自1989年來兩岸交流已十餘年，雖意識形態之對立未能有效改善，但經貿交流卻高潮迭起。中共在經貿方面所以對台採開放策略，自有其政治考量，中共官方無非希望藉兩岸緊密交流，而最終目的在於未來能透過經濟來整合台灣。惟在兩岸熱絡經貿互動過程中，衍生了不少犯罪問題；如偷渡、通緝逃犯、海上糾紛、走私等等。本論文以探討走私問題為主軸，尤其對兩岸槍械、毒品走私為研究之重點。 　　走私是經濟犯罪之一環，以台灣海島國家而言，其方法不外乎空運夾帶、漁船交易、貨櫃走私三大類。而其中以貨櫃走私數量上最龐大、危害性最嚴重、查緝上難度最高。本論文以相關走私犯罪理論來印證走私犯罪之模式，並以文獻探討及深度訪談來瞭解貨櫃走私之特性、手法及尋求突破防制策略，以期望將貨櫃走私犯罪控制在社會可以接受的程度。使兩岸經貿交流中，對危害國家安全的槍械、毒品及大宗經濟物品之走私犯罪行為，能有效的打擊及防制。 　　兩岸即將加入ＷＴＯ，目前兩岸經貿及交流障礙因素將可望逐漸掃除，可預期將再造兩岸經貿交流的高峰。相對的，亦將對台灣本島的政治、經濟、社會、治安衍生很大的變化，並對台灣方面帶來嚴重的挑戰。其中，隨著兩岸經貿交流的擴大，兩岸往來貨櫃數量勢必暴增，而隱藏走私犯罪將更為猖獗、氾濫。將使我政府當局面臨嚴重的考驗。因此；本論文乃根據文獻探討與深度訪談之結果，擬定三大防制策略，即消極性的防堵策略、積極性的查緝作為、科學的新安檢措施。細節雖有些繁瑣，但每一環節均為貨櫃安檢及查緝工作的小螺絲釘，而且是安檢先進的經驗傳承。本論文經一年之前期準備及半年餘思索繕寫，方能順利完成；內容包括： 第一章：緒論，包括研究動機、目的與方法。 第二章：走私犯罪相關理論基礎與貨櫃安檢制度沿革等文獻探討。 第三章：1989年後兩岸所衍生之走私現況探討與兩岸緝私制度比較。 第四章：貨櫃走私犯罪之原因特性模式探討與實證研究。 第五章：兩岸加入WTO後預期貨櫃走私型態之變化。 第六章：擬定具體可行之貨櫃走私防制策略。 第七章：結論，包括研究檢討與未來願景。 / The exchange between strait has started for more than ten years. However, in the process of active commercial interaction between strait, many criminal problems derive from the interaction, such as sea dispute and smuggling. This thesis majorly focuses on the issue of smuggling, especially the gun and drug smuggling between strait. 　　Smuggling is a type of economic crime, which includes smuggling through air cargo fishing boat exchange and container smuggling. The container smuggling is the most numerous and jeopardous one, and it is extremely difficult to investigate. The thesis examines the smuggling practice with relevant theories. It also includes comprehensive study on relevant articles and discussion which help to understand the means, nature and characters of above-mentioned smuggling. With the above approaches, the study anticipates to find an effective smuggling preventing strategy, which can control the smuggling under an acceptable degree of society. Furthermore, the thesis anticipates to afford a powerful attack and effective prevention on smuggling. 　　Both Taiwan and mainland China will accession to WTO in a near future , the obstacles will be removed. As a result, the high tide of trade and exchange between strait will appear. Therefore, due to the growing number of container transportation , the case of smuggling will increase. It's predictable that, the relevant governmental authority will face a difficult trial. Based on the comprehensive article research and investigation, the thesis encompasses three proposed preventing strategies, namely the negative blocking strategy, positive investigation strategy and new scientific security measures. With years of preparation and composing. contents including： 1. Abstract 2. Comprehensive article research and investigation 3. Discussion about current situation on smuggling between straits after 1989 4. Discussion about, the model of crime on container smuggling 5. The predictable change of container smuggling between straits after entering WTO 6. Prevention strategy 7. Conclusion

This paper analyzes the effectiveness of Sino-U.S. governmental law enforcement cooperation to combat human smuggling. A history of bilateral law enforcement cooperation against human smuggling is presented, with emphasis given to the period since 1993. U.S. immigration statistics, along with statistics from the U.S. Coast Guard, are presented as a measure of the success of law enforcement efforts. In the analysis that follows, identification is made of factors that seem to have hindered and obstructed, or promoted and advanced Sino-U.S. law enforcement cooperation. This study finds that sudden shifts in the macroclimate of Sino-U.S. relations may positively or adversely affect cooperation on law enforcement matters, including human smuggling. In the current case, bilateral cooperation against human smuggling has been advanced by spillover effects of convergent Sino-U.S. counterterrorism interests that occurred in the wake of September 11. Next, it is found that the creation of formal bilateral institutions for law enforcement cooperation since 1997 has facilitated improved effectiveness in Sino-U.S. work against human smuggling.. Finally, this study finds that the effectiveness of bilateral law enforcement cooperation against human smuggling has been substantially undermined by the inability of the two sides to maintain an effective repatriation-based deterrent against human smuggling.

The borders of the twenty-first century come in many forms and are performed by an increasing number of actors in a broad variety of places, both within and beyond the territories of nation-states. This thesis sets out a detailed political geography of how borders operate to reconcile the often conflicting demands of open markets and security. Focusing on Ghana, where there is a widespread fear that the inflow of Chinese versions of African prints will lead to the collapse of the local textile industry, the study explores where and when borders are enforced, who performs them and what kinds of borders are enacted in order to maintain and protect the Ghanaian nation and market without compromising the country’s status as a liberal economy. It combines interviews and documentary sources with analysis drawn from border, security and migration studies to explore three sets of spatial strategies that have defined the Ghanaian approach to the perceived threat of Chinese African prints. They are the institution of a single corridor for African print imports, the anti-counterfeiting raids carried out in Ghana’s marketplaces, and the promotion of garments made from locally produced textiles as office wear through the National Friday Wear and Everyday Wear programmes. These strategies stretch, disperse and embody the borders of the state or nation to control trade in ways that resolve the fears of both open flows and closed borders. This thesis thus seeks to show how a geographical analysis can clarify the specificities of how borders now work to control mobility. In doing so, it not only unsettles conventional assumptions about what borders are and where they are supposed to be located, but also the idea that borders primarily are used to constrain the mobility of certain people while facilitating economic flows. Furthermore, this thesis adds to the understanding of the variety of responses to the inflow of Chinese consumer products to the African continent.

Many contemporary states and historic political entities walled their borders stressing the idea that these barriers would protect their homelands from external threats and thus, achieve security. Although this security argument has prevailed, the political science literature fails to offer a systematic empirical examination of the relationship between barriers and cross-border threats. This research attempts to bridge this gap by answering the question: What are the actual security outcomes of physical barriers on borders? And thus, under what conditions do barriers succeed/fail to achieve security? This paper posits that, in some cases, building barriers on borders to stop non-state actors’ attacks escalate conflict. It demonstrates that when militants have supply institutions, they will manage to increase their attacks and shift to new tactics despite the barrier. It also studies the Israeli Gaza Strip Fence and offers an analysis based on patterns of the relationships between features of the barrier and the Gaza attacks. these patterns are derived from a quantitative dataset built by the researcher and are also supplemented by qualitative data about the case. / text

We analyze an interdiction problem in which a nuclear-material smuggler can traverse the rail and road ports of entry (POEs) along the Mexican and Canadian borders of the United States. Our objective is to determine the optimal locations of a limited number of transparent and non-transparent assets so as to minimize the smuggler’s total probability of evasion, from origin to destination. We choose origins in Mexico and Canada and give the smuggler a diverse set of destinations to choose from. Our analysis aims to provide a complete prioritization and picture of the threat at Mexican and Canadian POEs, leading to insight into practical locations for transparent and non-transparent assets. / text

The goal of a network interdiction problem is to model competitive decision-making between two parties with opposing goals. The simplest interdiction problem is a bilevel model consisting of an 'adversary' and an interdictor. In this setting, the interdictor first expends resources to optimally disrupt the network operations of the adversary. The adversary subsequently optimizes in the residual interdicted network. In particular, this dissertation considers an interdiction problem in which the interdictor places radiation detectors on a transportation network in order to minimize the probability that a smuggler of nuclear material can avoid detection. A particular area of interest in stochastic network interdiction problems (SNIPs) is the application of so-called prioritized decision-making. The motivation for this framework is as follows: In many real-world settings, decisions must be made now under uncertain resource levels, e.g., interdiction budgets, available man-hours, or any other resource depending on the problem setting. Applying this idea to the stochastic network interdiction setting, the solution to the prioritized SNIP (PrSNIP) is a rank-ordered list of locations to interdict, ranked from highest to lowest importance. It is well known in the operations research literature that stochastic integer programs are among the most difficult optimization problems to solve. Even for modest levels of uncertainty, commercial integer programming solvers can have difficulty solving models such as PrSNIP. However, metaheuristic and large-scale mathematical programming algorithms are often effective in solving instances from this class of difficult optimization problems. The goal of this doctoral research is to investigate different methods for modeling and solving SNIPs (optimization) and PrSNIPs (prioritization via optimization). We develop a number of different prioritized and unprioritized models, as well as exact and heuristic algorithms for solving each problem type. The mathematical programming algorithms that we consider are based on row and column generation techniques, and our heuristic approach uses adaptive tabu search to quickly find near-optimal solutions. Finally, we develop a group of hybrid algorithms that combine various elements of both classes of algorithms. / text

My dissertation, From Vaqueros to Mafiosos: A Community History of Drug Trafficking in Rural South Texas is an ethnographic study of the impact of the drug trade in South Texas, with a specific focus on Starr County. This dissertation examines drug trafficking along the U.S-Mexico Border at two levels of analysis. First, through historical ethnography, I provide a cultural history of South Texas, as well as a specific history of drug trafficking in Starr County. In doing so, I highlight the different trafficking practices that emerge throughout South Texas’ history, and I document the social changes that develop in Starr County as a result of these illicit practices. The second half of my dissertation, however, is devoted to a contemporary analysis of the impact of the drug trade on the border region by analyzing important social practices in Starr County relating to drug abuse, policing and the criminal justice system, youth socialization and family life. Through ethnography I present the devastating effects of the drug trade and border policing on this Mexican American border community in rural South Texas. / text

We analyze an interdiction problem in which a nuclear-material smuggler can traverse multiple transportation networks, wherein each edge has an indigenous probability of evasion. Our objective is to determine the optimal locations of a limited number of radiation detectors at United States ports of entry across multiple networks (maritime, road and rail) so as to minimize the smuggler's total probability of evasion, from origin to destination. We choose geographically diverse potential origins and give the smuggler freedom to move across and between transportation networks. Further, we consider two different models of smuggler behavior in this context. Our analysis aims to provide a complete prioritization and picture of the threat at all ports of entry, leading to insight into good practical locations for detectors. / text

A hypothetical smuggling of material suitable for a nuclear weapon is known as a threat scenario. There is a considerable effort by the U.S. government to reduce this threat by placing radiation detectors at key interdiction points around the world. These detectors provide deterrence and defense against smuggling attempts by scanning vehicles, ships, and pedestrians for threat objects. Formulating deployment strategies for these detectors within the global transportation network requires an understanding of the complex interactions between the attributes of a smuggler and the detection systems. These strategies are rooted in the continued development of novel detection systems and alarm algorithms. Radiation transport simulation provides a means for characterizing detection system response to threat scenarios. However, this task is computationally expensive with existing radiation transport codes. Furthermore, the degrees of freedom in smuggler and threat scenario attributes create a large, constantly evolving problem space. Previous research has demonstrated that decomposing the scenario into independently simulated components using Green's functions can simulate photon detector signals with coarse energy resolution. This dissertation presents a general form of this approach, applicable to a wide range of threat scenarios through physics enhancements and numerical treatments for high energy resolution photon transport, neutron transport, and time dependent transport. While each Green's function implicitly captures the full transport phase-space within each component, these new methods ensure that this information is preserved between components. As a result, detector signals produced from full forward transport simulations can be replicated within 20% while requiring multiple orders of magnitude less computation time. This capability is presented as a general threat scenario simulation platform which can efficiently model a large problem space while preserving the full radiation transport phase-space. / text

Ekonominiai nusikaltimai, tokie kaip kontrabanda ar neteisėtas prekių ar produkcijos neišvežimas iš Lietuvos Respublikos, daro didelę žalą, Lietuvos Respublikos bei visos Europos Sąjungos finansų sistemai. Šių nusikaltimų darymu siekiama išvengti privalomų mokėti mokesčių, siekiant prekes realizuoti vietinėje rinkoje mažesnėmis kainomis. Taip daroma žala teisėtai veikiančioms ir mokesčius mokančioms įmonėms. Siekiant asmenį patraukti baudžiamojon atsakomybėn, būtina jo veikoje nustatyti visus nusikalstamos veikos, numatytos LRBK specialiosios dalies dispozicijoje, objektyviuosius ir subjektyviuosius požymius. Nenustačius asmens veikoje nors vieno iš būtinų LRBK 199 ar 200 straipsniuose numatytų nusikaltimų požymių, asmuo negali būti traukiamas baudžiamojon atsakomybėn už kontrabandą ar neteisėtą prekių ar produkcijos neišvežimą iš Lietuvos Respublikos. Šiame darbe aptariami LRBK 199 ir 200 straipsniuose numatyti nusikaltimų požymiai, kurie yra svarbūs baudžiamosios atsakomybės kilimui už kontrabandą ar neteisėtą prekių ar produkcijos neišvežimą iš Lietuvos Respublikos, ir kurių tinkamas inkriminavimas praktikoje yra problematiškas. / Economical crimes, such as smuggling or illegal non-exportation of goods or production from the territory of the Republic of Lithuania, causes substantial losses to the financial system of the Republic of Lithuania and European Union. Such crimes are committed with the aim to avoid payable taxes, thus selling goods in the market at lower prices. Such activity causes losses for legally operating companies, which pay all the taxes. In order to have the grounds for prosecution, it is essential to determine objective and subjective evidences of criminal act defined in the disposition of the special part of Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania (CCRL). The person cannot be prosecuted for smuggling and illegal non-exportation of goods and production from the Republic of Lithuania, when even one of the prerequisite evidences of criminal act, which are defined in articles 199 or 200 of CCRL, is not identified in the person’s activity. In this topic the evidences of criminal act, which are defined in articles 199 and 200 of CCRL and which are important for initiating prosecution for smuggling and illegal non-exportation of goods and production from the Republic of Lithuania, as well as the problems arising with proper incrimination of these evidences, are discussed.