Les structures à cristaux photoniques bidimentionnels ont permis la fabrication d'une large variété de composants nanophotoniques. En particulier, dans les PC parfaits, la densité locale d'états optiques se trouve exacerbée au niveau des points de symétrie du diagramme de bande. Près de ces points, où la vitesse de groupe tend vers zéro, la faible courbure de bande courbure de bande donne lieu à des modes stationnaires, dits de lumière "lente" (ou modes de Bloch lents). Les propriétés de la lumière lente en font de bons candidats pour améliorer l'effet Purcell, pour produire des effets non-linéaires ou pour concevoir des lasers à faible seuil. Parmi ces modes, les modes de Bloch lent émettant dans la direction verticale, c'est à dire situé au niveau du point Γ de la zone de Brillouin, sont particulièrement intéressants pour intégrer des architectures 2D avec de l'optique en espace libre. En particulier, certains de ces modes ont permis la réalisation d'émission laser dans la 3e direction avec des propriétés de polarisation particulières. D'autres applications prometteuses concernent le désordre : en introduisant un désordre aléatoire mais contrôlé dans la structure photonique, il est possible d'induire une transition entre le mode de Bloch lent de la structure ordonnée vers un mode localisé par le désordre, de type localisation d'Anderson dans une structure faiblement désordonnée.Dans cette thèse, les modes de Bloch lents ont été étudiés et caractérisés en Microscopie optique en champ proche. Nous nous sommes concentrés sur les modes en Gamma de la structure graphite. Le SNOM a permis de visualiser la composante évanescente du mode avec une résolution spatiale inférieure à la limite de diffraction. Dans ce travail, nous avons montré que le champ lointain et de l'image en champ proche du mode à la surface du cristal photonique sont différentes et que seules les mesures en champ proche permettent de rendre compte du mode réel à l'intérieur de la membrane de cristal photonique, en accord avec prédiction théorique. L'importance du choix de la sonde (silice, pointe métallisée, Nano-antenne) pour l'étude des structures à cristaux photoniques a également été démontrée. Outre la mesure d'intensité du champ électromagnétique, la polarisation du champ électrique a été mesurée à l'échelle nanométrique pour la première fois par l'aide d'une antenne à ouverture papillon. Ces résultats permettent d'identifier sans équivoque des modes avec les simulations 3D-FDTD.Dans ce travail est également rapporté la première observation de la localisation de la lumière dans deux types de lasers aléatoires à base de cristaux photoniques bidimensionnels. Le caractère aléatoire est introduit soit en déplaçant les positions des motifs du cristal (trous d'air), soit en faisant varier de façon aléatoire le diamètre des trous. Pour la première fois nous avons observé directement par SNOM la localisation de la lumière dans le cristal désordonné. Cela nous a permis d'observer la transition de morphologie du mode de Bloch lent entre le cristal ordonné et le cristal désordonné. / 2D-Photonic crystal (PC) structures have enabled the fabrication of a wide variety of nanophotonic components. In perfect PCs, the exploitation of the enhanced local density of states at critical points of the band diagram has attracted considerable attention. Near these points, where the group velocity vanished, low curvature flat bands give rise to delocalized and stationary optical slow Bloch modes (or slow light modes). Properties of slow light make them good candidates to enhance Purcell or various non-linear effects or to design low-threshold lasers. Among these modes, slow Bloch modes (SBMs) emitting in the vertical direction, i.e. located at the Γ- point of the Brillouin zone are particularly interesting for integrating 2D PC architectures with free space optics. In particular, some SBMs proved to be suitable for achieving strong vertical emission with peculiar polarization properties. Other promising applications concern disorder: by introducing a controlled randomness into the PC structure, it is possible to induce a transition from slow Bloch mode (in ordered PC) to Anderson’s localization (in disordered PC) as a function of disorder degree. In this PhD dissertation, Slow Bloch modes have been studied and characterized by the means of Near-field Scanning Optical microscopy (NSOM). We particularly focused on Slow Bloch laser mode at Γ- point of a honeycomb 2DPC. This NSOM technique enables to visualize the evanescent component of the mode with a spatial resolution below the diffraction limit. In this work, we showed that the far-field and the near-field image of the mode at the 2D-PC surface are different and that near-field results yield a better insight in the real mode structure inside the PC slab in agreement with theoretical prediction. The importance of the probe selection (bare silica, metallized tip and bow-tie aperture nanoantenna) for studying III-V photonic crystal structures was also demonstrated. Besides intensity measurement of the electromagnetic field, the polarization of the electric field has been measured at the nanoscale for the first time by using a bow-tie nano-antenna probe. These results enable the unambiguous identification of the modes with the 3D-FDTD simulations.In this work is also reported the first observation of two-dimensional localization of light in two types of 2D random photonic crystal lasers, where Slow Bloch Mode (SBM) is scattered by artificial structural randomness in triangular PCs. The structural randomness is introduced whether by nanometer displacements in the positions of lattice elements (air holes), whether by variation of the hole diameters. The direct near-field imaging of the lasing mode by use of NSOM for the first time, allowed us to observe the transition of the extended planar SBM to be Anderson localized.

Master of Science / Department of Apparel, Textiles, and Interior Design / Sherry J. Haar / This study was based on the concept of slow design, proposed after the slow food movement. The idea of slowing down production processes and increasing product quality and value suggests an antidote to the fast cycle of the fashion industry. Slow design supports two principals, inheriting tradition and maintaining eco-efficiency, which guided this project. Inheriting tradition is an expression that explores ways to sustain lost art and traditional heritage in our daily lives, as well as develop products that establish personal meaning for the consumer. Maintaining eco-efficiency of product production involves utilization of eco-friendly materials and sustainable approaches to aid in developing a healthier and cleaner ecosystem. The overall goal of this design research was to celebrate and sustain the spiritual and material civilization of the Chinese culture by creating a modern artistic interpretation of Chinese traditional arts using an environmentally conscious approach that was applicable to apparel design. This research created modern surface design on a group of garments from traditional Chinese Su Xiu embroidery, physical resist techniques, and natural dyes. This practice-based research utilized the paradigm of naturalistic inquiry to guide the stages of this project. A progressive design process was adopted in response to the unexpected events in the final artifact development. In the design exploration stage, a color library was created to provide the color story for the final artifacts. Basic Su Xiu embroidery stitches and traditional physical resist techniques were sampled with selected flosses and fabrics. Various samples were critiqued and analyzed to develop three unique techniques from characteristics of traditional Chinese Su Xiu embroidery, physical resist techniques (Zha Jiao, Feng Jiao, pole- wrapping, and Jia Xie), using natural dyeing techniques with woad and madder. Natural dye findings included using madder to overdye woad to adjust or reverse colors and that woad overpowered the effects of iron and acid premordants. The outcome resulted in a water-inspired series of three garments that showed evidence of simplified traditional techniques with reduced production time, energy, and dyeing material while encompassing elements of traditional art using a modern aesthetic. The designs and process were presented in a public exposition.

Cloud computing has brought many benefits to the IT industry, and could reduce the cost and facilitate the growth of businesses specially the startup companies which don’t have enough financial resources to build their own IT infrastructure. One of the main reason that companies hesitate to use cloud services is the security issues that the cloud computing technology has. This thesis at the beginning has an overview on the cloud computing concept and then reviews the cloud security vulnerabilities according to the cloud security alliance, then it describes the cloud denial of service and will focus on analyzing the Slow HTTP DOS attack and then will analyze the direct and indirect impact of these attacks on virtual machines. We decided to analyze the HTTP slow rate attacks because of the craftiness and covered characteristic also the catastrophic impact of the Slow HTTP attack whether it’s lunched on the cloud component or lunched from the cloud. There are some researches on the different way that a web server or web service can be protected against slow HTTP attacks, but there is a research gap about the impact of the attack on virtual environment or whether this attack has cross VM impact or not. This thesis investigates the impact of Slow HTTP attack on virtualization environment and will analyze the direct and indirect impact of these attack. For analyzing the Slow HTTP attacks, Slow headers, Slow body and Slow read are implemented using Slowhttptest and OWASP Switchblade software, and Wireshark is used to capture the traffic. For analyzing the impact of the attack, attacks are lunched on VirtualBox and the impact of the attack on the victim VM and neighbor VM is measured.

Obwohl eine wirksame Schutzimpfung verfügbar ist, sind Masern noch immer weltweit verbreitet. Mit etwa 750.000 Todesfällen jährlich gehören sie zu den gefährlichsten Infektionskrankheiten im Kindesalter überhaupt. Nicht allein wegen der masernvirusinduzierten Immunsuppression treten sekundäre bakterielle Infektionen, darunter Otitiden oder Pneumonien, gehäuft auf. Eine Beteiligung des zentralen Nervensystems kann zur akuten postinfektiösen Masernenzephalitis (APME), die meist mit einer hohen Defektheilungsrate einhergeht, oder zur letal verlaufenden subakuten sklerosierenden Panenzephalitis (SSPE) führen. Besonders gefürchtet sind die schweren Komplikationen der Riesenzellpneumonie oder der measles inclusion body encephalitis (MIBE) bei immunsupprimierten Patienten. Viele pathogenetische Aspekte und pathophysiologische Vorgänge sind dabei noch nicht gänzlich verstanden. Vaskuläre Endothelzellen sind neben Epithelzellen, Monozyten und Makrophagen sowie Lymphozyten als wichtige Zielzellen für das Masernvirus bei der Ausbreitung der Masernvirusinfektion und Entstehung ihrer Komplikationen anzusehen. In immunhistochemisch aufbereiteten pathologischen Schnittpräparaten wurden in infizierten und stark entzündlich veränderten Arealen immer wieder infizierte Gefäßendothelzellen gefunden. Eine systematische Untersuchung der Interaktion von Masernviren mit humanen Gefäßendothelzellen in vitro lag allerdings bislang nicht vor. Das Ziel dieser Dissertation war es nun, die Interaktion von attenuierten und virulenten Masernvirusstämmen mit humanen Gefäßendothelzellen grundlegend und systematisch zu untersuchen und eine Basis für die Definition pathogenetisch bedeutsamer molekularer Mechanismen zu schaffen. Hierfür wurde mit primären Endothelzellen der menschlichen Nabelschnurvene (HUVEC) und einer humanen mikrovaskulären Hirnendothelzelllinie (HBMEC) ein rein humanes Zellkulturmodell gewählt und unter Verwendung attenuierter und virulenter Masernvirusstämme den natürlichen Bedingungen Rechnung getragen. Als essentielle Grundlage für die Untersuchungsreihen wurden die Endothelzellen auf endothelzellspezifische Markermoleküle hin untersucht und charakterisiert. Einzig die Oberflächenproteine membrane cofactor protein (MCP oder CD46) und signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM oder CD150) sind bislang als zelluläre Rezeptoren für das Masernvirus identifiziert worden. Es konnte hier eindeutig nachgewiesen werden, dass HUVEC und HBMEC auf verschiedenen zellulären Ebenen konstitutiv CD46, nicht aber SLAM exprimieren. Weder eine Aktivierung der Endothelzellen mit diversen Zytokinen und Stimulantien, noch der Kontakt der Endothelzellen mit inaktivierten Masernviren vermochte eine Expression von SLAM zu induzieren, obwohl eine Expression von toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) klar aufgezeigt werden konnte. Es konnte hier ebenfalls belegt werden, dass sowohl der attenuierte Masernvirusstamm Edmonston (Edm) als auch die virulenten Masernvirusstämme WTFb, Wü4797 und Wü5679 Endothelzellen infizieren und eine morphologische Zellalteration mit Ausbildung eines zytopathischen Effekts hervorrufen können. Weitere Analysen zeigten für Edm und Wü4797 ein enormes Infektionsausmaß und eine sehr gute Ausbreitungseffizienz, die durch die Anwesenheit CD46-spezifischer Antikörper nur bei Edm klar reduziert werden konnte. Eine Aktivierung der Endothelzellen mit diversen Zytokinen und Stimulantien trug keinen eindeutigen begünstigenden oder hemmenden Effekt auf die Masernvirusinfektion mit sich, Interferon-α und -γ schienen das Infektionsausmaß abzuschwächen. Folgeversuche zur Rezeptormodulation durch Masernviren deuten darauf hin, dass CD46 nur für den attenuierten Masernvirusstamm Edm, nicht aber für die virulenten Masernvirusstämme WTFb, Wü4797 und Wü5679 als zellulärer Rezeptor fungiert. Die Ergebnisse dieser Dissertation belegen eine von den beiden Masernvirusrezeptoren CD46 und SLAM unabhängige Infektion humaner vaskulärer Endothelzellen mit Masernviruswildtypstämmen. Diese Beobachtungen lassen einen weiteren, bislang noch nicht bekannten zellulären Rezeptor oder einen von einem zellulären Rezeptor unabhängigen Aufnahme- und Ausbreitungsmechanismus bei Gefäßendothelzellen vermuten. Es darf weiterhin als sicher angesehen werden, dass Endothelzellen in der Pathogenese von masernvirusinduzierten Komplikationen, sei es direkt oder indirekt, involviert sind. / Although an effective live vaccine is available, measles still represents a major infectious disease causing about 750,000 deaths a year, preferentially in children. Due to the measles virus (MV)-induced immunosuppression secondary bacterial infections as otitis or pneumonia are common complications. Neurological involvement can lead to the acute postinfectious measles encephalitis (APME), which usually ends up with severe cerebral damage, or to the lethal subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). In particular, immunosuppressed patients may acquire serious complications such as giant-cell pneumonia or measles inclusion body encephalitis (MIBE). However, the pathogenesis of complicated measles is poorly understood. Apart from epithelial cells, monocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes vascular endothelial cells (EC) are supposed to be important target cells for MV and involved in the pathogenesis of classic and complicated measles. Immunohistochemistry of pathologic sections has repeatedly revealed infected vascular EC in areas of extensive infection and inflammation. A systematic in-vitro analysis of the interaction of MV with human vascular EC has not been performed yet. This dissertation issues now a basic and systematic investigation of the interaction of attenuated and virulent MV strains with human vascular EC and aims to create a basis to define molecular mechanisms of MV pathogenesis. Natural conditions were approached by using primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and a human brain microvascular endothelial cell line (HBMEC) as cell culture models and attenuated and virulent MV strains as infectious agents. As a prerequisite for all experiments, both the primary cells and the cell line were examined for their growth features and their expression of EC specific marker molecules. The surface proteins membrane cofactor protein (MCP or CD46) and signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM or CD150) have previously been described as cellular receptors for MV. It has been proven here that HUVEC and HBMEC express CD46 constitutively, whereas SLAM was not detectable on various cellular levels. Neither the activation of EC with a range of cytokines and stimulants nor the contact of EC with inactivated MV induced the expression of SLAM, although an expression of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) by EC can be observed. Several studies on the infection of EC with MV displayed that the attenuated MV strain Edmonston (Edm) and, to a lower extent, the virulent MV strains WTFb, Wü4797 and Wü5679 are able to infect EC, accompanied by morphologic alte¬rations and cytopathic effects. Further experiments revealed efficient replication and spreading especially of Edm and Wü4797 in EC cultures. However, CD46 specific antibodies were able to reduce the capability of Edm to infect EC clearly, the replication of Wü4797, however, was not affected. Activation of EC by preincubation with a range of cytokines or stimulants had no significant effect on MV infection, interferon-α and -γ seemed to lower the extent of MV infection. The following analyses of differential receptor modulation by MV indicate that CD46 acts as a cellular receptor only for the attenuated strain Edm, but not for the virulent strains WTFb, Wü4797 or Wü5679. The results of this dissertation provide clear evidence of a CD46- and SLAM-independent infection of human vascular EC with virulent MV strains. In consequence, a further, yet unidentified cellular receptor on EC or a receptor-independent uptake and spreading mechanism of MV in EC cultures must be postulated. Finally, it is certain that EC are involved in the pathogenesis of MV-induced complications, whether directly or indirectly.

O nitrogênio é um dos nutrientes mais importante para o desenvolvimento vegetal e o mais aplicado em diversos cultivos agrícolas. Dentre as fontes nitrogenadas disponíveis, a ureia se destaca pela alta concentração de nitrogênio que remete a diversas vantagens econômicas e operacionais no sistema de produção agrícola. Porém, além da alta propensão a perdas, principalmente por volatilização do gás amônia, tem-se a necessidade do aumento da produtividade de modo ao suprimento da demanda crescente de alimentos, fibras e energia. Considerando estes fatores, uma nova vertente de pesquisa está voltada a aplicação de tecnologias à ureia, os fertilizantes com tecnologia agregada, estes vêm se destacando e disponibilizando alternativas de novos produtos no mercado. Com base no exposto, buscou-se elucidar os seguintes questionamentos: As novas tecnologias aplicadas a ureia possibilitam a redução de perdas por volatilização? As novas tecnologias aplicadas a ureia modificam suas transformações inorgânicas e orgânicas no solo e, em caso de modificação, estas são positivas? O uso de tecnologias aplicadas à ureia reflete em maior longevidade na liberação do nutriente ao solo e, em caso positivo, esta longevidade é vantajosa? A combinação entre produtos de ureia convencional e com tecnologia agregada, pode trazer mais benefícios à cultura do milho do que a aplicação destes isoladamente? A substituição do uso/aplicação da ureia em sua forma tradicional pela ureia com tecnologia agregada, na cultura do milho, é viável economicamente ao produtor? Para responder a estes questionamentos, foram conduzidos três experimentos: análise das frações do nitrogênio provenientes da ureia com inibidores de urease; caracterização da dinâmica de liberação e longevidade de fertilizantes recobertos com polímero e enxofre e; análise da produtividade da cultura do milho submetida a adubação com ureia recoberta com polímero e enxofre. O primeiro experimento permitiu concluir que o uso dos inibidores de urease tem potencial para a redução das perdas por volatilização da amônia, foi possível verificar as transformações sofridas pelo nitrogênio desde a aplicação do grânulo até a disponibilidade das formas minerais, passando a incorporação do nutriente na matéria orgânica. No segundo experimento concluiu-se que os fertilizantes recobertos com polímero e enxofre possuem dinâmica exponencial de liberação, o recobrimento é dependente da temperatura, umidade do solo, tipo de material de recobrimento e processo de recobrimento (espessura), que afetam diretamente a liberação e longevidade destes fertilizantes. O último experimento mostrou que uso dos fertilizantes recobertos com polímero e enxofre aumenta a produtividade, os parâmetros biométricos, os parâmetros nutricionais e a qualidade do grão da cultura do milho. As combinações realizadas entre os produtos recobertos com a ureia convencional são alternativas para o aumento da produtividade resultando em valores superiores a aplicação dos insumos de forma isolada. A combinações de produtos recobertos com a ureia convencional é opção para a redução do investimento e, consequentemente, custo de produção resultante da adoção destas novas tecnologias. / Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrient for plant development and the most applied nutrient in several agricultural crops. Among the available nitrogen sources, urea differ due to the high concentration of nitrogen that result to several economic and operational advantages in the agricultural production system. However, in addition to the high propensity for losses, mainly due to the ammonia volatilization, the need to increase yield in order to supply the growing demand for food, fiber and energy emerge. Considering these factors, a new research area is focused to aggregate technologies to the urea, they call fertilizers with aggregate technology, this type of fertilizers emerges and brings new alternatives about new products available in the market. Based on the above, it was tried to answer the following questions: Does the new technologies applied to urea fertilizer enable the reduction of losses by volatilization? The new technologies applied to urea modify their inorganic and organic transformations in the soil and, if modified, are these positive? Does the use of technologies applied to urea reflect in a longer longevity in the release of the nutrient to the soil and, if so, is this longevity advantageous? Can the combination of conventional urea and aggregate technology products brings more benefits to cons than the application of these alone? Is the substitution of urea in its traditional form by urea with aggregate technology in the maize crop economically viable to the producer? In order to answer these questions, three experiments were conducted: analysis of nitrogen fractions from urea and urea mixed with inhibitors; Dynamics of release and longevity of polymer sulfurcoated fertilizers; Analysis of maize yield submitted to fertilization with polymer and sulfur coated urea. The first experiment allowed concluding that the use of the urea inhibitors has potential to reduce losses by ammonia volatilization, it was possible to verify all the changes undergone by the nitrogen fertilization since the granule until the availability of the mineral forms, including the immobilization of the nutrient in organic matter. In the second experiment, it was concluded that the polymer and sulfur coated fertilizers have exponential dynamics of release, the coating depends on the temperature, soil moisture, type of coating material and coating process (thickness), which directly affects the release and longevity of these fertilizers. The last experiment showed that the use of the coated fertilizers with polymer and sulfur increases the yield, the biometric parameters, the leaf concentration and the quality of grain to the maize crop. The combinations performed between the coated products with conventional urea are alternatives for increasing the yield resulting in higher application values of the inputs in an isolated way. Combinations of coated products with conventional urea is an alternative to reduce investment and consequently the production costs, it will result the adoption of these new technologies.

Objetivos: determinar a resistência à flexão em três pontos (f), módulo de Weibull (m), coeficiente de susceptibilidade ao crescimento subcrítico de trinca (n) e tenacidade à fratura (KIC) de três cerâmicas usadas para confecção de infraestrutura (IE) de próteses parciais fixas (PPFs) (YZ- zircônia tetragonal parcialmente estabilizada por óxido de ítrio; IZ- cerâmica a base de alumina infiltrada por vidro e reforçada com zircônia; AL alumina policristalina) e duas porcelanas (VM7 e VM9); avaliar o efeito da configuração (uma, duas ou três camadas) nos valores de f e modo de fratura dos corpos-de-prova (CP); avaliar a influência do material de IE, do tamanho dos conectores e da ciclagem mecânica (CM) na carga de fratura (CF) e distribuição de tensões de PPFs; relacionar o comportamento mecânico dos materiais cerâmicos testados na configuração de barra e de PPF. Material e Método: Foram produzidos três tipos de CP em forma de barra (2mm x 4mm x 16mm): monolítico, duas camadas e três camadas. As IE das PPFs foram confeccionadas utilizando o sistema CAD-CAM e recobertas com porcelana. Os ensaios de f foram realizados em saliva artificial a 37ºC. Os valores de m e n foram determinados pela análise de Weibull e ensaio de fadiga dinâmica, respectivamente. As PPFs foram carregadas no centro do pôntico até a fratura. Oito PPFs de cada grupo foram submetidas a CM com freqüência de 2 Hz e carga de 140 N durante 106 ciclos e, posteriormente, ensaiadas até a fratura. A distribuição de tensões nas PPFs foi avaliada com análise de elementos finitos (AEF). Os princípios da fractografia foram utilizados para determinar o padrão de fratura e os valores de KIC. Os dados de f e CF foram analisados estatisticamente com Kruskal-Wallis e Tukey (95%). Resultados: A YZ obteve o maior valor de f (860 MPa) seguida dos materiais IZ (411 MPa) e AL (474 MPa) que não apresentaram diferença estatística. Os menores valores de f foram encontrados para as porcelanas (65 MPa). Os valores de m foram semelhantes para os materiais, com exceção dos grupos IZ e VM7, que apresentaram diferença significante. Os maiores valores de n foram encontrados para as cerâmicas YZ (76) e AL (72), seguidos pela IZ (54) e pelas porcelanas (40). A YZ apresentou o maior valor de KIC. O material submetido à tensão de tração durante o ensaio determinou o valor de f das estruturas. As PPFs de YZ com conector de 16mm2 suportaram os maiores valores de CF. Houve influência significativa do tamanho de conector para o material YZ. A CM não influenciou os valores de CF das PPFs. O padrão de distribuição de tensões foi semelhante entre as PPFs. Foi observada uma boa relação entre os valores de tensão de fratura dos materiais de IE em forma de barra e de PPF. Foram encontradas diferenças no modo de falha dos CP em forma de barra e de PPF. Conclusão: a YZ apresentou o melhor comportamento mecânico tanto na configuração de barra como de PPF. / Objectives: to determine the flexural strength (f), Weibull modulus (m), slow crack growth coefficient (n) and fracture toughness (KIC) of three ceramics used as framework materials for fixed partial dentures (FPDs) (YZ- yttria partially stabilized zirconia tetragonal polycrystals; IZ- alumina-based zirconia-reinforced glass infiltrated ceramic; AL alumina polycrystals) and two veneering porcelains (VM7 and VM9); to evaluate the effect of the specimen design (one, two or three layers) in the f and fracture mode; to evaluate the influence of the framework material, connector size and mechanical cycling (MC) in the fracture load (FL) and stress distribution of FPDs; to relate the mechanical behavior of the ceramic materials tested using bar-shaped specimens and FPDs. Materials and Methods: Bar-shaped specimens (2mm x 4mm x 16mm) were produced in three different designs: monolithic, bilayer and trilayer. FPD frameworks were built using CAD-CAM system and veneered with porcelain. Specimens were tested for three point bending in 37ºC artificial saliva. Weibull analysis and dynamic fatigue testing were used to determine m and n values, respectively. FPDs were tested with a load applied in the middle of the pontic. Eight FPDs of each group were subjected to MC using a frequency of 2Hz and load of 140N for 106 cycles and were subsequently loaded to failure. Stress distribution for FPDs was evaluated using finite element analysis (FEA). Fractography principles were used to determine the fracture mode and KIC values. f and FL data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Tukey (95%). Results: YZ had the highest f value (860 MPa) followed by IZ (411 MPa) and AL (474 MPa). Lower f values were observed for the porcelains (65 MPa). Except for IZ and VM7, m values were similar among the ceramic materials. Higher n values were found for YZ (76) and AL (72), followed by IZ (54) and the veneering materials (40). YZ presented the highest KIC value. The f values were influenced by the material subjected to tensile stress during testing. YZ FPDs with 16mm2 connector showed higher FL values. There was significant influence of the connector size on the FL values for YZ material. MC had no influence in the FL values for the FPDs. The stress distribution was similar for all FPDs. Considering the framework material, there was a good agreement between the fracture strength values obtained for bar-shaped specimens and FPDs. Different fracture modes were observed for bar-shaped specimens and FPDs. Conclusion: YZ presented the best mechanical performance in both bar-shaped and FPD specimen configuration.

A presença de substâncias húmicas na água de abastecimento tem recebido a atenção de diversos pesquisadores nas últimas décadas, pois pode gerar subprodutos ao ser exposta a agentes oxidantes e desinfetantes. A filtração em múltiplas etapas (FiME) se apresenta como uma alternativa para realizar o tratamento de água de comunidades de pequeno porte, entretanto, a eficiência quanto à remoção de cor verdadeira associada ao carbono orgânico dissolvido ou às substâncias húmicas, tem sido questionada ou relatada como baixa. A filtração lenta com pré-ozonização vem sendo utilizada, pois o ozônio atua nas moléculas da matéria orgânica, aumentando sua biodegradabilidade e seus subprodutos desaparecem logo após a aplicação. A aplicação conjunta do ozônio e peróxido de hidrogênio, tem o objetivo de produzir espécies com radicais livres, de vida curta, que sejam altamente reativos e possam oxidar a maior parte das substâncias presentes na água natural. A presente pesquisa avaliou a remoção de substâncias húmicas na filtração lenta, utilizando para essa avaliação parâmetros indiretos como cor verdadeira, absorvância 254 nm e carbono orgânico dissolvido. Foram realizados cinco ensaios utilizando quatro filtros lentos, sendo dois com camada de carvão ativado granular (CAG), em que foram ensaiadas várias alternativas de pré-oxidação com ozônio e peróxido de hidrogênio. Obteve-se, como principal conclusão, que os filtros lentos com CAG, precedidos de oxidação com ozônio e depois peróxido de hidrogênio, em dosagens adequadas, apresentaram remoção média de cor verdadeira de 64% da cor inicial. Concluiu-se, também, que o peróxido de hidrogênio afeta o desenvolvimento da camada biológica, interferindo no desenvolvimento da perda de carga, na remoção de turbidez e na remoção de substâncias húmicas. / The presence of humic substances in the water of supply has been received attention of several researchers in the last decades, because it can generate by-products when being exposed to oxidants and disinfectant. The multistage filtration (FiME) is an alternative considered to achieve water treatment for small size rural communities, however, the efficiency with relationship to the removal of true color associated to the dissolved organic carbon or to the humic substances, it has been questioned or reported as low. The slow filtration with pre-ozonation is being used, since the ozone acted in the molecules of the organic matter of high molecular weight, increasing its biodegradability and by-products disappear soon after the application. The combined application of the ozone and hydrogen peroxide have the objective of producing species with free radicals, of short-lived, that are highly reagents and can oxidize most of the present substances in the natural water. The present research it evaluated the removal of humic substances in the slow sand filtration, using for that evaluation indirect parameters as true color, absorbance 254 nm and dissolved organic carbon. Five experiments were realized using four slow filters, being two with layer of activated carbon to granulate (CAG), in that several pre-oxidation alternatives were rehearsed with ozone and peróxido of hydrogen. It was obtained, as main conclusion that the slow filters with CAG preceded ofoxidation with ozone and hydrogen peroxide, in appropriate dosagens, presented medium removal of true color of 64% of the initial color. It was also concludes that the hydrogen peroxide interferes the development of the biological layer, interfering in the development of the loss of head, in the turbidity removal and in the removal of humic substances.

A faixa Araçuaí, de idade neoproterozóica, caracteriza-se por apresentar em seu domínio alóctone, uma grande quantidade de intrusões magmáticas, uma crosta parcialmente fundida e rochas de facies granulítica, características de uma geoterma elevada, configurando trata-se de um orógeno quente. A suíte tonalítica Galiléia, alojada em metassedimentos, deformada no estado magmático, representa um grande batólito que influenciou de maneira significativa o comportamento mecânico desta crosta mediana. A Anisotropia de Suscetibilidade Magnética (ASM) medida nesse batólito e usada para um estudo de petrotrama, combinado com uma investigação detalhada sobre a mineralogia magnética, permitiu caracterizar o comportamento paramagnético da Suíte Galiléia e, adicionalmente, trazer informações sobre uma deformacão complexa em 3D. As estruturas observadas se desenvolveram em um magma viscoso resultado de uma combinação da tectônica tangencial induzidas por compressão e forças gravitacionais devido ao peso da crosta sobrejacente. A cinemática do batólito é compatível com aquela descrita para as rochas dúcteis da faixa. Datações U/PB em zircões e monazitas e 40Ar/39Ar em anfibólios, moscovitas e biotitas permitiram definir a evolução termal do batólito Galiléia e de seus metassedimentos hospedeiros e trazer informações sobre o período deformacional. O batólito Galiléia colocouse durante um importante evento magmático, termal e tectônico a ~ 580 Ma. A temperatura permaneceu alta durante os primeiros ~ 50Ma da evolução termal, promovendo uma deformação quase constante do batólito no estado magmático durante várias dezenas de milhões de anos. Tais condições de alta temperatura e cinemática deformacional, estável durante períodos prolongados de tempo, são característicos de orógenos quentes. A taxa de resfriamento vagarosa de ~ 10°C/Ma sugere que após ~500Ma a taxa de exumação foi muito lenta, provavelmente ocasionada apenas pela erosão. / The allochtonous domain of the Neoproterozoic Araçuaí belt involves large amounts of magma, widespread partial melting, granulitic facies and high geotherm, characterising this belt as a hot orogen. The Galiléia tonalitic suite, emplaced within host metasediments and deformed at magmatic state, represents a huge batholith that strongly influenced the mechanical behaviour of this middle crust. The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) measured through this batholith and used as a petrofabric proxy, combined to a detailed magnetic mineralogy investigation, permitted to characterize the paramagnetic behaviour of the Galiléia suite and therefore to highlight a complex 3D strain deformation. The observed structures developed within the viscous magma resulted from a combination of tangential tectonics induced by the compression, and gravitational forces arising from the load of the overlying crust. The kinematics of the batholith is compatible with that already described for ductile rocks of hot orogens. U/Pb dating on zircons and monazites together with 40Ar/39Ar dating on amphiboles, muscovites and biotites permitted to define the thermal evolution of the Galiléia batholith and its host metasediments and constrain the timing of the deformation. The Galiléia batholith emplaced during an important magmatic, tectonic and thermal event at ~580 Ma. Temperature remained high during the first ~50 Ma of the thermal evolution, promoting a seemingly constant deformation of the batholith at magmatic state during several tens of millions years. Such high temperature conditions and stable deformation kinematics during protracted periods of time are supposed to be characteristic of hot orogen. The slow cooling rate of ~10°C/Ma evidenced after ~500 Ma probably indicate a very slow exhumation probably only conducted by erosion.

Praguicidas são substancias capazes de prevenir, destruir, repelir ou mitigar uma praga e por isso desempenham um papel de grande importância na agricultura moderna. A elevada utilização destes compostos visa atender à crescente demanda de produção de alimentos, e para isso pesquisas vem sendo realizadas para o desenvolvimento de novas formulações. Entretanto a utilização descontrolada destes compostos pode levar à contaminação de alimentos, solo, águas superficiais e subterrâneas. Os Hidróxidos Duplos Lamelares (HDL) ou argilas aniônicas apresentam estrutura lamelar na qual uma variedade de ânions podem ser intercalados entre as lamelas através de interações eletrostáticas, incluindo praguicidas ácidos. Estes materiais apresentam propriedades interessantes como blindagem das moléculas intercaladas e capacidade de liberação lenta das mesmas. Assim, os principais objetivos deste trabalho foram: estudar a intercalação dos herbicidas ácidos Triclopir, Fluroxipir e Quinclorac, utilizados na agricultura nacional, em HDL de dois sistemas diferentes; estudar a liberação dos herbicidas intercalados em soluções aquosas e em suspensões solo/água; estudar o comportamento dos materiais obtidos quanto à lixiviação em colunas de solo; e comparar a eficácia herbicida dos híbridos com os herbicidas livres através de bioensaios com plantas. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que os herbicidas ácidos foram intercalados nos HDL dos sistemas Mg/Al e Zn/Al, resultando em sólidos lamelares com boa organização estrutural ainda desconhecidos da literatura. Os híbridos liberaram os herbicidas de forma lenta e contínua para a solução aquosa, diferentemente do observado para o caso dos herbicidas livres, que apresentaram liberação praticamente instantânea para a solução. O tipo de solo também não interferiu na liberação dos princípios ativos. Os estudos de lixiviação em colunas de solo demonstraram que os HDL são bons suportes para a liberação dos herbicidas, pois apresentam liberação lenta do ingrediente ativo, atrasando sua passagem através do solo e diminuindo as concentrações obtidas nos lixiviados. Os híbridos apresentaram a mesma eficácia herbicida que os princípios ativos em forma livre, regulando o crescimento das plantas de agrião nos testes de bioensaios, utilizando as doses de aplicação recomendadas no campo. / Pesticides are substances that prevent, destroy, repel, or mitigate a plague; hence, they play a crucial role in modern agriculture. The widespread use of these compounds aims to meet the growing demand for food production, and this research has focused on the development of new pesticides formulations. However, the uncontrolled use of these compounds can lead to food, soil, surface, and groundwater contamination. Layered Double Hydroxides (LDH) or anionic clays present a lamellar structure in which a variety of anions can intercalate via electrostatic interactions, including acid pesticides. These materials offer interesting properties such as shielding and slow release of intercalated molecules. In this contest, the main objectives of this work were: to study the intercalation of the acid herbicides Triclopyr, Fluroxypyr, and Quinclorac, employed in the Brazilian agriculture, into LDH of two different systems; to study the release of these herbicides into aqueous solutions and soil/water suspensions; to study the behavior of the obtained materials as to their leaching in soil columns; and to compare the herbicidal efficacy of the hybrids with free herbicides through bioassays with plants. Our results showed that acidic herbicides intercalated into the Mg/Al and Zn/Al LDH systems, to yield in lamellar solids with good structural organization, which are yet unknown in the literature. The hybrids released the herbicides slowly and continuously into the aqueous solution, in contrast with free herbicides, which presented virtually instantaneous release into the solution. The soil type did not interfere in the release of active ingredients. Leaching studies in soil columns showed that the LDH are good carriers for herbicides release - they feature slow release of the active ingredient, delaying its passage through the soil and decreasing the concentrations obtained in the leachate. The hybrids displayed the same herbicide effectiveness as the active ingredients in the free form; they regulated the growth of plants in bioassays, when the doses recommended for field use were applied.

Com o grande aumento da população mundial, maior demanda por alimentos e de áreas cultiváveis é necessário uma maior eficiência da agricultura. Dentro deste cenário, um material que libere nutrientes de forma lenta/controlada em níveis necessários para a nutrição da planta garantiria o desenvolvimento da cultura sem carecer de várias aplicações do fertilizante. O aumento da eficiência do fertilizante, a redução da toxicidade no solo pelo uso de biopolímero e a diminuição dos efeitos negativos associados à sobredosagem são algumas das vantagens de materiais de liberação lenta/controlada. O objetivo principal do presente estudo foi a preparação, caracterização e aplicação de estruturas biopolímericas na liberação lenta/controlada de fertilizantes (fertiliberadores) em solo. A motivação principal esteve no preparo de estruturas de quitosana aditada com nutrientes, utilizando a técnica de secagem por atomização (spray drying), e a avaliação da aplicação em solo. O acompanhamento in situ da liberação do nutriente foi feito pela técnica de reflectometria no domínio do tempo (TDR), que monitora a movimentação iônica em sistemas particulados, como é o caso do solo. As estruturas foram preparadas por spray drying, utilizando bico atomizador de duplo fluido ou 2-fluid nozzle (2FN) para o preparo de esferas tipo matricial e, triplo fluido ou 3-fluid nozzle (3FN) para obter cápsulas tipo reservatório (casca-núcleo). As condições e parâmetros de processo em função das características químicas e físicas dos materiais obtidos foram objetos de estudo. As partículas obtidas com sucesso apresentaram diâmetro médio entre 10 e 35 µm, apresentando um retardo na liberação de nutriente em relação ao fertilizante convencional, de 100% para 40 - 60% nas primeiras leituras de teor de potássio durante ensaio de liberação. É importante destacar que o uso da técnica da TDR no monitoramento in situ da liberação do nutriente é inovador na área de materiais aplicados à agricultura e forneceu informações de forma rápida e precisa sobre a eficiência do material no solo. Adicionalmente, foi estudada a relação do tipo de estrutura produzida (cápsula ou esfera) com o mecanismo de liberação em solo e em água. A estrutura casca- núcleo mostrou ser de grande interesse para produzir materiais de liberação controlada de fertilizante. / The large growth in world population and the greater necessity of food and cultivable areas demand an increase on agricultural efficiency. In this scenario, a material which releases nutrientat slowly/controlled levels for plant nutrition would ensure the development of the crop without the multiple fertilizer applications. Some of the advantages of slow/controlled release material are the increase of fertilizer efficiency use, reduce toxicity in soil by use of biopolymer and decrease the negative effects associated with over dosing.The main purpose was the preparation, characterization and application of biopolymers structures in slow/controlled release fertilizer (ferti releasers) in soil. The main motivation of this work was to obtain structures of chitosan and nutrients using the spray drying method. Also, the application and in situ soil monitoring of the nutrient release by time domain reflectometry technique (TDR) was considered. TDR measures the electromagnetic ion movement in particulate systems such as the soil. The structures were prepared by spray drying technique. It was used 2-fluid nozzle (2FN) to prepare sphere or sponge balls structures and 3-fluid nozzle (3FN) to obtain capsule or core-shell structures. Both types of structure were studied. The conditions and process parameters were also studied as a function of chemical and physical characteristics of the materials. The obtained particles had a mean diameter between 10 and 35 µm and it was observed a nutrient release delay in comparison with conventional fertilizer, from 100% to 40 - 60% in the first potassium measurements during the releasing assay. It is noteworthy the use of TDR technique to monitor the in situ nutrient release in the soil is innovative in the area of materials applied to agriculture and it provided information quickly and accurately about material efficiency in the soil, from short to long period. Additionally, it was studied the relationship of the produced structure (capsule or sphere) with the release mechanism in soil and water. The shell-core structure has shown to be of great interest for producing controlled release fertilizer materials.