This thesis examines a complete design framework for a real-time, autonomous system with specialized VLSI hardware for computing 3-D camera motion. In the proposed architecture, the first step is to determine point correspondences between two images. Two processors, a CCD array edge detector and a mixed analog/digital binary block correlator, are proposed for this task. The report is divided into three parts. Part I covers the algorithmic analysis; part II describes the design and test of a 32$\time $32 CCD edge detector fabricated through MOSIS; and part III compares the design of the mixed analog/digital correlator to a fully digital implementation.

Phasor measurement is a growth technology in the power grid industry. With new funding, grid reliability concerns, and power capacity margin motivating a smart grid transformation, phasor measurement and smart metering are taking center stage as the implementation methods for grid intelligence. This thesis proposes a novel concept for designing a next generation phasor measurement unit. The present generation phasor measurement unit relies upon venerable existing current and voltage transducer technology that is expensive, bulky, and not well suited to the modern age of digital and computerized control signals. Also, the rising proliferation of installed phasor measurement units will soon result in data overload and huge obligations for network bandwidth and processing centers. This brute-force approach is ill-advised. Forward thinking is required to foresee the future grid, its fundamental operation, and its sensor controller needs. A reasonably safe assumption is a future grid containing sensors numbering in the thousands or millions. This number of sensors cannot transmit raw data over the network without requiring enormous network capacity and data center processing power. This thesis proposes a novel concept—combining existing technologies such as improved current transducers and wireless precision time protocols to design a next generation phasor measurement unit. The unit is entirely self-contained. It requires no external connections due to inclusion of high performance transducers, processor, wireless radio, and even energy harvesting components. With easy, safe, and low cost installation, proliferation of thousands or millions of sensors becomes feasible. Also, with a scalable sensor network containing thousands or millions of parallel distributed processors, data reduction and processing within the network relieves the need for high bandwidth data transmission or supercomputing data centers.

Det finns flera olika standarder inom digital-TV för att skapa interaktiva applikationer. Det här arbetet använder den öppna standarden MHP, Multimedia Home Platform, som utgångspunkt för att skapa programkod i programmeringsspråket Java. Arbetet handlar om att skapa ett program för MHPkompatibel utrustning som bekräftar en användares identitet via Smart cards, och levererar interaktiv, personlig information. Denna information levereras via tjänster som beskrivs i XML, och kommunicerar via HTTP med en server som skickar innehåll utifrån de preferenser som finns för denna användare.

Fault location in distribution systems is a critical component of outage management and service restoration, which directly impacts feeder reliability and quality of the electricity supply. Improving fault location methods supports the Department of Energy (DOE) “Grid 2030” initiatives for grid modernization by improving reliability indices of the network. Improving customer average interruption duration index (CAIDI) and system average interruption duration index (SAIDI) are direct advantages of utilizing a suitable fault location method. As distribution systems are gradually evolving into smart distribution systems, application of more accurate fault location methods based on gathered data from various Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) installed along the feeders is quite feasible. How this may be done and what is the needed methodology to come to such solution is raised and then systematically answered. To reach this goal, the following tasks are carried out: 1) Existing fault location methods in distribution systems are surveyed and their strength and caveats are studied. 2) Characteristics of IEDs in distribution systems are studied and their impacts on fault location method selection and implementation are detailed. 3) A systematic approach for selecting optimal fault location method is proposed and implemented to pinpoint the most promising algorithms for a given set of application requirements. 4) An enhanced fault location method based on voltage sag data gathered from IEDs along the feeder is developed. The method solves the problem of multiple fault location estimations and produces more robust results. 5) An optimal IED placement approach for the enhanced fault location method is developed and practical considerations for its implementation are detailed.

There have been a number of studies concerning the access and usage patterns of mobile phones since the first cellular phone appeared in 1979. With the appearance of the smart phone a recent field of research emerges within media and communication. This study focuses on what role a particular smart phone plays within the users’ communication practices. Combining individuality and mobility with communication, the iPhone changes the users’ way of communication completely. In addition to that, the use of the iPhone comprises self-representational characteristics. The study aims to research what role the user ascribes to the iPhone. A field observation of iPhone users combined with qualitative focus group interviews will present more insight in how the iPhone maintains the users’ interpersonal relationships and fulfils their communication motives. The field observation might bear some general aspects about usage patterns of the iPhone, especially in public spaces. Supplementing the field observation, the focus group interviews will give some information about personal usage patterns and about the iPhone’s status within individual perceptions. The use of smart phones like the iPhone influences the user’s ways of communication in positive as well as in negative ways. A constant access to various networks establishes a permanent availability, which entails major changes in the users’ way of communication and the users’ perception of time and space. In addition to that, the design and look of the gadget is a main appeal for iPhone users. Here the smart phone turns out to be an accessory with which people make statements to their surrounding. These statements can be of different nature. They can be based on image, fashion or design conscious in the user’s perception. This study intends to bring up new topics about the relationship between a technical device and its user

Television advertising is a billion-dollar industry in the United States. Currently, advertisers place their messages in television programs that are estimated to have a high proportion of their target demographic viewers. The advertising spots are usually purchased months in advance at set list prices or at negotiated prices. Technologies that can place advertisements at the cable box level, instead of the program level, will provide advertisers with the ability to target any demographic group directly and in real-time. This thesis explores the new decision-making required by this new technology and how the television advertisement space can be sold more effectively. In particular, it compares a list price system to a number of new auction models. The structure of the auctions for the new targeted television advertising system is unique and has not been previously studied in the literature. This thesis explores new auction models that can capture these unique features and lead to desirable results for the seller of the advertisement space. A simplified analytical model shows how these features impact advertisers’ bidding behavior and how a list price system compares to the auction models in the ability to raise revenue for the seller of the advertising space. These issues are then explored under various market settings with differing numbers of advertisers and value distributions that these advertisers have for the advertising space. Since sequential first price auctions have undesirable consequences such as strong price fluctuations, this work focuses on second price auctions. The Vickrey-Clarke-Groves (VCG) mechanism is customized for this problem by developing an optimization formulation that determines the best set of advertisers for a particular advertisement space. Because execution time may be an issue, other auction models are developed that lead to similar outcomes as the VCG mechanism but require less computational effort. This thesis provides guidance on when a list price system will lead to higher expected revenue than an auction model and vice versa in a targeted television advertising system. It also demonstrates why some of the standard auction models cannot be applied to this problem and what type of new models are required to lead to desirable advertising outcomes.

Advertising through smart phone applications is one of the fastest growing categories in advertising nowadays. Branded game-apps on mobile phones have several very innovative and attractive aspects, they physically engage their customers into a game, creating on a first level an entertainment but mainly they are advertising their products and the brand’s name. Many studies have been written on gaming, customer engagement and marketing strategies, but only few studies has been written on the convergence of mobile phone technology, gaming and marketing. This research is investigating to which extend this innovative way of marketing can be considered as an efficient marketing strategy. In order to get an insight from both sides of the market, semi-structured interviews have been lead with phone-app experts and users. Similar answers were formulated by both the producers and the users, leading me to the conclusion that a game-app is engaging the users into an overall positive dialogue with the brand. The contribution of this exploratory study is a greater understanding of the phenomenon of branded game-apps, in relation to previous studies on marketing, game mechanisms and brand-consumer relationships.

Aquest treball descriu el desenvolupament d'un sistema Smart Sensor per a acceleròmetres piezoresistius emprant la tecnologia de mòduls multixip de tipus D (MCM-D). En el camp dels Smarts Sensors existeixen dues aproximacions bàsiques: l'aproximació monolítica que integra el sensor i els circuits en el mateix xip, i la versió multixip, que integra de forma híbrida tant el sensor com els circuits, fabricats per separat. Les dues tecnologies emprades en aquest treball han estat, la dels acceleròmetres piezoresistius en oblies BESOI i la dels mòduls multixip, silici sobre silici, mitjançant la tècnica de muntatge flip-chip. Aquesta tècnica proporciona a l'encapsulat de sensors nivell d'integració més elevat, a la vegada que redueix els problemes termo-mecànics pel fet d'emprar un substrat de silici.En aquest estudi s'ha treballat en el desenvolupament d'aquest Smart Sensor per tal, principalment, d'aconseguir un encapsulat robust i lliure d'estrès. En aquest sentit, s'ha dut a terme el disseny d'una cavitat hermètica per a la protecció de les parts mòbils de l'acceleròmetre. L'hermeticitat s'obté mitjançant la pasta de soldadura que s'aplica en el mateix moment en que es fan les connexions elèctriques o solder bumps. Aquest fet ha requerit d'una modificació en la tecnologia de pads del sensor. Per altra banda, s'han dut a terme una sèrie de simulacions per elements finits per tal d'avaluar en les etapes de disseny l'estrès que podia aportar l'encapsulat a aquests dispositius sensibles a esforços mecànics. Els resultats de les simulacions demostren que si bé es dóna un cert grau d'estrès, aquest no arriba a perjudicar el comportament del sensor.Les caracteritzacions tant elèctriques com mecàniques realitzades a l'encapsulat multixip, demostren que aquest encapsulat no modifica els paràmetres elèctrics més importants, com ara la sensibilitat o la tensió d'offset. La caracterització dinàmica demostra, però, que l'encapsulat multixip afegeix un més elevat grau d'esmorteïment modificant així la resposta del sensor. Aquesta variació es tradueix en una disminució de la freqüència de ressonància i del guany del sensor a aquesta freqüència. Aquest fet, en aplicacions DC, és una característica apreciada doncs evita una eventual ruptura del sensor. / This work describes the development of a Smart Sensor system for piezoresistive accelerometers using Multi Chip Module type D (MCM-D) technology. There are two main approaches in the Smart Sensors field: The monolithic integration of the process circuitry with the sensor itself in the same chip, and the multichip approach, where both parts are independently fabricated and connected using hybrid integration. Two technologies have been used in the present work: CNM's piezoresistive accelerometers technology based on BESOI wafers and silicon-on-silicon multichip module technology, based on the flip-chip interconnection. This technique provides higher levels of integration for the packaging of sensors. In addition, the inclusion of a silicon substrate reduces thermo-mechanical problems.The development of the Smart Sensor has been mainly oriented to obtain a robust and unstressed package. In this sense, mobile parts of the accelerometer have been protected with an specifically designed hermetic cavity. This cavity is built using solder paste, and is defined simultaneously with the electrical connections or solder bumps. This point required modifications of the sensor's pad technology. Furthermore, finite element simulations have been performed in order to evaluate the package induced stresses on the sensor, which is extremely sensitive to mechanical efforts. The simulation results showed that even if small stress appear, they don't adversely affect the behaviour of the sensor. Electrical and mechanical characterisation of the multichip Smart Sensor, showed that the packaging process doesn't modify the main electrical parameters, such as sensitivity and off-set voltage. Vibration tests showed that multichip package increases mechanical damping, modifying the dynamic response of the sensor. In this sense, the resonance frequency and the gain of the sensor at this frequency decrease. This behaviour is useful for DC applications, preventing the failure of the sensor.

Television advertising is a billion-dollar industry in the United States. Currently, advertisers place their messages in television programs that are estimated to have a high proportion of their target demographic viewers. The advertising spots are usually purchased months in advance at set list prices or at negotiated prices. Technologies that can place advertisements at the cable box level, instead of the program level, will provide advertisers with the ability to target any demographic group directly and in real-time. This thesis explores the new decision-making required by this new technology and how the television advertisement space can be sold more effectively. In particular, it compares a list price system to a number of new auction models. The structure of the auctions for the new targeted television advertising system is unique and has not been previously studied in the literature. This thesis explores new auction models that can capture these unique features and lead to desirable results for the seller of the advertisement space. A simplified analytical model shows how these features impact advertisers’ bidding behavior and how a list price system compares to the auction models in the ability to raise revenue for the seller of the advertising space. These issues are then explored under various market settings with differing numbers of advertisers and value distributions that these advertisers have for the advertising space. Since sequential first price auctions have undesirable consequences such as strong price fluctuations, this work focuses on second price auctions. The Vickrey-Clarke-Groves (VCG) mechanism is customized for this problem by developing an optimization formulation that determines the best set of advertisers for a particular advertisement space. Because execution time may be an issue, other auction models are developed that lead to similar outcomes as the VCG mechanism but require less computational effort. This thesis provides guidance on when a list price system will lead to higher expected revenue than an auction model and vice versa in a targeted television advertising system. It also demonstrates why some of the standard auction models cannot be applied to this problem and what type of new models are required to lead to desirable advertising outcomes.

Although modern society is critically reliant on power grids, even modern power grids are subject to unavoidable outages due to storms, lightning strikes, and equipment failures. The situation in developing countries is even worse, with frequent load shedding lasting several hours a day due to unreliable generation. We study the use of battery storage to allow a set of homes in a single residential neighbour- hood to avoid power outages. Due to the high cost of storage, our goal is to choose the smallest battery size such that, with high target probability, there is no loss of power despite a grid out- age. Recognizing that the most common approach today for mitigating outages is to use a diesel generator (genset), we study the related problem of minimizing the carbon footprint of genset operation. Drawing on recent results, we model both problems as buffer sizing problems that can be ad- dressed using stochastic network calculus. We show that this approach greatly improves battery sizing in contrast to prior approaches. Specifically, a numerical study shows that, for a neigh- bourhood of 100 homes, our approach computes a battery size, which is less than 10% more than the minimum possible size necessary to satisfy a one day in ten years loss probability (2.7 ∗ 10^4 ). Moreover, we are able to estimate the carbon footprint reduction, compared to an exact numerical analysis, within a factor of 1.7. We also study the genset scheduling problem when the rate of genset fuel consumption is given by an affine function instead of a linear function of the current power. We give alternate scheduling, an online scheduling strategy that has a competitive ratio of (k1 G/C +k2)/(k1+k2) , where G is the genset capacity, C is the battery charging rate, and k1, k2 are the affine function constants. Numerically, we show that for a real industrial load alternate scheduling is very close to the offline optimal strategy.