Purpose: Evidence has accumulated to show that blood pressure variability (BPV) has a striking relationship with cardiovascular (CV) risk. Despite the mounting evidence implicating BPV as a CV risk factor, scant attention has been paid to: (1) the mechanisms by which high BPV confers greater CV risk; and (2) the efficacy of non-pharmacologic treatment modalities in the attenuation of BPV. In order to address these two unresolved questions, the purpose of this dissertation was twofold. The purpose of study #1 was to investigate the association between measures of short-term BPV (24-hour BPV) and long-term BPV (visit-to-visit BPV) with markers of endothelial health in a cohort of African Americans in order to determine if increased BPV may confer greater CV risk by eliciting injury to the endothelium. The purpose of study #2 was to investigate the effects of a 6-month aerobic exercise training (AEXT) intervention on visit-to-visit BPV and 24-hour BPV in the same cohort of African Americans in order to provide the first available data on the efficacy of a non-pharmacologic treatment modality in the lowering of BPV. Methods: We recruited 72 African Americans who were sedentary, non-diabetic, non-smoking, and free of CV and renal disease. Before and after a 6-month AEXT intervention, office blood pressure (BP) was measured at 3 separate visits and 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) was conducted to measure visit-to-visit BPV and 24-hour BPV, respectively. Right brachial artery diameter was assessed at rest, during flow-mediated dilation (FMD), and after nitroglycerin-mediated dilation (NMD). Peak and area under the curve (AUC) were calculated as measures of FMD and NMD, and the FMD/NMD ratio was calculated as a measure of endothelial function normalized by smooth muscle function. Fasted blood samples were obtained and were analyzed for circulating EMPs expressed as CD31+CD42- and CD62E+ EMPs. Results: In study #1, participants with higher 24-hour diastolic BPV (DBPV) had significantly lower CD31+CD42- EMPs compared to participants with lower 24-hour DBPV. When categorized according to visit-to-visit DBPV, participants with higher visit-to-visit DBPV had a significantly lower FMD/NMD ratio, and significantly higher %NMDpeak and NMDAUCs compared to participants with lower visit-to-visit DBPV. When analyzed as continuous variables, 24-hour mean arterial pressure variability (MAPV) was inversely associated with CD31+CD42- EMPs visit-to-visit DBPV was inversely associated with the FMD/NMD ratio and positively associated with %NMDpeak and NMDAUC; and 24-hour DBPV was positively associated with NMDAUC. All associations were independent of age, gender, BMI, mean BP, and pulse pressure. In study #2 investigating the effects of AEXT in 33 participants who completed the study, 24-hour DBPV and 24-hour MAPV were significantly increased after AEXT. The increase in 24-hour DBPV was independent of changes in BMI, mean BP, and self-reported sleep time. Heart rate variability (HRV) derived from ABPM was associated with the changes in 24-hour DBPV and 24-hour MAPV. There were no significant changes in visit-to-visit BPV after AEXT. Conclusions: The results from study #1 provide evidence that BPV is associated with vascular health as endothelial function was decreased in participants with high visit-to-visit DBPV, while smooth muscle function was increased in participants with higher visit-to-visit and 24-hour DBPV. The findings from study #2 show that 6-months of AEXT do not elicit beneficial changes in BPV. The finding of an association between changes in 24-hour BPV with HRV could indicate, however, that changes in activity levels during ABPM, in part, contributed to the observed changes in 24-hour BPV. / Kinesiology

This work identifies the Fragile X-related protein (FXR1) as a reciprocal regulator of HuR target transcripts in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). FXR1 was identified as an HuR interacting protein by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The-HuR-FXR1 interaction is abrogated in RNase-treated extracts, indicating that their association is tethered by mRNAs. FXR1 expression is induced in diseased, but not normal arteries. SiRNA knock down of FXR1 increases abundance and stability of inflammatory mRNAs, while overexpression of FXR1 reduces their abundance and stability. RNA-EMSA and RIP demonstrate that FXR1 directly interacts with an ARE and a previously uncharacterized element in the 3’UTR of TNFa. FXR1 expression is increased in VSMC challenged with the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-19, and FXR1 is required for IL-19 reduction of HuR. This suggests FXR1 is an anti-inflammation responsive, HuR counter-regulatory protein that reduces abundance of pro-inflammatory transcripts. Additionally, we observed significantly increased poly-A-Binding protein (PABP) expression localizing to discrete punctate structures in both vascular smooth muscle (VSMC) and endothelial cells (EC) of the aortic arch of Ldlr-/- mice, as compared to WT controls. EIF2α phosphorylation, requisite for SG formation, was also induced by clotrimazole and oxLDL in these cells. Interestingly, VSMCs pre-treated with anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-19 followed by clotrimazole significantly reduced the formation of SGs and eIF2a phosphorylation, suggesting a relationship between inflammation and SG formation in vascular cells. Reduction of SG component G3BP1 by siRNA knockdown significantly reduced stress granule formation and inflammatory gene abundance in hVSMC. Microtubule inhibitors reduced SG formation in hVSMC. These results support the hypothesis that SG formation in atherosclerosis is driven by inflammation, SG may mediate the cellular response to inflammation, and that anti-inflammatory treatment may lessen atherosclerosis progression and plaque formation by reduction of SGs. / Biomedical Sciences

No description available.

H2S is a biologically relevant signaling gas that is endogenously produced throughout the body. The (patho)physiological roles of H2S have led researchers to develop various compounds that decompose to release H2S (H2S donors) for exogenous H2S administration. However, many small molecule H2S donors suffer from poor solubility, low stability, and lack of control over H2S release rates. As a result, there has been an increasing interest in utilizing supramolecular materials for exogenous H2S delivery. With growing potential applications of supramolecular H2S-releasing materials, it is important to explore their properties, e.g., solubility and stability under physiological conditions. We investigated the hydrolytic stability over a range of pH conditions of a series of peptides containing H2S-releasing S-aroylthiooximes (SATOs). The SATO-peptides showed structure–reactivity relationships with SATO ring substituents playing a crucial role in hydrolysis rates. Electron-donating substituents accelerate the rate of hydrolysis while electron-withdrawing substituents slows it down. We also explored their hydrolysis mechanisms at different pH values. SATO-peptides were then used to form hydrogels at 1 wt.% triggered by Ca2+. Hydrogels can be applied directly at a site of interest, potentially improving the efficacy of H2S compared with small molecule donors that diffuse away. We developed a H2S-releasing hydrogel capable of slowly releasing H2S locally to test its efficacy on intimal hyperplasia. The hydrogel delivered H2S over the period of several hours and inhibited the proliferation of human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) significantly better than fast-releasing NaSH salts. This study shows a promising application of supramolecular H2S-releasing materials over widely used sulfide salts. The macroscopic properties of peptide hydrogels could be further modulated to achieve additional control over the H2S release properties. We synthesized a series of peptide hydrogels incorporating different linker segments to study their effects on hydrogelation properties. Most peptides formed hydrogels but with significantly different rheological behavior. We found that peptides with flexible linkers such as ethyl, substituted O-methylene, and others, formed stronger hydrogels compared to those with more rigid linkers. Interestingly, we found that stiffer hydrogels released H2S over longer periods than softer ones by retarding the diffusion of a thiol trigger, likely due to bulk degradation of the soft gels but surface erosion of the stiff gels as they release H2S. / Doctor of Philosophy / H2S has long been known as a foul smelling gas until it was discovered that it is endogenously produced throughout the body and plays many (patho)physiological roles. Therapeutic benefits of H2S have led researchers to develop various compounds that release H2S (H2S donors) for exogenous H2S administration. However, many small molecule H2S donors suffer from poor solubility, low stability, and unregulated H2S release. As a result, there has been an increasing interest in utilizing materials for exogenous H2S delivery. With growing potential applications of H2S-releasing materials, it is important to explore their properties, e.g., solubility and stability under physiological conditions. We investigated the stability of a series of peptides containing H2S-releasing S-aroylthiooximes (SATOs) over a range of pH conditions. The stability of SATO-peptides was dependent on chemical makeup of the SATO part of the peptides. We also explored their hydrolysis mechanisms at different pH values. SATO-peptides were then used to form hydrogels triggered by Ca2+. Hydrogels can be applied directly at a site of interest, potentially improving the efficacy of H2S compared with small molecule donors that diffuse away. We developed a H2S-releasing hydrogel capable of slowly releasing H2S locally to test its efficacy on intimal hyperplasia. The hydrogel delivered H2S over the period of several hours and inhibited the proliferation of human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) significantly better than fast-releasing NaSH salts. This study shows a promising application of supramolecular H2S-releasing materials over widely used sulfide salts. The macroscopic properties of peptide hydrogels could be further modulated to achieve additional control over the H2S release properties. We synthesized a series of peptide hydrogels incorporating different linker segments to study their effects on hydrogelation properties. Most peptides formed weak to strong hydrogels with calcium chloride.We found that peptides with flexible linkers formed stronger hydrogels compared to those with more rigid linkers. Interestingly, we found that stiffer hydrogels released H2S over longer periods than softer ones.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Obesity increases cardiovascular disease risk and is associated with factors of the “metabolic syndrome” (MetS), a disorder including hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and/or impaired glucose tolerance. Expanding adipose and subsequent inflammation is implicated in vascular dysfunction in MetS. Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) surrounds virtually every artery and is capable of releasing factors that influence vascular reactivity, but the effects of PVAT in the coronary circulation are unknown. Accordingly, the goal of this investigation was to delineate mechanisms by which lean vs. MetS coronary PVAT influences vasomotor tone and the coronary PVAT proteome. We tested the hypothesis that MetS alters the functional expression and vascular contractile effects of coronary PVAT in an Ossabaw swine model of the MetS. Utilizing isometric tension measurements of coronary arteries in the absence and presence of PVAT, we revealed the vascular effects of PVAT vary according to anatomical location as coronary and mesenteric, but not subcutaneous adipose tissue augmented coronary artery contractions to KCl. Factors released from coronary PVAT increase baseline tension and potentiate constriction of isolated coronary arteries relative to the amount of adipose tissue present. The effects of coronary PVAT are elevated in the setting of MetS and occur independent of endothelial function. MetS is also associated with substantial alterations in the coronary PVAT proteome and underlying increases in vascular smooth muscle Ca2+ handling via CaV1.2 channels, H2O2-sensitive K+ channels and/or upstream mediators of these ion channels. Rho-kinase signaling participates in the increase in coronary artery contractions to PVAT in lean, but not MetS swine. These data provide novel evidence that the vascular effects of PVAT vary according to anatomic location and are influenced by the MetS phenotype.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Several common diseases such as atherosclerosis, post-angioplasty restenosis, and graft vasculopathies, are associated with the changes in the structure and function of smooth muscle cells. During the pathogenesis of these diseases, smooth muscle cells have a marked alteration in the expression of many smooth muscle-specific genes and smooth muscle cells undergo a phenotypic switch from the contractile/differentiated status to the proliferative/dedifferentiated one. Serum response factor (SRF) is the major transcription factor that plays an essential role in coordinating a variety of transcriptional events during this phenotypic change. The first goal of my thesis studies is to determine how SRF regulates the expression of smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase (smMLCK) to mediate changes in contractility. Using a combination of transgenic reporter mouse and knockout mouse models I demonstrated that a CArG element in intron 15 of the mylk1 gene is necessary for maximal transcription of smMLCK. SRF binding to this CArG element modulates the expression of smMLCK to control smooth muscle contractility. A second goal of my thesis work is to determine how SRF coordinates the activity of chromatin remodeling enzymes to control expression of microRNAs that regulate the phenotypes of smooth muscle cells. Using both mouse knockout models and in vitro studies in cultured smooth muscle cells I showed how SRF acts together with Brg1-containing chromatin remodeling complexes to regulate expression of microRNAs-143, 145, 133a and 133b. Moreover, I found that SRF transcription cofactor myocardin acts together with SRF to regulate expression of microRNAs-143 and 145 but not microRNAs-133a and 133b. SRF can, thus, further modulate gene expression through post-transcriptional mechanisms via changes in microRNA levels. Overall my research demonstrates that through direct interaction with a CArG box in the mylk1 gene, SRF is important for regulating expression of smMLCK to control smooth muscle contractility. Additionally, SRF is able to harness epigenetic mechanisms to modulate expression of smooth muscle contractile protein genes directly and indirectly via changes in microRNA expression. Together these mechanisms permit SRF to coordinate the complex phenotypic changes that occur in smooth muscle cells.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / For years, the leading killer of Americans has been coronary artery disease (CAD), which has a strong correlation to the U.S. obesity epidemic. Obesity, along with the presence of other risk factors including hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, dyslipidemia, and high blood pressure, comprise of the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome (MetS). The presentation of multiple MetS risk factors increases a patients risk for adverse cardiovascular events. CAD is a complex progressive disease. We utilized the superb model of CAD and MetS, the Ossabaw miniature swine, to investigate underlying mechanisms of CAD progression. We studied the influence of coronary epicardial adipose tissue (cEAT) and coronary smooth muscle cell (CSM) intracellular Ca2+ regulation on CAD progression. By surgical excision of cEAT from MetS Ossabaw, we observed an attenuation of CAD progression. This finding provides evidence for a link between local cEAT and CAD progression. Intracellular Ca2+ is a tightly regulated messenger in CSM that initiates contraction, translation, proliferation and migration. When regulation is lost, CSM dedifferentiate from their mature, contractile phenotype found in the healthy vascular wall to a synthetic, proliferative phenotype. Synthetic CSM are found in intimal plaque of CAD patients. We investigated the changes in intracellular Ca2+ signaling in enzymatically isolated CSM from Ossabaw swine with varying stages of CAD using the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator, fura-2. This time course study revealed heightened Ca2+ signaling in early CAD followed by a significant drop off in late stage calcified plaque. Coronary artery calcification (CAC) is a result of dedifferentiation into an osteogenic CSM that secretes hydroxyapatite in the extracellular matrix. CAC is clinically detected by computed tomography (CT). Microcalcifications have been linked to plaque instability/rupture and cannot be detected by CT. We used 18F-NaF positron emission tomography (PET) to detect CAC in Ossabaw swine with early stage CAD shown by mild neointimal thickening. This study validated 18F-NaF PET as a diagnostic tool for early, molecular CAC at a stage prior to lesions detectable by CT. This is the first report showing non-invasive PET resolution of CAC and CSMC Ca2+ dysfunction at an early stage previously only characterized by invasive cellular Ca2+ imaging.

Le but de cette étude était d'élucider les mécanismes biochimiques qui régulent les canaux K$\sp+$ de type (GK$\rm\sb{Ca}),$ impliqués dans le contrôle du tonus des muscles lisses des voies respiratoires (MLVR). Des mesures pharmacologiques ont permis de démontrer que le 3-morpholino-sydnonimine (SIN-1) relaxe des fragments de bronches de rat précontractées par 0.2 $\mu$M carbachol, de façon concentration-dépendante. Par contre, lorsque la contribution de la conductance potassique (GK) est éliminée, en présence de 135 mM KCl dans le milieu extracellulaire ou lorsque la guanylate cyclase soluble (GCs) est inhibée par 10 $\mu$M de bleu de méthylène (BM), l'effet relaxant du SIN-1 est moins efficace, ce qui suggère que le monoxyde d'azote (NO$\sp\cdot)\sp*$ pourrait activer plusieurs effecteurs pour induire son effet relaxant via deux voies: une voie dépendante du GMPc et une autre qui serait indépendante de ce messager. Un autre objectif envisagé était de démontrer que le NO avait un effet relaxant indépendant du GMPc, et qu'il pourrait être dû, en partie, à une activation directe des GK$\rm\sb{Ca}.$ Les tests pharmacologiques montrent que 100 nM de charybdotoxine (ChTX), un inhibiteur spécifique des GK$\rm\sb{Ca},$ changent la sensibilité des MLVR au SIN-1 lorsque la GCs est inhibée, ce qui indique que les GK$\rm\sb{Ca}$ pourraient être activées directement par le NO. Ces résultats ont été confirmés au niveau moléculaire, suite à la reconstitution des canaux dans les BLP. Le SIN-1 (NO), mais pas ses métabolites, active les GK$\rm\sb{Ca}$ avec une EC$\sb{50}$ évaluée à 30 $\mu$M SIN-1. Afin de vérifier le mode d'activation direct des GK$\rm\sb{Ca}$ par le NO, des expériences ont été réalisées en présence de 5 mM DTT, un agent réducteur qui empêche le NO d'activer les GK$\rm\sb{Ca},$ seulement lorsqu'il est ajouté du côté intracytoplasmique (trans) du canal. Ces résultats tendent à prouver que l'activation directe des GK$\rm\sb{Ca}$ des MLVR, résulterait d'une interaction du NO avec les groupements des chaînes latérales d'acides aminés, situés sur les boucles intracellulaires de la sous-unité $\alpha,$ selon un mécanisme de nitrosylation**. En revanche, le DTT n'est plus capable de renverser l'effet du NO, ce qui suggère l'implication de d'autres groupements autres que les SH avec lesquels interagit le NO. En conclusion, cette étude a permis de montrer, pour la première fois, que le NO pourrait augmenter la P$\rm\sb{o}$ des canaux K$\sp+$ de type GK$\rm\sb{Ca}$ des MLVR par un mécanisme indirect (phosphorylation) catalysée par la PKG en présence du GMPc et par une interaction directe (nitrosylation) avec la sous-unité $\alpha$ du canal, sans altérer la conductance ni la sensibilité du canal au Ca$\sp{2+}$ et au voltage, ce qui fait de ce type de canal un effecteur sensible et efficace dans le contrôle de la relaxation des MLVR Le NO dans un milieu biologique se trouve dans un état radicalaire NO actif. $\sp{**}$nitrosylation est un terme qui désigne l'interaction covalente entre le NO et les groupements SH des protéines. [Symboles non conformes]

Résumé : L’hypertension artérielle pulmonaire (HTAP) est une maladie rare dans laquelle les artères pulmonaires subissent un important remodelage et un recrutement de cellules proinflammatoires dans la paroi. Généralement les patients atteints sont diagnostiqués tardivement. Or, à son stade avancé, l’HTAP est irréversible. Aucun traitement actuel ne permet de soigner définitivement les patients. Nous émettons l’hypothèse que l’inflammation pourrait être à l’origine de plusieurs dysfonctions cellulaires et que sa résolution pourrait probablement prévenir l’HTAP. Deux modèles d’HTAP expérimentale ont été utilisés. Le premier met en jeu des artères pulmonaires humaines (APH) cultivées in vitro et rendues hyperréactives et sur lesquelles les effets des Résolvines D1 et E1 ainsi que leurs précurseurs respectifs ont été évalués. Le deuxième est un modèle in vivo bien connu de rats hypertendus à la monocrotaline (MCT) sur lesquels le rôle curatif du MAG-DHA (un monoacylglycéride de l’acide docosahexaénoïque) a été étudié quand l’HTAP est déjà installée. Les résultats démontrent que 24 h de prétraitement in vitro avec le TNFalpha, l’IL-6 ou l’ET-1 augmente la réactivité pharmaco-mécanique et la sensibilité au Ca2+ des APH stimulées avec 80 mM de KCl, 1 µM de 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 30 nM U-46619 et 1 µM de PDBu. En revanche, 300 nM de RvD1 ou de RvE1 ainsi que 1µM de MAG-DHA ou de MAG-EPA (monoacylglycéride de l’acide éicosapentaénoïque) renversent les effets induits par les traitements proinflammatoires et vasoconstricteurs. De plus, in vivo, il a été démontré que 7 jours de traitement avec le MAG-DHA peuvent permettre de résoudre le statut inflammatoire dans un modèle d’hypertension pulmonaire induite par la MCT chez le rat. Dans les deux modèles, l’expression de biomarqueurs inflammatoires (TNFalpha, COX-2, STAT3) et les niveaux de phosphorylation des activateurs nucléaires du remodelage tels que c-Fos, c-Jun, NFkB et MMP9 étaient augmentées par les traitements proinflammatoires. Cependant, les expériences d’immuno-buvardage montrent que la RvD1, la RvE1 et leurs précurseurs normalisaient les niveaux de détections de ces marqueurs de l’inflammation. En conclusion, l’ensemble des données montrent que les Résolvines D1 et E1 ainsi que leurs précurseurs sont des candidats efficaces pour résoudre l’inflammation induite pour prévenir l’hyperréactivité pharmacologique des artères pulmonaires. / Abstract : Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is rare disease characterized by an important remodelling and proinflammatory cells recruitement into the pulmonary artery wall. Because of the late diagnostic, the patient care is often performed when PH is at its irreversible and most severe stage. Unfortunatly, none of the actual treatments are able to cure the patients for the long term. We hypothesize that inflammation could be a major event at the origin of all the other cellular dysfunctions that characterise PH. Resolvins; metabolites from Oméga-3 could resolve inflammation and potentially prevent or reverse PH. In the present study, two models of PH have been used. The first one is an in vitro model involving cultured human pulmonary arteries (HPA) in which inflammatory or hyperreactive conditions have been induced to evaluate the effects of Resolvin D1 and E1 and their precursors. The second model is a well-known in vivo model of monocrotalineinduced PH in rats, treated with MAG-DHA (monoacylglyceride form of docosahexaenoic acid) to evaluate the curative ability of this compound to resolve the disease at its severe stage. Results show that 24-h pre-treatment with TNFα, IL-6 or ET-1 increased the reactivity and Ca2+ sensitivity of HPA as revealed by agonist challenges with: 80 mM KCl, 1 μM 5- hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 30 nM U-46619 and 1 μM PDBu. However, 300 nM RvD1 or RvE1, as well as 1 μM MAG-DHA or MAG-EPA (monoacylglyceride form of eicosapentaenoic acid) strongly reversed the over responsiveness induced by proinflammatory and hyperreactive treatments.Moreover, a 7-day treatment with MAG-DHA is able to resolve the inflammatory status in a rat model of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. In both models, the inflammatory status enhanced the expression of inflammatory biomarkers (TNF-α, COX-2, STAT-3) as well as the detection of MMP9 and phosphorylated nuclear factors such as P-c-Fos, P-c-Jun and P-NF-κB involved in the activation of wall remodeling. Hence, RvD1, RvE1 and their precursors normalized the expression of these inflammatory biomarkers. In conclusion, Resolvin D1 and E1 and their respective precursors MAG-DHA and MAGEPA could inhibit inflammation status to prevent and potentially cure pulmonary hypertension.

Résumé : Dans les maladies respiratoires chroniques, les propriétés biochimiques et mécaniques des muscles lisses des voies respiratoires (MLVR) ont été analysées, mais les modes d’action des médiateurs lipidiques endogènes dérivés des oméga-3 (époxy- ou polyhydroxy- éicosanoïdes) restent à clarifier. Mon travail de recherche a pour but de caractériser le rôle potentiel de monoacyglycéride de l’acide éicosapentaénoϊque (MAG-EPA) et de monoacylglycéride de l’acide docosahexaénoϊque (MAG-DHA) ainsi que leurs métabolites (acide 17,18-époxyéicosatétraénoϊque : 17,18-EpETE, résolvine D1 : RvD1), sur le statut inflammatoire et l’activité contractile des voies respiratoires mises en culture organoϊde avec des cytokines pro-inflammatoires. Sur des trachées de cobayes (TC) natives précontractées au U-46619 (agoniste du récepteur thromboxane prostanoϊde), le 17,18-EpETE relaxe les tissus de manière plus importante que son précurseur, le MAG-EPA. Dans les TC mises en culture pendant 3 jours, les niveaux de TNF-α ont augmenté dans les fractions microsomales par rapport aux trachées natives. Sur ces tissues cultivés et traités avec 0.3 µM 17,18-EpETE, une réduction de la sensibilité au Ca2+ a été démontrée. De plus, une diminution de niveaux de détection des P-p65-NFκB, c-fos et c-Jun a été quantifiée en présence de 17,18-EpETE et des inhibiteurs de PKC ou Rho kinase lorsque les TC sont préalablement traités par 10 ng/ml TNF-α. Les cytokines pro-inflammatoires (IL-13 et TNF-α, etc…) jouent un rôle majeur dans la physiopathologie de l’asthme. Le projet de bronchioles humaines évalue l’effet de la RvD1 et de ses précurseurs (MAG-DHA, MAG-DPA et 17(S)-HpDoHE) sur le statut inflammatoire et la bronchoréactivité, in vitro. Dans les bronchioles stimulées par l’IL-13 pendant 48 h, le MAG-DHA ainsi que ces métabolites diminuent l’activation de la voie TNF-α/NFκB et la sensibilité au Ca2+ des tissus prétraités avec l’IL-13 vers des niveaux proches des conditions contrôles. Dans les bronchioles prétraitées par le TNF-α, l’inflammation et l’hypersensibilité au Ca2+ sont abolies par 1 µM MAG-DPA. De plus, l’aspirine combinée au MAG-oméga-3 potentialise les effets inhibiteurs de ce dernier sur l’inflammation et l’hyperréactivité bronchique induite par les cytokines, tout en régulant à la hausse les niveaux de détection du GPR-32 (le récepteur de RvD1). En conclusion, les dérivés des oméga-3 à longue chaîne pourraient résoudre l’inflammation et contrer les causes de l’hyperréactivité bronchique (HRB). / Abstract : In chronic respiratory diseases, the biochemical and mechanical properties of airway smooth muscle were analyzed, but the mode of action of omega-3 derivatives (epoxy or polyhydroxy-eicosanoids) remains to be clarified. My research work aims to characterize the potential role of eicosapentaenoic acid monoacyglyceride (MAG-EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid monoacylglyceride (MAGDHA) and their bioactive metabolites (17,18-epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid: 17 18-EpETE, resolvin D1: RvD1) on the inflammatory status and the contractile activity of organcultured airway explants with pro-inflammatory cytokines. On 30 nM U-46619 (Thromboxane prostanoid receptor agonist) pre-contracted fresh guinea pig trachea, 17,18 EpETE displays a greater ability than its precursor, MAG-EPA to relax airways. In 72-h-cultured tracheal rings, TNF-α levels increase in the microsomal fractions when compared to native trachea. In cultured and pre-treated tracheal rings with 0.3 µM 17,18-EpETE, the Ca2+ hypersensitivity is alleviated in comparaison to 3 day cultured tracheal rings. In addition, the detection levels of P-NFκB, c-fos and c-Jun were abolished in the presence of 17,18-EpETE and PKC or Rho kinase inhibitors in short term-TNF-α- incubated tracheal rings. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-13, TNF-α, etc…) play a major role in asthma pathophysiology. The human bronchi project evaluates the effect of RvD1 and its precursors (MAG-DHA, MAG-DPA and 17 (S)-HpDoHE) on the inflammatory status and bronchial reactivity, in vitro. In IL-13 stimulated human bronchi for 48 h, the MAG-DHA and its metabolites decrease the activation of TNF-α / NFκB pathway and blunt the Ca2+ hypersensitivity triggered by IL-13. In TNF-α-pretreated human bronchi, airway inflammation and Ca2+ hypersensitivity are reversed by 1 µM MAG-DPA. Hence, aspirin combined with MAG-omega-3 potentiate the inhibitory effects of MAG-DHA on inflammation and bronchial hyperrresponsiveness triggered by pro-inflammatory cytokines, while upregulating the GPR-32 detection levels (RvD1 receptor). In conclusion, omega-3 derivatives could counteract the causes of airway hyperrresponsiveness (AHR).