The effect of the new vasodilatory and antianginal compound, bepridil (CERM-1978), was examined on the electrical activity of the vascular smooth muscle of isolated dog coronary arteries. Tetraethylammonium (10 mm) was used to induce excitability in the muscle in the form of Ca2+-dependent overshooting action potentials, whose inward current is carried almost exclusively by Ca2+ ion through voltage-dependent slow channels. Bepridil (5 × 10-7-1 × 10-5 M) produced a dose-dependent depression of the rate of rise and amplitude of these Ca2+ spikes. Complete blockade of the action potentials occurred at 1 × 10-5 M bepridil. These effects of bepridil were antagonized by elevation of external Ca2+ concentration ([CA]o). The effects of bepridil were substantially reversed by washout after about 30 min. Bepridil (10-5 M) also produced a small but significant (p < 0.05) increase in resting membrane resistance (input resistance increased from a mean of 10.1 to 12.4 mΩ), accompanied by a small but significant (p < 0.05) depolarization of 6 m V (from a mean of -51 to -45 mV). These latter effects are consistent with a diminution of the resting K+ conductance (gK) by bepridil. It is concluded that the vasodilatory and antianginal properties of bepridil may be explained by the action of this drug in depressing and blocking the Ca2+ influx into the cells, presumably by acting directly on the voltage-dependent slow channels in the cell membrane, and thereby lowering [Ca]i and thus the degree of contraction. Bepridil has Ca2+-antagonistic (or Ca2+ entry blocking or slow channel blocking) properties much like verapamil, but it is somewhat less potent than verapamil in this action (i.e., complete blockade occurred at 10-5 M bepridil vs. 2 × 10 -6 M verapamil.).

Atherosclerotic disease is characterized by the formation of lipid-ladden plaques in artery walls. During later stages of disease, these plaques become calcified by mechanisms involving the trans-differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) to osteoblast-like cells. Although vascular calcification was thought to be a passive mechanism, evidence shows that this process is heavily modulated by various cell signaling mechanisms, including CB2 endocannabinoid receptors. Previous studies have shown that known CB2 antagonists accelerate VSMCs trans-differentiation to an osteoblast-like phenotype, indicating that this receptor serves an anti-calcification signal. The goal of this investigation is to determine if a series of 11-[2-arylmethylene)hydrazono]-PBD derivatives with established CB2 binding affinity function as CB2 antagonists or agonists in a cell culture model of VSMC osteoblastic trans-differentiation. MOVAS cells were grown in standard media or osteogenic media (to induce trans-differentiation) supplemented with and without the various PBD derivatives. Following the treatment period, the extent of osteoblast-like activity was evaluated by alizarin red staining for calcium deposition. To quantify the staining present, the dye was extracted using cetylpyridinium chloride hydrate solution and then analyzed via UV-Vis spectroscopy at 570 nm. The ability of the derivatives to modulation of osteoblastic transdifferentiation of MOVAS cells was further evaluated by performing Western blot analysis for expression of Runx2, an essential transactivator of osteoblast differentiation. Results of this work determined that some of the PBD derivatives increased the calcification compared to the control, indicating that they likely act as CB2 receptor antagonists, while others decreased calcification compared to the control, indicating that they likely act as CB2 receptor agonists. Not only do these results characterize the interactions of these compounds with CB2 receptors, they demonstrate that these PBD derivatives have biological activity. These results also further implicate CB2 receptors as a regulator of VSMC cell calcification, which could lead to novel drug therapies for the treatment of atherosclerotic plaques.

L’hypertension artérielle pulmonaire (HTAP) est une maladie rare définie par une augmentation de la pression artérielle pulmonaire moyenne due à un remodelage progressif des artérioles pulmonaires, menant à une défaillance du ventricule cardiaque droit. Le remodelage vasculaire est la conséquence d’une dysfonction endothéliale conduisant à une hyperprolifération et à un défaut d’apoptose des cellules vasculaires pulmonaires. Le récepteur NMDA (NMDAR), un récepteur au glutamate connu pour son rôle dans la plasticité neuronale et la transmission synaptique, a été récemment identifié comme acteur de ce remodelage vasculaire. Cependant, le sous-type de NMDAR impliqué n’est pas connu. Le développement de traitements potentiels ciblant le NMDAR nécessite de mieux comprendre quelles sous-unités du récepteur sont mobilisées dans la maladie. Dans la mesure où la sous-unité GluN2A est impliquée dans la survie des neurones et la sous-unité GluN2B dans leur mort, nous avons fait l’hypothèse que la composition des NMDARs vasculaires pulmonaires devait être dérégulée dans l’HTAP. Par conséquent, cette thèse a pour objectifs i) d’étudier la composition du NMDAR dans l’HTAP, ii) d’en identifier les conséquences fonctionnelles, et iii) d’explorer son intégration au sein de la physiopathologie de l’HTAP.Nous avons montré que l’expression de la sous-unité GluN2B est réduite dans les artères pulmonaires des patients HTAP comparés à des sujets non-HTAP, malgré l’augmentation de l’expression de la sous-unité obligatoire GluN1, suggérant une commutation de l’expression des NMDARs de type GluN2B vers d’autres sous-types. Nous avons également montré que les NMDARs de type GluN2B sont rapidement et transitoirement recrutés à la membrane des cellules musculaires lisses (CMLs) en réponse à un facteur de croissance, le PDGF, par l’intermédiaire des Src family kinases (SFKs). En utilisant un inhibiteur spécifique des NMDARs de type GluN2B, nous avons observé qu’ils réduisaient la prolifération et la migration dépendantes du PDGF, indiquant une boucle de rétrocontrôle négatif. Ces résultats suggèrent une signalisation croisée entre le PDGFR-β, les SFKs et les NMDARs de type GluN2B. Ainsi le déficit en NMDARs de type GluN2B chez les patients HTAP pourrait potentialiser la réponse proliférative et migratoire au PDGF, une voie suractivée dans l’HTAP. De plus, nous avons montré que les NMDARs de type GluN2A sont recrutés de façon prolongée à la membrane des CMLs lors d’une stimulation par le PDGF. Néanmoins, le rôle précis des récepteurs de type GluN2A dans l’HTAP reste à découvrir. Pour approfondir le rôle du NMDAR dans la physiopathologie de l’HTAP, nous avons mené une étude bio-informatique complémentaire afin de modéliser les voies de signalisation impliquant le NMDAR dans l’HTAP. Nous avons construit et connecté en réseau les bases de connaissance sur les acteurs de l’HTAP d’une part, et les voies de signalisation impliquant le NMDAR dans le système nerveux central d’autre part. Nous avons montré que ces réseaux positionnent le NMDAR au cœur de nombreuses voies de signalisation caractéristiques de l’HTAP, dont celle du PDGFR-β.Ainsi, nous avons montré que l’expression membranaire des récepteurs de type GluN2A et GluN2B est dérégulée dans l’HTAP, orientant probablement la réponse au glutamate dépendante du PDGF vers les récepteurs de type GluN2A. Les conséquences d’un tel déséquilibre sont l’augmentation de la prolifération et de la migration des CMLs vasculaires pulmonaires. De plus le manque de récepteurs de type GluN2B est une caractéristique physiopathologique nouvelle dans l’HTAP et dans la compréhension du mode d’action des NMDARs périphériques en général. Enfin, le NMDAR semble être un acteur central dans la physiopathologie de l’HTAP, interagissant avec de nombreuses voies de signalisation impliquées dans la maladie, suggérant de nouvelles pistes pour avancer dans la compréhension des mécanismes physiopathologiques de l’HTAP. / Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare disease defined by an increase in mean pulmonary arterial pressure due to progressive obstruction of the small pulmonary arteries, leading to right heart failure and death. The vascular remodeling is a consequence of complex and multiple patho-mechanisms, including endothelial cells dysfunction and hyperproliferation of smooth muscle cells in the pulmonary vascular wall. The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), a glutamate receptor, has been recently identified as playing an active role in this vascular remodeling. It has been shown that in pulmonary arteries of PAH patients, NMDAR is overexpressed and overactivated and is involved in the proliferation and resistance to apoptosis of pulmonary vascular cells. However, the NMDAR subtype involved in this process remains unknown. The development of potential treatments targeting the NMDAR requires a better understanding of its subunit involvement in the disease. Since the GluN2A subunit is involved in the survival of neurons and the GluN2B subunit in their death, we hypothesized that the pulmonary vascular NMDAR subunit composition could be dysregulated in PAH. Therefore, in this thesis study we aimed to: i) study the composition of NMDAR in PAH, ii) explore its functional consequences in the pathophysiology of PAH, and iii) uncover its integration in the pathophysiology of PAH.We showed that the expression of the GluN2B subunit is reduced in the pulmonary arteries of PAH patients compared to non-PAH subjects. This occurs despite the overall increased expression of the obligatory GluN1 subunit, suggesting a switch from GluN2B-type receptors to, at least, another GluN2-type receptor. We also showed that in the presence of PDGF-BB, there is an immediate increase in the levels of phosphorylated Src family kinases (SFKs), associated to an increase in phosphorylated GluN2B (the active form) that were relocated to the cell membrane, suggesting the cross-talk between PDGF, SFKs and NMDAR. To validate the pathway, we inhibited the activation of PDGFR-β or SFKs, and in both cases the phosphorylation of GluN2B after PDGF stimulation was aborted. To assess the functional importance of this pathway, proliferation and “wound healing” tests were performed. The results clearly showed that selective inhibition of GluN2B, in the presence of PDGF, significantly increased both migration and proliferation of PASMCs. These results suggest that the lack of GluN2B-type receptors in PAH may potentiate SMC proliferative and migratory response to PDGF, a well-known overactivated pathway in PAH. In addition, we showed that GluN2A-type NMDARs arerecruited to the SMC membrane following PDGF stimulation, but the precise role of GluN2A-type NMDARs in PAH remains elusive. To further explore the crosstalk between the NMDAR and the PDGF receptor (PDGFR) pathways, we conducted a complementary bioinformatics study. To provide a model of the NMDAR signaling pathways in PAH we constructed and connected comprehensive knowledge bases of the actors involved in PAH on one hand and the signaling pathways involving NMDAR within the central nervous system on the other hand. Within these networks the NMDAR was revealed as a central downstream effector of the hallmark signaling pathways of PAH, including that of PDGFR.These results indicate that the membrane expression of GluN2A-type and GluN2B-type receptors is dysregulated in PAH, presumably switching the PDGF-dependent glutamate response towards GluN2A-type receptors. The consequences of such imbalance are the increased proliferation and migration of pulmonary vascular SMCs. Moreover, the lack of GluN2B-type NMDARs is a new feature in the pathophysiology of PAH and in the understanding of peripheral NMDA receptors in general. Besides, the NMDAR seems to be a central effector in PAH, interacting with multiple hallmark pathways of the disease, suggesting new tracks to further understanding the pathophysiology of PAH.

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Diabetes mellitus, which is largely driven by nutritional and behavioral factors, is characterized by accelerated atherosclerosis with impaired plaque stability. Atherosclerosis and associated complications are the major cause of mortality in diabetic patients. Efficient therapeutic concepts for diabetes-associated atherosclerosis are lacking. Atherosclerosis among diabetic patients is associated with reduced endothelial thrombomodulin (TM) expression and impaired activated protein C (aPC) generation. Here, we demonstrate that atherosclerotic plaque stability is reduced in hyperglycemic mice expressing dysfunctional TM (TMPro/Pro mice), which have a pro-coagulant phenotype due to impaired thrombin inhibition and markedly reduced aPC generation. The vessel lumen and plaque size of atherosclerotic lesions in the truncus brachiocephalic were decreased in diabetic TMPro/Pro ApoE-/- mice compared to diabetic ApoE-/- mice. While lipid accumulation in lesions of diabetic TMPro/Pro ApoE-/- mice was lower than that in diabetic ApoE-/- mice, morphometric analyses revealed more prominent signs of instable plaques, such as a larger necrotic core area and decreased fibrous cap thickness in diabetic TMPro/Pro ApoE-/- mice. Congruently, more macrophages and fewer smooth muscle cells were observed within lesions of diabetic TMPro/Pro ApoE-/- mice. Thus, impaired TM function reduces plaque stability, a characteristic of hyperglycemia-associated plaques, thus suggesting the crucial role of impaired TM function in mediating diabetes-associated atherosclerosis.

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