Bibliography: leaves 510-533. / xx, 533 leaves : ill., map ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / "This study provides a comprehensive analysis of migrant trafficking in its different aspects and dimensions. It examines the nature, characteristics and magnitude, the causes, conditions and consequences of migrant trafficking, and the inadequacies of existing policies and legislation. It compiles, reviews and analyses existing and proposed legislation at national, regional and international levels. It forwards a set of specific proposals that can be woven into a coherent and comprehensive strategy to prevent and combat illegal migration and organised crime in Australia and the Asia Pacific region more effectively in the 21st century." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Law, 2002

No description available.

I use an instrumental variable approach to estimate the effect of excise taxes on cigarette smuggling. The IV approach addresses the potential endogeneity of excise taxes while controlling for other determinants of smuggling. I use panel data on 47 states from 1990-2009. The main results confirm the validity of the instrument, the percent of Democrats in the upper house of state legislatures, but do not reject exogeneity of excise taxes. Robustness tests using an alternative measure of cigarette smuggling find the opposite result. All models find that per capita income and the number of federal police per 100,000 residents are significant determinants of smuggling.

ABSTRACT Over the past 40 years, the economic development has enabled our country to shift from an agriculture-based society to an industry & commerce-based one. In recent years, we have even been ranked one of leading countries involved in external trade. Of the island-type economy, our country highly relies on import to provide the goods which we fail to produce or afford. To ensure our security, maintain the economic order and public interest, and be in line with international trade norms, the government often formulates a variety of measures to control the people¡¦s economic activities. As the enforcement of control strategy narrows the imported goods, the smuggling becomes an access to seeking the substantial profit. That gives rise to more and more rampant smuggling in our country. In response to the economic development, social pattern, market needs and entry into WTO, we have sharply changed both customs policy and tariff rate structure. Moreover, large quantities of articles smuggled are transformed from the past foods, Chinese herbal medicines, textiles and cosmetics to nowaday wine & tobaccos, agricultural products, high-tech products, poisons and weapons, and the way of smuggling, from crew member to container and fishing boat. The act of smuggling constitutes economic crime, which is the part of underground economic activities. The activity of smuggling disrupts the domestic order of economy, destroys the governmental policy of control and influences the income of tariff. The smuggling of poisons and weapons even endangers the people¡¦s health, social safety and national security. The damage resulting from smuggling crime is far more serious than other criminality. Thus, it is the most urgent to analyze the factors contributing to smuggling and further put forth the management strategy for the government¡¦s reference. In this study, I first gather the major cases of smugglers arrested over the past years, then make use of the approaches such as documentary analysis, deep interview and empirical analysis to analyze the factors contributing to smuggling and next focus upon the factors to explore the management strategy of smuggling and submit the proposal. The results of research reveals that the primary factors contributing to smuggling are inclusive of high tax rate structure, the governmental enforcement of control and the existence of underground economic market. In addition, the governmental poor execution and lack of anti-smuggling manpower and equipment enable the smuggling activities to increase. According to the empirical analysis, if the coefficient for the impact of smuggling act happening during the preceding first and second terms on current smuggling act indicates positive, the learning effect of smuggling act occurring during the preceding first and second terms exists but is not so conspicuous. The coefficient of criminal case uncovering rate is negative, meaning if the uncovering rate is high, the smuggling act will reduce but the degree of influence is unconspicuous. Furthermore, the coefficient for the impact of police administration expenses incurred during the preceding first, second and fourth terms on the current expense is positive, signifying the learning effect of police administration expense exists but is conspicuous for the preceding first term with the coefficient of over 5%. The coefficient of average real income per capita is positive but unconspicuous. That signifies police administration expense is affected by income as well but the degree of influence is unconspicuous. Research comes to the conclusion that the government should measure the domestic productivity and market needs to moderately lift the ban on more smuggled goods or lower tax rate and work out rent seeking problem arising from control or high tax rate through the economic means. Besides, the government should list the budget for arresting smugglers to strengthen educational training for anti-smuggling personnel, improve anti-smuggling equipment, properly amend the statutes to heighten the penalty of smuggling crime, map out the measures for arresting smugglers, apply the strategic management model to strategic planning, strategic implementation, strategic assessment, strategic review and amendment in order to exert the anti-smuggling effect to a great extent and restrain the act of smuggling.

published_or_final_version / Politics and Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Harvard University, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references.

Στην έρευνα αναλύεται η νοθεία και το λαθρεμπόριο κατά τη διακίνηση των πετρελαιοειδών, πως οι επιπτώσεις επηρεάζουν τα έσοδα του ελληνικού δημοσίου και τα συμφέροντα του ιδιωτικού τομέα. Πως αντιλαμβάνονται τη διαφθορά αυτή οι πολίτες χρήστες των πετρελαιοειδών και οι εταιρείες διακίνησης τους και τέλος τρόποι για την εξυγίανση του φαινομένου αυτού. / -

Abstract The theme of my research is spirits smuggling and its control on the northern coast of the Gulf of Bothnia during the prohibition. Smuggling is a crime in which required orders of importing and exporting goods are not followed. This research concentrates on the import of spirits (smuggling) and smuggling of spirits in the mainland. The research does not focus on other crimes against the prohibition such as selling, possession, storage and production of spirits. In this research I concentrate on smuggling as a social phenomenon. One of the most crucial questions in the research is to clarify how spirits smuggling was practised, by whom and why. The intention is to show how people tried to conceal the activity and how smuggling changed during the prohibition. I will also bring out how smuggling was seen in the work of the authorities and in life in general in the area in question. I present the smugglers according to their profession, age and place of domicile. In this way I try to draw up a picture of a "typical" smuggler during the prohibition. In the same context I debate what made people break the law so widely and in such a fragrant way? After the prohibition came into force spirits smuggling started quite slowly at the bottom of the Gulf of Bothnia. In 1924 the railways lost their position as the most important smuggling route. Maritime routes and spirits ships took their position. The main reason for this change was that bigger amounts of spirits could be brought to the region and could be delivered to other parts in the North of Finland. Because smuggling had moved to sea smugglers were obliged to think of good hiding places for spirits due to the great amounts of spirits. The sea and the islands were utilized in hiding the spirits. In the first years of the prohibition the proportion of local inhabitants was rather small. A typical smuggler was a worker under 30 years of age, from Helsinki, carrying some 20 litres of spirits. Together with the spirits ships smuggling changed into the hands of local people, because they were well acquainted with the sea, the islands and the shores of their region. The biggest vocational group of smugglers was that of working men. Economic profit both for the carrier and the boss was a great temptation for smuggling. There were great difficulties in controlling the prohibition immediately after the law had come into force. The attitude of the people becomes the biggest problem. General opinion did not consider prohibition necessary. Part of the citizens even favoured the actions of smugglers. The reason for this was their need of spirits.

This study examines specific cases of irregular trade during the final decades of Swedish Pomerania with help of case material from the city archives in Stralsund and Wismar, as well as contemporary newspaper advertisements from Stralsundische Zeitung, and reflects those in the light of prevalence of overall factors for smuggling, namely the impact of globalization, the grade of organization of a national economy, economic borders and relationship to the Swedish state, as well as modern consump-tion, and the inclination of the individual smuggler. An imbalance both within itself and in comparison with neighboring emerging national states, as a result of weak economic state power in combination with Swedish support for Swedish-Pomeranian sea trade, turned Swedish Pomerania into a smuggler’s haven.

The thesis aims to investigate the role of human smuggling in migration, and specifically, the part played by the figure of the facilitators. The study was conducted through qualitative research based on semi-structured interviews: six people who reached Europe through the assistance of smugglers were interviewed in three different countries – Germany, Italy and Sweden. The data collected reflects the opinions, experiences, and the perspectives of the migrants. Accordingly, the data is interpreted through the Rational Choice Theory that focuses on the micro-level angle, and the concept of border which intends to research the phenomenon from a macro-level viewpoint. The findings revealed that smugglers play a crucial role in migration allowing the border-crossing for those migrants who do not have regular means to travel. I suggest that smugglers renegotiate the concept of border which becomes more fluid and permeable.