Le décollement de la couche limite sur un volet est responsable de pertes de performances importantes, telles qu'une chute de la portance et une augmentation de la traînée, lors des phases de décollage et d'atterrissage d'un avion. Les aéronefs modernes sont équipés de volets dont le déploiement laisse apparaître une fente qui permet d'augmenter la portance aux faibles vitesses. Les mécanismes de déploiement associés sont lourds et complexes. Dans le but de les simplifier, l'idée consiste à supprimer la fente entre le volet et l'aile, et à la remplacer par un dispositif de contrôle du décollement de type " soufflage pulsé ". Les travaux de thèse proposent l'adaptation temps-réel en boucle fermée des paramètres du soufflage, c'est-à-dire la quantité de mouvement injectée dans l'écoulement et la fréquence de forçage. Les algorithmes de contrôle développés durant l'étude ont permis de répondre à deux objectifs, le premier étant de maintenir l'écoulement attaché lors d'un braquage progressif du volet, et le second de garantir une portance maximale malgré le décollement qui survient inévitablement aux forts angles de braquage lorsque l'apport de quantité de mouvement du contrôle est trop faible. Ces deux objectifs se classent respectivement dans le cadre du contrôle direct du décollement (flow separation control) et le cadre du contrôle des écoulements décollés (separated-flow control). / Boundary layer separation from flaps is responsible for large performance losses during take-off and landing phases of an aeroplane flight, including loss of lift and drag increase. On modern aircraft, a slot located between the wing and the flap enables to increase lift at low speed. To manage this slot, flap deployment systems are very complex and heavy. It would be of interest to simplify them and replace the slot by separation control devices whose parameters such as injected momentum and forcing frequency can be adapted in closed-loop and real-time. The present study aims at developing algorithms to control those parameters in order to fulfill two objectives, the first one is to maintain the flow attached when the flap is progressively deflected, the second one is to provide maximum lift despite of massive separation at high flap deflection angles, when the momentum injected into the flow is no more sufficient to reach full reattachment. In the literature, the first objective is related to the framework of flow separation control, and the second one to the framework of separated-flow control

Abstract Fishways are hydraulic structures designed to dissipate the energy of flowing water in order to decrease water velocities and increase water depths. The history of fishways is long, the first written remarks date back to the 17th century. Fishway hydraulics, however, have been intensively studied only starting since the 1980's. Fishways have been classified into three main categories according to their hydraulic characteristics: pool-and-weir, vertical slot, and Denil fishways. Fishways are hydraulically complex structures, and thus designing tools for different fishway types have been developed. In this report, a new designing procedure has been established, and equations for each main fishway type have been suggested. In addition, flow conditions below different fishway types have been examined, and velocity distributions at weirs with V-shaped crests in both pool-and-weir fishways and at a single weir have been compared in different discharges and drops. Fishway flows have been compared with flows over single weirs.

[pt] O revestimento por cortina é um dos processos preferidos para revestir o substrato de varias camadas de líquido à altas velocidades. Este tipo de processo pertence a classe de método de revestimento de vazão pre-fixada. O processo consiste num líquido de revestimento caindo livremente de uma altura considerável sob ação da gravidade sobre o substrato em movimento a ser revestido. Existem várias aplicações industriais deste processo, como filmes óticos, fitas adesivas e magnéticas, papéis especiais entre muitos outros. As mais importantes vantagens são revestimento à altas velocidades, adaptação a uma grande variedade de líquidos e flexibilidade na aplicação de finas camadas de líquidos em superfícies irregulares. Os limites operacionais do processo são determinados por diferentes instabilidades no escoamento perto da zona de encontro entre o líquido e o substrato como entrada de ar, formação de calcanhar e a cortina sendo puxada pelo substrato, e pela quebra da cortina de líquido. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é analisar teórico e experimentalmente esses limites operacionais, focando nos efeitos dos parâmetros operacionais, aditivos no líquido de revestimento no escoamento que ocorre na zona de encontro entre o líquido e o substrato, e na quebra da cortina. Para descrever o escoamento bidimensional que ocorre no processo de revestimento por cortina, na simulação numérica, foram utilizadas as equações de conservação de massa e de conservação de quantidade de movimento. O sistema de equações diferenciais foi resolvido utilizando o método de Galerkin e o sistema não linear foi resolvido com o método de Newton. Resultados teóricos, na zona de encontro entre líquido e o substrato, mostram a configuração do escoamento para líquidos Newtonianos, incluindo a formação de calcanhar e a cortina puxada pelo substrato como uma função da velocidade do substrato, da altura da cortina e da vazão. Estes resultados foram comparados com os resultados da visualização experimental encontrando assim a janela de operação do processo em função dos parâmetros operacionais. Na zona do escoamento da cortina, a condição crítica na qual cortina de líquido quebra foi determinada como uma função das propriedades reologicas dos líquidos de revestimento. Os resultados mostram que as propriedades viscoelásticas influenciam no balanço de forças no escoamento da cortina. Líquidos com alta viscosidade extensional podem reduzir notavelmente a vazão mínima necessária para formar e manter cortinas estáveis. / [en] Curtain coating is one the preferred methods for precision multi-layer coatings at high speeds. Curtain coating belongs to the class of premetered coating methods. Liquid falls as a sheet, or curtain, freely over a considerable height and under the action of gravity before it impinges onto the substrate being coated. Edge guide are needed to maintain at specific width of the falling curtain. Precision curtain coating was originally developed for multi-layer photographic film but its use has expanded to many different applications such as optical films and specialty papers. Some advantages of this process include very high coating speeds, adaptability to a wide range of liquids and flexibility to apply thin liquid layer to irregular surfaces. The operability limits of the process are set by different flow instabilities in the coating bead, such as air entrainment, low speed heels and curtain pulling, and by curtain breakup. The goal of this research is to analyze these operability limits by theory and experiments. The focus is to determine the effect of operating parameters; edge guides design and polymer additives on the coating solution on the bead configuration and liquid curtain breakup. The conservation mass and momentum equations with the boundary conditions were used to describe the flow. The equations were solved all together by Galerkin’s method with finite element basis functions and non-linear system solved by Newton’s method. Theoretical results show the bead configuration, including heel formation and curtain pulling as a function of web speed, curtain height and flow rate. Theoretical predictions will also be extended to include viscoelastic behavior of the coating liquid. This results was compared with experimental results to obtain the coating windows for fixed parameters. The visualization results show the critical condition at which a viscoelastic liquid curtain breaks was determined as a function of the rheological properties of the coating liquid. The results show that the viscoelastic properties can affect the force balance in the curtain flow. High extensional viscosity liquids can drastically reduce the minimal flow rate to create more stable curtains.

Slot-rectangular spouted beds, with rectangular cross-section and slotted gas inlets, have been proposed as a solution to overcoming scale-up difficulties with conventional axisymmetric spouted beds. They can be utilized in gas/particle processes such as drying of coarse particles and coating of tablets. However, application of this spouted bed was limited because of instability and insufficient hydrodynamic studies. The present work is therefore aimed at the study of hydrodynamics, stability and scale-up of slot-rectangular spouted beds. The hydrodynamic study was carried out in four slot-rectangular columns of various width-to-thickness ratios combined with various slot configurations, particles of different properties and a range of operating conditions. Hydrodynamics of slot-rectangular spouted beds showed major similarity with conventional spouted beds. However, equations and mechanistic models adopted from conventional axisymmetric spouted beds generally failed to provide good predictions for the three-dimensional slot-rectangular geometry. New empirical correlations were derived for the minimum spouting velocity and maximum pressure drop for different slot configurations. Slot-rectangular spouted beds also showed more flow regimes than conventional spouted beds. Nine flow regimes, as well as unstable conditions, were identified based on frequency and statistical analysis of pressure fluctuations. Slot geometrical configuration was found to be the main factor affecting the stability of slot-rectangular spouted beds. A comprehensive hydrodynamic study on the effect of slot configuration was therefore carried out. Slots of smaller length-to-width ratio, smaller length and greater depth were found to provide greater stability. Stable criteria for the slot configuration were found consistent with the conventional axisymmetric spouted beds with extra limitation on slot length-to-width ratio and slot depth. Local distributions of pressure, particle velocity and voidage, as well as spout shape and particle circulating flux, were compared for different slot configurations. Higher slot length-to-width ratios lead to slightly higher particle circulation rates. A previously proposed scale-up method involving multiple chambers was tested in the present work using multiple slots. Instability caused by the merging of multiple spouts and asymmetric flow was successfully prevented by suspending vertical partitions between the fountains. Some criteria and guidelines were also proposed for scale-up using multiple chambers. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of / Graduate

This thesis examines gambling as one of the causes of poverty in households. Gambling is very widespread in Czech republic because of outdated legislation governing gambling. Higher availability of gambling causes higher incidence of pathological gambling, which is the worst type of gambling. Negative impacts of pathological gambling on society are described based on results of foreign empirical studies and statistics from the Czech gambling market. The following topic is the legislative regulation of gambling in Czech republic and abroad. Two approachs of regulation are described in detail and compared to each other. These are liberal approach and strict approach to the regulation of gambling. The practical part analyzes economic indicators of the Czech gambling market, approach of Czech municipalities to the regulation and upcoming drafts of mendments to the Lottery Act which should be valid in 2016 and 2017. The results of the analysis indicate that the current drafts of the new regulation do not effectively address the sissues of pathological gambling in Czech republic. In the conclusion of the thesis there are some recommendations which should be included in a new regulation. In this thesis, data published by the Ministry of Finance and the Department of Health Information from the period 2003 - 2013, is used. There are also used data published by various international bodies.

The learning demands placed on young children by current language organization techniques used to organize language concepts in AAC systems, are high. This influences the ease of learning and the accuracy with which AAC users use their AAC systems. It is therefore important to investigate the way in which children relate to different language organization techniques to better understand the learning demands placed on them in using these techniques. The aim of this study was to investigate the difference between two groups of 4-year old children’s accuracy levels when locating vocabulary in AAC technologies. The study is a replication of a part of the study conducted by Light, Drager, McCarthy, Mellot, Millar, Parrish, Parsons, Roads, Ward and Welliver (2004). Each group of subjects was assigned a specific language organization technique, i.e. schematic and taxonomic grid organization. The children had to locate vocabulary on a dynamic display system, i.e. the Dynamo. This study considered the language organization technique that best reflects the child’s developmental level. Sixteen subjects, 8 in each group, participated in 4 learning and testing sessions and 1 generalization session. The results revealed that there was no difference in the performance of the children in the two groups. This was in accordance with Light et al.’s (2004) results who also observed no difference in the 4-year-old’s performance with the schematic and taxonomic organization techniques. These results were in contrast with the literature on young children’s semantic organization, which illustrates that preschool children tend to use schematic organizations and begin to use taxonomic organizations once they reach school-age. Recommendations for future research are provided. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Centre for Augmentative and Alternative Communication (CAAC) / unrestricted

Thesis focuses on the design and development of three possible methods to power the serial patch array and optimization of the chosen design. The antenna array is conceived as a multi-layered structure formed on a 3D textile substrate. The objective of this work is to identify the best possible configuration of antenna array for the use in automotive and aerospace industry. The first concept – array coupled by near microstrip line – proved in the case of the more serial elements as non-functional. The second concept – aperture coupled array – is unsuitable for use in close proximity to the electrically conductive shell of the aircraft. The third concept – array coupled with textile integrated waveguide – seems like the best possible solution. The design of the array coupled with textile integrated waveguide was optimized in consideration of the production process. The impedance bandwidth of this proposed three elements antenna is 890 MHz, the gain in the main lobe direction is 11.8 dBi.

Der Beitrag stellt Zweischicht-Bruchlochwicklungen mit einem Wickelschritt von zwei Nuten als einen m¨oglichen Kompromiss vor, welcher weniger ohmsche Verluste als bei klassischen verteilten Wicklungen und weniger Ummagnetisierungsverluste als bei Zahnspulenwicklungen ermöglicht. Er diskutiert Entwurf und Eigenschaften solcher Wicklungen f¨ur drei- und sechssträngige Synchronmaschinen anhand ausgewählter Beispiele. / This paper presents two layer fractional slot windings with a winding step of two slots as a possible compromise which enables less ohmic loss than classic distributed windings would have and less hysteresis and eddy loss than fractional slot concentrated windings would have. It discusses properties and design of such windings for three- and six-phase synchronous machines based on selected examples.

The labor discusses experimental verification of the dielectric properties of pulsed stress slot insulation Isonom NMN. During the pulse stress is investigated in particular component of a complex permittivity depending on frequency and temperature during the electrical stress in the form of pulses of different intensities of electric field supplied.

Proposed diploma work provides capture efficiency measurements of generated pollution captured by reinforced slot exhaust system in modification with work bench using tracer gas method. There are shown results of capture efficiency for traditional exhausting (no radial air added) and reinforced exhausting (using radial air supply effect) in this work. This study also conatins the comparison and discusion of obtained measurement results with measurement errors and uncertainties.