of the CPAP device; developmental position of the infant; and focused skin assessment with rapid intervention. Standardized care including skin barriers, clinical expertise of nursing and respiratory therapy, and skin care management are strategies that warrant additional research.

Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Master’s Degree in Technology: Somatology, Durban University of Technology, 2014 / The beginning of the 20th century presented the Somatology profession with unprecedented challenges of acquiring a scientific base and achieving professionalisation. It is in this milieu that a few research studies were previously undertaken with regard to Somatology education however, none particularly focused in relation to areas that are preparing graduates for industry. The current study was a national study that explored the existing National Diploma offering through the lens of students, educators and members of the Durban University of Technology’s Advisory Board. In particular, it focused on developing broad guidelines to guide academics on what further content was required to be integrated into the current Somatology education. A triangulated approach using both quantitative and qualitative methods was used to guide the operationalisation of the research process. Five Universities of Technology participated in the study, viz. Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Central University of Technology, Durban University of Technology, Tshwane University of Technology and the University of Johannesburg. Third year and B.Tech students were surveyed with regard to the current Somatology Programme and what further aspects needed to be integrated into it to better prepare graduates for industry. In addition, in-depth interviews were also held with ten academics, two from each University of Technology, to examine what they thought needed to be included in education to strengthen the current programme. The same was done through a focus group discussion with members of the Durban University of Technology Advisory Board. A programme analysis of current content being taught at the five Universities was also undertaken. The results reflected that although most of the samples were satisfied with the current educational programme, they still believed that gaps existed and that graduates were still not adequately prepared for industry. It was found that both students and educators saw the need for more therapies to be included in the training. Both educators and the Advisory Board sample also saw the need for a stronger emphasis to be placed on practical skill development. The Advisory Board sample also strongly articulated for training to occur in an industry context as opposed to the University based experiential setting. Using data from these multiple samples, a set of guidelines was developed and presented. These guidelines were based on what further therapies needed to be integrated into education. The Duke Integrative Medicines Wheel of Health was adopted as the theoretical framework of the study. It was also utilised to identify specific areas that needed to be interwoven into education to further strengthen graduates’ preparedness for industry.

Der physiologische Stratum corneum (SC) pH-Wert ist von zentraler Bedeutung für die epidermale Permeabilitätsbarriere (EPB) und die Hautflora. Physiologisch liegt der SC-pH bei ≤ 5, wohingegen er im Alter bis auf 6 ansteigt. Als Folge sind Regeneration und Integrität der EPB signifikant gestört. Zudem verändert sich die Hautflora im Alter quantitativ und qualitativ. Ob Hautpflegeprodukte mit einem pH-Wert von 4,0 Klinik, Hautphysiologie und Mikrobiologie der Altershaut beeinflussen, war Gegenstand dieser Arbeit. Bereits durch einmalige Applikation einer O/W-Emulsion (pH 4,0) normalisierte sich der erhöhte Altershaut-pH über 7 Stunden. Um Langzeiteffekte durch Externa mit pH 4,0 auf die EPB und die Hautflora zu untersuchen, wurde eine randomisierte, kontrollierte und doppelblinde Studie durchgeführt. In einem Seniorenheim verwendeten zwei Gruppen von Hochbetagten (≥ 80 Jahre) eine Hautpflegeserie (Lotion, Creme, Waschsyndet) mit jeweils unterschiedlichem pH Wert (Gruppe A: pH 4,0; Gruppe B: pH 6,0). Nach 7-wöchiger Anwendung reduzierte sich die Hauttrockenheit in beiden Gruppen. Im Vergleich zum Basiswert verbesserte sich die epidermale Barriereintegrität in Gruppe A signifikant (p=0,007), blieb jedoch in Gruppe B nahezu unverändert. In Gruppe B nahm die epidermale Barrierekohäsion ab (p=0,025), wohingegen die Kohäsion der epidermalen Barriere in Gruppe A unverändert blieb (p=0,814). Verglichen mit dem Basiswert kam es in Gruppe A (p=0,004) im Gegensatz zu Gruppe B (p=0,327) zu einer signifikanten Verkürzung der epidermalen Barriereregenerationszeit nach experimenteller Schädigung. Die Bestimmung der Hautflora zeigte in beiden Gruppen eine signifikante Zunahme (p=0,016, p=0,017) der Gesamtkeimzahl (KbE/qcm Haut). Außerdem wurde nach der Anwendung in Gruppe A (100%) bei mehr Probanden eine residente Mischflora konstatiert als in Gruppe B (88%). Die langfristige Anwendung von Externa mit einem pH von 4,0 verbesserte die Funktion der EPB signifikant im Vergleich zu Produkten mit pH 6,0. Darüber hinaus stabilisierte sich die residente Hautflora und verminderte sich die Hauttrockenheit in beiden Gruppen. Zusammenfassend ist festzuhalten, dass Hautpflegeprodukte mit einem pH von 4,0 die Funktion der EPB verbessern und sich positiv auf die Hautflora bei Hochbetagten auswirken.

Nuestro proyecto se genera a partir de una preocupación que afecta a muchas personas en el mundo, el uso de plásticos para la elaboración de artículos de cuidado personal y la escasa ayuda a las organizaciones comunitarias a partir de un modelo de negocio. Es por ello, que la idea de negocio se genera a partir de esas dos necesidades. Este proyecto se divide en dos etapas fundamentales; la validación del problema y la solución propuesta. Hoy en día las personas no tienen conciencia en el impacto del uso de artículos de cuidado personal que son hechos a base de plásticos, ya que no cuentan con un conocimiento de los productos biodegradables que existen en el mercado. Sin embargo, cuando se deciden a comprar productos biodegradables no suelen ser constantes en sus compras; ya que no saben del todo sus beneficios que tienen y el valor agregado que podría tener su contribución mediante la compra. Es aquí donde Saluffa decide apostar por las esponjas biodegradables que son producidas en la región de Ancash por la Organización Matto Grosso para presentarlas en un kit de esponjas que cuentan con tres presentaciones y ser comercializadas en Lima Metropolitana. En la primera etapa, se realizaron entrevistas a nuestro público objetivo y expertos con la finalidad de obtener información relevante para nuestro problema. En la segunda etapa, se realizó nuestro modelo de negocio para determinar si es que nuestro proyecto resultaría viable. Nuestro diferencial de producto son los múltiples beneficios que tiene y el valor agregado que es la contribución monetaria a la OMG, mediante el contrato de exclusividad para la comercialización de las luffas. Las proyecciones indican que bajo una tasa de descuento de %, lograremos un VAN de S/.41,162 soles con una tasa interna de retorno (TIR) de % en un periodo de recupero de la inversión de años por lo cual nuestro proyecto sería viable en cuanto a inversión. / Our project is generated from a concern that affects many people in the world, the use of plastic to produce personal care items and a little help to community organizations based on a business model. That is why the business idea is generated from these two needs. This project is divided into two fundamental stages: the validation of the problem and the proposed solution. Today people are not aware of the impact of the use of personal care items that are made from plastic, since they do not have a knowledge of the biodegradable products that exist in the market. However, when they decide to buy biodegradable products, they are not usually constant in their buying; since they do not fully know their benefits and the added value that their contribution and could have through the purchase. It is here where Saluffa decides to invest in the biodegradable sponges that are produced in the Ancash region by Matto Grosso Organization to present them in a sponge kit that have three presentations and be marketed in modern Lima. In the first stage, interviews were conducted with our target audience and expert to obtain relevant information for our problem. In the first stage, interviews were conducted with our target audience and expert to obtain relevant information for our problem. In the second stage, our business model was carried out to determine if our project would be viable. Our product differential is the multiple benefits it has and the added value that is the monetary contribution to the OMG, through the exclusive contract for the commercialization of the luffas. The projections indicate that under a discount rate of %, we will achieve a VAN of S/.41,162 soles with an internal rate of return (IRR) of % in a period of recovery of investment of years for which our project would be viable as investment. / Trabajo de investigación

En los últimos años, la sociedad es más responsable, sobre todo respecto a la contaminación. Hoy en día se pueden apreciar diversas campañas para fomentar a los demás a ser parte del cambio. Todo ello, generó un importante crecimiento en el mercado de productos ecoamigables y orgánicos. Asimismo, es de conocimiento que los productos de limpieza además de poseer envases de plástico, los cuales colaboran con la contaminación, poseen altos niveles de químicos en sus componentes los cuales dañan la piel. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar la factibilidad de elaborar y vender un lavavajillas líquido elaborado a base de insumos 100% naturales. El proyecto permitirá que aquellas personas responsables con la contaminación y el cuidado de su piel, tengan la oportunidad de encontrar en el mercado una opción de su agrado. Para poder lograr el objetivo, se realizó una serie de pasos en donde se inició idear el modelo de negocio. Posterior a ello, se procedió con el desarrollo de dicha idea tomando en cuenta el problema principal del proyecto. Para poder validar el modelo de negocio, se realizaron diversos experimentos al igual que una proyección de ventas y un diseño de estrategias. Asimismo, después de realizar cada paso mencionado previamente, se elaboró diferentes planes para cada área fundamental de la empresa como Operaciones, Recursos Humanos, Finanzas, entre otros. Finalmente, se analizó cada resultado obtenido y se plantearon conclusiones que nos ayudarán a medir el resultado del negocio a implementar. / In recent years, society has been more responsible, especially with regard to pollution. Today you can see various campaigns to encourage others to be part of the change. All of this generated significant growth in the market for eco-friendly and organic products. Likewise, it is known that cleaning products in addition to having plastic containers, which contribute to pollution, have high levels of chemicals in their components which damage the skin. The objective of this work is to analyze the feasibility of developing and selling a liquid dishwasher made from 100% natural inputs. The project will allow those responsible for pollution and skin care to have the opportunity to find an option to their liking in the market. In order to achieve the objective, a series of steps were carried out where the business model began to be devised. After that, we proceeded with the development of this idea taking into account the main problem of the project. In order to validate the business model, various experiments were carried out as well as a sales projection and a strategy design. Likewise, after carrying out each step previously mentioned, different plans were drawn up for each fundamental area of the company such as Operations, Human Resources, Finance, among others. Finally, each result obtained was analyzed and conclusions were drawn that will help us measure the result of the business to be implemented. / Trabajo de investigación