Thèse de doctorat de troisième cycle--Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, 2004. / Cover title. Includes bibliographical references.

Social identity between interlocutors s is an indispensable factor in the formation of a community (i e. a social unit whose members are held together by an international network and who share certain interests, beliefs, views and attitudes) In this regard, language is known to be an influential symbol of identity, an important clue to social group membership. As Einer Haugen states, language is at once `a social institution, like the laws, the religion, or the economy of a community, and a social instrument which accompanies and makes possible all other institutions. As an institution it may become a symbol of the community` (1956:8 7).

We shall investigate the use of Swahili slang in Freddy Macha`s tiny collection of short stories Twen `zetu Ulaya (DSM 1984), and especially in his short story Check-bob This is arguably the only epistolary short story in modern Swahili literature; in fact, epistolary novels are uncommon in anglophone Afiica as a whole. In this narrative two former lovers show abuses on each other and their four letters - two by each character - unfold the story of a selfish young woman who shamelessly exploited her boyfiiend and the manner in which he paid her back with her own coin. It is interesting to note how the same events are presented from two different perspectives and hence evaluated differently.

Resumé My diploma thesis focuses on the slang of watermen. Slang is considered as a non-literary layer of national language, containing specific words that are used in common, especially informal, communication of people who share the same occupations or interests. The first part introduces the theoretical definitions of slang by prominent Czech linguists and the second part describes the aspects of slang. The third part gives us the characteristic of waterman slang from more points of view - setting, specific activity and collectivity. The fourth part focuses on the creation of words in waterman slang and the fifth part describes its specificity from the language point of view, including the distribution and productivity of individual onomasiological approaches. The last part contains a list of waterman slang words in alphabetical order with their grammar characteristic, meanings, synonyms (if possible) and the way how the word was formed.

Annotation This diploma thesis deals with a communication used within information technologies, especially within computer slang. The theoretical part of this work is dedicated to the term `slang{\crq} and its position within the structure of the national language. It presents different definitions of slang and the opinions of linguists on defining this term. Diploma thesis also describes the linguistic and non-linguistic aspects of slang. The second part of the work sets out commentary on the history of information technologies and it also introduces an overview of the written sources concerning the computer slang. The intention of this work was above all to set a dictionary of the computer slang mostly composed on a basis of questionnaire research which was done throughout the period 2007 {--} 2009. The linguistic material was subjected to analysis; it is focused on basic characteristics of slang, especially on the synonymy and expressivity. It also explores the computer anglicisms and character of their adaptation in the Czech language.

We shall investigate the use of Swahili slang in Freddy Macha`s tiny collection of short stories Twen `zetu Ulaya (DSM 1984), and especially in his short story Check-bob This is arguably the only epistolary short story in modern Swahili literature; in fact, epistolary novels are uncommon in anglophone Afiica as a whole. In this narrative two former lovers show abuses on each other and their four letters - two by each character - unfold the story of a selfish young woman who shamelessly exploited her boyfiiend and the manner in which he paid her back with her own coin. It is interesting to note how the same events are presented from two different perspectives and hence evaluated differently.

published_or_final_version / abstract / Linguistics / Master / Master of Arts

It is a well-known fact that the speech of young people is in many respects different from the speech of older speakers. This also applies to Afrikaans as spoken by the younger generation. The difference in speech is recognized to such an extent that the media and literature aimed at teenagers make use of the same words and phrases. That creates the impression that these publications are making use of a specific variety of Afrikaans. In the present study the researcher has endeavoured to describe the specific nature of teenage language as spoken by Afrikaans teenagers in a bid to establish whether Tienerafrikaans could be considered a variety of Afrikaans. The dissertation first looks at the linguistic research on teenage language in countries like Germany,England and the Scandinavian countries as the existing sociolinguistic descriptions of the speech of teenagers in South Africa are inadequate while no study has yet been carried out on Afrikaans teenage speech. The characteristics of teenage language, such as the use of slang, the use of English words by non-English speakers and the use of pragmatic markers, as observed by researchers such as Androutsopoulos, Andersen and Stenström, served as a starting point for this study. Other characteristics of teenage speech that were emphasised, were the function of socialisation and that teenagers use speech to set them apart from adults and to indicate their membership of the peer group. In an attempt to describe the non-standard forms used in media and literature aimed at teenagers, an in-depth study was made of language forms that appear in Tienerafrikaans. The data for the study came from lists of words supplied by teenagers, questionnaires, letters to Jip, a teenage supplement to Beeld, and interviews with teenagers. The results indicated the following: • Tienerafrikaans is an informal register of Afrikaans making use of certain linguistic phenomena, like slang, code switching, borrowing and calque. • The wide range of non-Afrikaans lexical items that are used by Afrikaans teenagers are mostly derived from English. • Afrikaans teenagers are capable of creating new words and slang expressions in Afrikaans. The study also indicated that the claim by critics that authors made use of teenage language in books aimed at teenage readers, is justified. To a certain extent authors made use of the same lexical items and informal style that was identified from the data.The conclusion drawn is that the term Tienerafrikaans could be applied to the mixed language spoken by a significant number of Afrikaans teenagers and that Tienerafrikaans is a variety of Afrikaans. / Prof. A.E. Coetzee

<p>Ungdomars sätt att hantera språket har i alla tider väckt uppmärksamhet, då ofta av den äldre generationen. Forskning visar bland annat att språket är genusrelaterat och att ungdomar ofta är medvetna om hur de använder och ska använda sitt språk. Uppsatsen behandlar mot bakgrund av detta hur ungdomarna använder och anpassar sitt språk i olika talsituationer. Den vill även belysa de bakomliggande orsakerna till ungdomsspråket och ta reda på ungdomarnas och lärarnas attityder till detta. Uppsatsen ger också en historisk såväl som nutida beskrivning av ungdomsspråket och belyser även detta sett ur ett genusperspektiv. </p><p> Resultatet visar att ungdomar är väl medvetna om sitt språkbruk och hur de använder det. Undersökningen visar även att språket är genusrelaterat då vi ofta fostras in i våra roller. Attityderna till språket är att det i skolan upplevs som fult med mycket svordomar, vilket eleverna dock är medvetna om.</p>

Ungdomars sätt att hantera språket har i alla tider väckt uppmärksamhet, då ofta av den äldre generationen. Forskning visar bland annat att språket är genusrelaterat och att ungdomar ofta är medvetna om hur de använder och ska använda sitt språk. Uppsatsen behandlar mot bakgrund av detta hur ungdomarna använder och anpassar sitt språk i olika talsituationer. Den vill även belysa de bakomliggande orsakerna till ungdomsspråket och ta reda på ungdomarnas och lärarnas attityder till detta. Uppsatsen ger också en historisk såväl som nutida beskrivning av ungdomsspråket och belyser även detta sett ur ett genusperspektiv. Resultatet visar att ungdomar är väl medvetna om sitt språkbruk och hur de använder det. Undersökningen visar även att språket är genusrelaterat då vi ofta fostras in i våra roller. Attityderna till språket är att det i skolan upplevs som fult med mycket svordomar, vilket eleverna dock är medvetna om.