The purpose of the thesis is to challenge the traditional division between securitization and humanitarian practices in relation to migration, more specifically smuggling of migrants. Based on Nina Perkowski’s study of the relationship between humanitarianism, human rights and security and her theoretical division between paternalistic and emancipatory humanitarianism, these two interpretations have been further developed in this study, substantiated by Agamben, Foucault and Butler (among others), and produced as two idealtypes. These idealtypes give a more nuanced picture of the relation between paternalistic and emancipatory humanitarianism, and how the paternalistic one interacts with securitization to protect Europe as a sovereign entity. Two research-questions are analyzed through idea-analysis as the textual analytic method to make visible the different ideas in the material.  The thesis finds that EU in its problematization of migrant smuggling have a paternalistic approach and how this approach enables for securitization of migrant smuggling and irregular migration to protect human life. But is human life the only thing EU intends to protect? The results for instance show how externalization of borders, cooperation with countries of origin and information campaigns for migrants, all serve security purposes with the European union as the referent-object.

AbstraktKat är en växt som växer i Östra Afrika och Jemen och används som njutningsmedel. För att uppnå dess optimala effekt tuggar användaren dess blad och stjälkar för att sedan svälja dem. En kattuggarsession kan i genomsnitt pågå i flera timmar. Kat orsakar bl.a. sömnlöshet, euforisk känsla, vanföreställningar och hyperaktivitet. Historiskt sett har kat använts av vissa religiösa grupper, speciellt de som kallas sufier för att meditera och vara vaken i sina ritualer under nätterna. På senare tid har katanvändningen blivit mer vanlig i somaliska samhällen, vilket har lett till att många uttryckt oro över katkonsumtionen. I Sverige är kat narkotikaklassad sedan 1989, dess innehav kan leda till fängelse, böter eller bådadera. Trots det använder många somalier, särskilt män, som bor i Sverige kat dagligen. Bland dessa finns ungdomar under 26 år som också använder kat. Syftet med denna studie är att med hjälp av en kvalitativ metod undersöka hur det kom sig att dessa ungdomar lockats av kat och i så fall vilka de bakomliggande orsakerna är som kan ligga till grund till att de har börjat tugga kat i tidig ålder. Studien innehåller intervjuer med fyra manliga ungdomar där de berättar sin livshistoria, familj, bakgrund och utbildning. Undersökningen visar att det är föräldrars oförmåga samt myndigheter som inte har gjort tillräckligt för att uppmärksamma kattproblematiken som har föranlett att dessa ungdomar blivit offer för katkonsumtion. Föräldrarna har brustit i sin föräldraroll genom att inte upptäcka ungdomars katkonsumtion i god tid men också en bristande kännedom angående var ungdomarna befinner sig och med vilka de umgås med. Myndigheterna har å sin sida misslyckats med sitt ansvar genom att underskatta användningen av kat bland somaliska ungdomar i Malmö samt omfattningen av dess kliniska, ekonomiska och sociala problem. / AbstractKhat is a plant that grows in East Africa and Yemen which has been used as a stimulant for a long time. To achieve its optimum effect users chew its leaves and stems, and then swallow them. A Khat chewing session can approximately last for several hours. Khat causes amongst other things insomnia, euphoric feeling, delusion and hyperactivity. Historically, Khat has been used by some religious groups especially those called Sufis in order to meditate and stay awake during their rituals at night. As Khat use became more common in the Somali communities in recent times its economic and social problems has also become evident. This has led to many expressing their concerns over Khat consumption. In Sweden, Khat has been classified as a drug since 1989. Its possession can lead to imprisonment, fine or both. Nonetheless it is used by many Somalis who live in Sweden, especially males, on a daily basis. Among these are young people under the age of 26 who also use and has been using it for several years. The purpose of my study was through a qualitative approach examine how it was that these young people were attracted by Khat, and if so, what are the underlying reasons that can be the basis for why they have started chewing Khat at an early age. The study contains interviews with four male youth, where they told amongst other things their own life history, family background and education. The result of the study shows that it is the parents' inability and the authorities that have not made enough to pay attention to Khat problems that have led to these young people becoming victims of Khat consumption. The parents have failed in their parental role by not discovering their teenagers´ Khat consumption at an appropriate time. In addition, they knew little of their whereabouts and with whom they were associated with. The authorities have on their side failed in their responsibility by underestimating the use of Khat among Somali youth living in Malmö and the extent of its social, economical and clinical implications.

Drug trafficking and smuggling is an ongoing challenge for law enforcement agencies. Cocaine smuggling is a high-value pursuit for smugglers and has been attempted using a variety of concealment methods including the use of bottled liquids, canned milk, wax and suspensions in cans of beer. In particular, traffickers have used clothing impregnated with cocaine for smuggling. Handling, transportation or re-packaging of drugs of abuse and explosives will inevitably leave residual material on the clothing and other possessions of the involved persons. The nails and skin of the person may also be contaminated through the handling of these substances. This research study describes the development of Raman spectroscopic techniques for the detection of drugs of abuse and explosives on biomaterials of forensic relevance including undyed natural and synthetic fibres and dyed textile specimens, nail and skin. Confocal Raman microscopy has been developed and evaluated for the detection and identification of particulates of several drugs of abuse and explosives on different substrates. The results show that excellent spectroscopic discrimination can be achieved between single particles and substrate materials, giving a ubiquitous non-destructive approach to the analysis of pico-gram quantities of the drugs and explosives in-situ. Isolating the particle in this way corresponds with an analytical sensitivity comparable with the most sensitive analytical techniques currently available e.g. the highly sensitive, yet destructive ionization desorption mass spectrometry. With the confocal Raman approach, this work demonstrates that definitive molecular-specific information can be achieved within seconds without significant interference from the substrate. The potential for the application of this technique as a rapid preliminary, forensic screening procedure is obvious and attractive to non-specialist operators as it does not involve prior chemical pretreatment ii or detachment of the analyte from the substrate. As a result, evidential materials can be analysed without compromising their integrity for future investigation. Also, the applications of benchtop and portable Raman spectroscopy for the in-situ detection of drugs of abuse in clothing impregnated with the drugs have been demonstrated. Raman spectra were obtained from a set of undyed natural and synthetic fibres and dyed textiles impregnated with these drugs. The spectra were collected using three Raman spectrometers; one benchtop dispersive spectrometer coupled to a fibre-optic probe and two portable spectrometers. High quality spectra of the drugs could be acquired in-situ within seconds and without any sample preparation or alteration of the evidential material. A field-portable Raman spectrometer is a reliable instrument that can be used by emergency response teams to rapidly identify unknown samples. This method lends itself well to further development for the in-situ examination by law enforcement officers of items associated with users, handlers and suppliers of drugs of abuse in the forensics arena. In the last section of this study, a portable prototype Raman spectrometer ( DeltaNu Advantage 1064) equipped with 1064 nm laser excitation has been evaluated for the analysis of drugs of abuse and explosives. The feasibility of the instrument for the analysis of the samples both as neat materials and whilst contained in plastic and glass containers has been investigated. The advantages, disadvantages and the analytical potential in the forensics arena of this instrument have been discussed. / Egyptian Government and Sohag University

This thesis assesses the governance of irregular migration and the practicalities of human smuggling in southern Algeria. It looks at the drivers, functionalities and institutions governing irregular migration and human smuggling in Algeria’s south and along its borders with Mali and Niger. After a brief overview of the history of irregular migration in the Sahara, the study analyses the mechanics and instruments through which the Algerian authorities manage irregular migration. It shows that they often attempt to play a balancing act between enforcing a hard security agenda while taking into account the role of the irregular migration economy for borderland people. Moreover, the thesis offers a micro assessment of migrant strategies and smugglers' modus operandi in the villages and cities along Algeria's borders with Mali and Niger, drawing from extensive fieldwork conducted across the region. Human smuggling appears to be a highly 'regulated activity' through a network of rules shared between the borderland actors. The study presents the features associated with the politics of informal rules of human smuggling, portraying them as contingent on their political and security environment. Finally, the research develops a chapter on the daily lives of migrants in the city of Tamanrasset, Algeria's southern main city, showing how migrants' presence shapes the city's character. It looks in particular at how lodging places, known locally as 'foyers', play an essential role in a migrant's life trajectory. Moreover, the research analyses the complex relationship between smugglers and migrants, notably via the activities of former smugglers ('passeurs') who became owners of 'foyers', playing a critical social role for new migrants.

Over the summer, I had the opportunity to volunteer for a non-profit organization in California called CHIRLA (Coalition for Human Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles). My involvement with this organization has opened my eyes to the reality of the current immigration problem between the United States and Mexico. So much disparity is evident along the border. On one side stands the United States- a hegemonic country that encompasses a stable economy, well-built infrastructures, and political clout. On the southern side of the border stands Mexico- a country that has suffered from the lack of development and years of economic crisis. How can two countries, separated by only a border, be so different in their political, social, and economical features? This question has ignited my interest in researching the relations between Mexico and the United States, as their close geographical relationship has significant implications on their economic, political, and social settings. Recent concerns about U.S.-Mexico relations have escalated, as the issue of illegal immigration has made its way to the priority list of both Mexican and American political leaders. Never before has the concern to end drug trafficking and to decrease the number of illegal immigrants seemed to have been so publicly scrutinized. The international community has also been giving more attention to violation of human rights in developing countries, specifically in the labor sector. Relations between the United States and its close neighbor, Mexico, will continue to exist and deeply impact both countries and their populations. Policy choices and economic decisions will be affected, as well as people's lives--creating a sensitive environment that may be vulnerable to conflict. However, it is undeniable that the United States needs Mexico as much as Mexico needs the United States. U.S.-Mexico relations will only continue to be affected by illegal immigration, human rights violations, and drug trafficking. The time is now to strengthen our relations with our neighbor in order to build a unified force against the dangers lurking on both sides of the border. The U.S.-Mexico border covers 2,000 miles, encompassing four American and six Mexican states. Over the years, the relationship between the two countries has become one of strong interdependence. My thesis will explore the deep connections between the economies and societies of the United States and Mexico. Regardless of the disagreements and challenges they encountered, the U.S. and Mexico indeed share a history. This history connects both nations, inevitably making one dependent on the other. The United States heavily relies on other countries for resources, especially from its neighboring country. However, the dependence of Mexico on the United States is much higher. The United States, being a world power, undoubtedly has an economic advantage over Mexico, a country that continues to suffer from domestic political and economic problems. My thesis will introduce the current political, social, and economical state of Mexico and how it is being affected by its relationship with the United States. My. argument is that even though Mexico continues to demonstrate cooperation at the border, problems with income inequality, illegal immigration, illegal drugs, and human rights violations will still remain a crucial setback in the relationship between United States and Mexico.

The financial link in the process of illegal immigration is a little researched domain in the literature. This research is the first exploratory study to examine the role of Chinese-operated informal fund transfer systems in the U.S. in the lives of Chinese illegal migrant workers and their families who remained in China. The primary source of data was in-depth interviews with thirty illegal immigrants in New York City and Philadelphia. The findings show that the emergence of underground banks in the U.S. coincided with the largest waves of Chinese illegal immigrants smuggled into the U.S. since the later 1980s. They served as a preferred means of fund transfer among Chinese illegals due to their unique service, not necessarily because of the clients' illegal status, or any coercive actions by human smuggling groups. Through inductive analysis based on the narrative data, this research is able to trace the trajectory of the evolution of Chinese underground banks over the past decades. The evidence seems to suggest an indirect role played by these illegal fund transfer systems in sustaining transnational illegal labor migration achieved through human smuggling. The research also suggests a declining importance of underground banks and a shift away from their use toward legitimate fund transfer channels among Chinese illegal immigrants since the mid-1990s and a seemingly new role of formal institutions in filling in the vacancy left by underground banks. Finally, the findings suggest that underground banks may have been forced to and have adapted to a narrower and more illicit use. / Criminal Justice

We describe a stochastic network interdiction problem in which an interdictor, subject to limited resources, installs radiation detectors at border checkpoints in a transportation network in order to minimize the probability that a smuggler of nuclear material can traverse the residual network undetected. The problems are stochastic because the smuggler's origin-destination pair, the mass and type of material being smuggled, and the level of shielding are known only through a probability distribution when the detectors are installed. We consider three variants of the problem. The first is a Stackelberg game which assumes that the smuggler chooses a maximum-reliability path through the network with full knowledge of detector locations. The second is a Cournot game in which the interdictor and the smuggler act simultaneously. The third is a "hybrid" game in which only a subset of detector locations is revealed to the smuggler. In the Stackelberg setting, the problem is NP-complete even if the interdictor can only install detectors at border checkpoints of a single country. However, we can compute wait-and-see bounds in polynomial time if the interdictor can only install detectors at border checkpoints of the origin and destination countries. We describe mixed-integer programming formulations and customized branch-and-bound algorithms which exploit this fact, and provide computational results which show that these specialized approaches are substantially faster than more straightforward integer-programming implementations. We also present some special properties of the single-country case and a complexity landscape for this family of problems. The Cournot variant of the problem is potentially challenging as the interdictor must place a probability distribution over an exponentially-sized set of feasible detector deployments. We use the equivalence of optimization and separation to show that the problem is polynomially solvable in the single-country case if the detectors have unit installation costs. We present a row-generation algorithm and a version of the weighted majority algorithm to solve such instances. We use an exact-penalty result to formulate a model in which some detectors are visible to the smuggler and others are not. This may be appropriate to model "decoy" detectors and detector upgrades. / text

L'enjeu de l'étude est de saisir l'organisation du marché russe des modes françaises au XVIIIe-XIXe siècles, d'analyser son évolution et les facteurs dont il est tributaire. Créée artificiellement par les lois vestimentaires de Pierre le Grand, la demande pour les toilettes européennes devient naturelle dans le contexte de la gallomanie. Cependant, la consommation reste principalement étroite et aristocratique en raison de la valeur élevée des produits de mode importés. Pour les fabricants français, la Russie représente un débouché incontournable qui consomme une partie importante des soieries et autres articles de mode. Le marché russe ne se résume pas aux exportations directes indiquées dans statistiques qui sous-estiment son importance, il englobe également un vaste trafic indirect qui transite via l'Allemagne, mais aussi les flux illégaux. L'importation considérable des marchandises françaises de luxe contredit les intérêts des autorités russes qui s'efforcent de la contrôler afin de stimuler les industries nationales. Le marché évolue sous l'impact de la politique douanière protectionniste de l'Empire russe et les guerres qui le rendent instable, en particulier pour les fabricants et les commerçants. Si les échanges sont régulièrement perturbés, ils ne se rompent pas. Les liens entre les fabricants français et les consommateurs russes se révèlent plus forts que les contraintes législatives et les conflits internationaux. L'adaptation du marché russe aux circonstances défavorables passe par la mise en place de nouveaux circuits, légaux ou illicites qui permettent de faire triompher les lois de l'offre et de la demande. / The main purpose of this study is to determine the organisation of the Russian market of French fashion in the XVlllth-XIXth centuries, to analyse its development and the factors that influence it. First created artificially by Peter the Great's decrees on dress, the demand for the European outfits becomes natural in the context of gallomania. However, the consumption is mainly narrow and aristocratic because of the high cost of the imported fashion goods. Russia represents an important outlet for the French manufacturer as it consumes a large part of silk and other fashion products. The Russian market is not limited to the direct exports shown in the statistics which underestimate its importance, it also involves a big traffic that transits via Germany, and the illicit flows. The imports of French luxury goods contradict the interests of the Russian authorities that try to control them in order to stimulate the national industries. The market develops under the influence of the protectionist customs policy of Russian Empire and the wars that make it unstable, especially for the manufacturers and merchants. Despite the fact that the exchanges are often disrupted, they never stop. The links between the French manufacturers and the Russian consumers have turned to be stronger than the legislative compulsions and international conflicts. The adaptation of the Russian market to the difficult circumstances takes place through the appearance of new trade channels, both legal and illegal that make the laws of offer and demand triumph.

Este estudo coloca em questão o descaminho na América portuguesa (1700-1750), partindo do pressuposto de que ele é uma prática social constitutiva e formadora daquela sociedade colonial. Os descaminhos não se reduzem ao roubo, ao furto ou à corrupção, mas configuram um determinado tipo de prática, encoberta pelas formalidades oficiais, porém radicalmente ativa e penetrante, irradiada por todo o corpo social, inclusive os escravos, formando e redefinindo, afirmando e negando, isto é, afirmando pela negação, enfim, caminhando pelo descaminho. / This study brings to light the going astray of Portuguese America (1700-1750), departing from the assumption that this waywardness is a social practice, not only part and parcel, but also influential in the constitution of that colonial society. This waywardness is not only confined to robbery, theft, or corruption but it also configures a kind of practice, covered up by official formalities, that is notwithstanding radically active and penetrating, irradiated by society as a whole, including slaves, shaping and redefining it, affirming and denying it, that is to say, affirming it by denying it - in short, walking on the path of waywardness.

Este estudo coloca em questão o descaminho na América portuguesa (1700-1750), partindo do pressuposto de que ele é uma prática social constitutiva e formadora daquela sociedade colonial. Os descaminhos não se reduzem ao roubo, ao furto ou à corrupção, mas configuram um determinado tipo de prática, encoberta pelas formalidades oficiais, porém radicalmente ativa e penetrante, irradiada por todo o corpo social, inclusive os escravos, formando e redefinindo, afirmando e negando, isto é, afirmando pela negação, enfim, caminhando pelo descaminho. / This study brings to light the going astray of Portuguese America (1700-1750), departing from the assumption that this waywardness is a social practice, not only part and parcel, but also influential in the constitution of that colonial society. This waywardness is not only confined to robbery, theft, or corruption but it also configures a kind of practice, covered up by official formalities, that is notwithstanding radically active and penetrating, irradiated by society as a whole, including slaves, shaping and redefining it, affirming and denying it, that is to say, affirming it by denying it - in short, walking on the path of waywardness.