Orientador: Angelo Del Vecchio / Banca: Maria Aparecida Chaves Jardim / Banca: Livia Maria Terra / Resumo: A Lei Eloy Chaves de 1923, que instituiu a caixa de aposentadorias e pensões dos ferroviários, foi editada em período conturbado da história nacional. Em meio a crises políticas, sociais e econômicas, essa lei, que é considerada o marco inicial da previdência social brasileira, pode ser vista como excepcional para o período, porque se apresenta, pelos seus contornos jurídicos e motivações políticas, muito mais como uma norma dirigida a servir a uma categoria profissional específica e vital para a economia brasileira, do que uma legislação seminal de um sistema previdenciário a ser implantado no país. Analisar as razões da edição da lei e compreender as nuances que presidiram sua elaboração, compreendido todo o contexto histórico da época, são tarefas necessárias a fim de desmistificar seu caráter precursor na história dos direitos sociais do país / Abstract: The Eloy Chaves Law of 1923, which created the pension and survivor's benefit fund for railway workers, was enacted in a troubled period in Brazil's history. In the midst of political, social and financial crisis, this law, which is considered the initial landmark of Brazilian social security, may be seen as particular for that period, since through its legal outlines and political motivations, it reveals itself much more as a rule intended to benefit a specific professional category essential for Brazilian economy, than an original rule of a retirement system to be implemented in the country. To examine the grounds of enacting this law and understand the differences that guided its drafting process, after being aware on the entire historical context of that time, are necessary tasks to demystify its pioneer character in the history of social rights of Brazil / Mestre

The U.S. social security system faces funding pressure due to the aging of the population. This dissertation examines the welfare cost of social security reform and social security policy uncertainty under rational expectations and under learning. I provide an overview of the U.S. social security system in Chapter I. In Chapter II, I construct an analytically tractable two-period OLG model with capital, social security, and endogenous government debt. I demonstrate the existence of steady states depends on social security parameters. I demonstrate a saddle-node bifurcation of steady states numerically, and demonstrate a transcritical bifurcation analytically. I show that if a proposed social security reform is large enough, or if the probability of reform is high enough, the economy will converge to a steady state. In Chapter III, I develop a three-period lifecycle model. The model is inherently forward looking, which allows for more interesting policy analysis. With three periods, the young worker's saving-consumption decision depends on her expectation of future capital. This forward looking allows analysis of multi-period uncertainty. Analysis in the three-period model suggests that policy uncertainty may have lasting consequences, even after reform is enacted. In Chapter IV, I develop two theories of bounded rationality called life-cycle horizon learning and finite horizon life-cycle learning. In both models, agents use adaptive expectations to forecast future aggregates, such as wages and interest rates. This adaptive learning feature introduces cyclical dynamics along a transition path, which magnify the welfare cost of changes in policy and policy uncertainty. I model policy uncertainty as a stochastic process in which reform takes place in one of two periods as either a benefit cut or a tax increase. I find the welfare cost of this policy uncertainty is less than 0.25% of period consumption in a standard, rational expectations framework. The welfare cost of policy uncertainty is larger in the learning models; the worst-off cohort in the life-cycle horizon learning model would be willing to give up 1.98% of period consumption to avoid policy uncertainty.

In the Republic of South Africa (and in South West Africa) social pensions are non-contributory and are paid out of state revenue, the funds for the purpose being voted annually by Parliament. With minor exceptions, the pensions are granted subject to a means test: that is, income levels are laid down which fix the maximum allowable income including pension. If the total income exceeds this amount an applicant will not be awarded a pension. When these totals are being calculated a certain sum is permitted, called ‘free income’, which does not affect the amount of pension that may be granted. (This ‘free income’ might be made up of earnings, or interest from investments, or profits from agriculture, etc.)These different figures vary according to the kinds of pension and to the population group. They are revised from time to time. Changes are announced by the Minister of Finance in his budget speech to Parliament and usually become effective some months later when details have been worked out by the departments dealing with the respective population groups. Because the conditions under which pensions are granted are fairly frequently changed, and improved, an application which was not successful one year may well succeed a year or two later. Therefore any applicant whose circumstances may have changed, or who believes that new rules may help his case, is advised to apply again. / Revised Edition

Orientador: Mara Sueli Simão Moraes / Banca: Dermeval Saviani / Banca: Lizete Maria Orquiza Carvalho / Banca: Manoel Oriosvaldo de Moura / Banca: Romulo Campos Lins / Resumo: A pesquisa teve como objetivo geral o ensaio de uma Didática da Matemática, embasada na Pedagogia Histórico-Crítica, utilizando a Seguridade Social como tema político-social estruturador. O método de abordagem adotado foi o da Dialética Materialista Histórica e a pesquisa desenvolveu-se com a participação de professores e alunos de escolas públicas na aplicacao da proposta que enfocou conteúdos matemáticos selecionados para compreensão dos conteúdos político-sociais relacionados a Seguridade Social. O reconhecimento da Previdencia Social como componente da Seguridade Social e desta como Direito Humano e importante para todos os cidadãos mas o conhecimento que se tem desses temas ou da Matemática neles contidas é, muitas vezes, insuficiente e pouco científico. Para interessar aos estudantes, é necessário abordá-lo de forma adequada, apoiando-se nos fundamentos da Psicologia Sócio-Histórica. A proteção social, da forma como foi desenvolvida pelos homens, tem sua sustentabilidade econômico-financeira dependente de inúmeros fatores como envelhecimento da população, níveis de emprego, níveis de faixas salariais e outros. Os conhecimentos matemáticos e atuariais desenvolvidos até nossos dias permitem que os sistemas existentes nos diversos países sejam constantemente avaliados de modo a se determinar, de tempos em tempos, se as regras sociais acordadas estão adequadas ou se há necessidade de reformá-las, no todo ou em parte. Mas, o imenso volume de dinheiro movimentado pela Seguridade Social, um dos maiores do planeta, desperta outros interesses nas reformas, nem sempre compromissados com a proteção social. A Matemática pode ajudar-nos a compreender as intenções explícitas e implícitas de cada uma das reformas ocorridas ou a ocorrer e os resultados da pesquisa mostram que é possível levar esse conhecimento para a Educação Básica. / Abstract: The general purpose of this research was essay of Mathematics' didactics based on historical-critical pedagogy focusing the Social Security as structural sociopolitical theme. The Historical-materialist dialectic approach method was applied and the research was developed by the public schools' teachers and students participation in the proposal's application that focused selected mathematical contents for understanding the sociopolitical contents relating to Social Security. The recognition of the social welfare and Social Security as Human Right is important for all the citizens but their knowledge on these subjects or about the Mathematics they contain is many times insufficient and poorly scientific. To the students' interest, it is necessary to approach it adequately, supporting itself in the grounds of Social-Historical Psychology. The social protection, the manner by which it was developed by the humanity has its economic-financial sustainability dependent of several factors as population aging, level of employment, income strata and others. The mathematical and actuarial knowledge developed so far allows that the existing systems in the several countries be constantly evaluated in order to determine between times if the dealt social rules are appropriate or there is need to remodel them, in whole or in part. However, the huge quantity of money moved up by the Social Security, one of the greater of the planet, stimulate other interests toward to restructures, not always compromised with the social protection. The Mathematics can help us to understand the explicit and implicit intentions of each one of the implemented or to implement changes and research's results they shows that it is possible bring this knowledge for the Elementary Education. / Doutor

Material welfare of families with children Abstract Material welfare of families with children is a topic which is encounter most of us in our life, whether in the position of a child or parent. Many families find themselves in a situation where they are virtually dependent on social security benefits. The objective of the thesis is to introduce the basic systems from which these benefits are provided. It is a social insurance system, state social support and social assistance. Furthermore, the thesis focuses on helping foster carers. My thesis is divided into several parts, each of them focuses on a particular area of social security of families with children. The first of these systems is social insurance, which is based on the insurance principle, a prerequisite for the entitlement is participate to insurance. Social insurance can be further subdivided into sickness and pension insurance. The second of the presented systems is state social support, which is aimed at helping families with dependent children. The benefits of this system are divided into two parts - tested and untested, depending on whether the entitlement to benefit is reliant on family income or not. The third system is social assistance, which is the representative of the so-called last social protection rescue network. It focuses...

The thesis explores legal assumptions of social housing in the Czech Republic. Defining social housing, the thesis frames the topic in the relation to other terms - housing policy, right to housing, or residential social services. Characteristics of the Czech social security system are shown in the historical perspective of Czech Lands since the second half of the 19th century. Based upon the historical investigation, author deduces major structural consequences for the contemporary social housing. The main goal of the thesis is evaluation of the ongoing legal frame regarding to applicability of new trends of social housing. Reflecting upon the recent development, the thesis also deals with unsuccessful bills on social housing and shows major trends in the Czech social security system which are related to housing. The thesis draws upon an analysis of legal tools related with provision of social housing in the Czech Republic. In this part, author distinguishes three levels of legal norms. The first level represents prevention of housing problems, the second level provides norms to support those who have housing problems, ant the third level regulates position of municipalities in the social housing system. Author concludes that the norms differ in presumption of living in standard housing (civil...

This research was conducted at Tsakane, Kwa-Thema, and Duduza, Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality of Gauteng Province in South Africa. The objective of the study was to determine the effectiveness of social protection as a way of alleviating poverty in the study areas. The study was expected to contribute to the body of knowledge in social protection services as a way of alleviating poverty in the study areas. The study attempted to contribute to answers to the following research questions: (i) What are the socio-economic characteristics of the recipients of social protection measures in the three areas of study? (ii) What are the perceptions of the respondents about the South African government’s social protection in their areas? (iii) What are the factors that influence the effectiveness of social protection? Stratified random sampling with a proportional representation method was employed to select 200 respondents. The data collection tool used was simple closed-ended questionnaires. Interviews were conducted face-to-face with respondents. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 of 2012 was used to analyse the data. Both descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression were employed. The results of the analysis revealed that the significant variables that had an effect on social protection were: the location of the respondents; their gender; their level of education; the type of dwelling of the respondents; and their income outside farming. The study recommends that the significant variables that had an effect on social protection be considered when measures of social protection measures are implemented / College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Agriculture)

A Reestruturação da Auditoria Interna do Instituto Nacional Seguro Social - INSS, do Rio de Janeiro, teve como marco principal a mudança de foco do trabalho daquela auditoria. A Auditoria Interna antes do processo de modernização era apenas um instrumento de detecção de fraude, com caráter punitivo para as pessoas envolvidas. Com a reengenharia implantada, a partir do ano de 2000, o foco dos trabalhos foi direcionado a fim de lograr melhorias nos métodos de controle, gestão e prevenção de fraudes e erros. O objetivo desse estudo foi de examinar a percepção dos funcionários da Auditoria Interna Regional do INSS Rio de Janeiro sobre este processo de modernização. Analisou o comportamento humano em relação às resistências a nova metodologia de trabalho. Buscou-se analisar diversas bibliografias de autores renomados com o objetivo de fundamentar a pesquisa de campo que foi realizada com entrevistas semi-estruturadas de forma direta. Os entrevistados eram servidores públicos que exerciam a função de auditor interno na Auditoria Regional do Rio de Janeiro. Este estudo levantou pontos importantes sobre o processo de modernização da auditoria interna, em especial no que diz respeito treinamento dos funcionários envolvidos; resistências culturais ao fator de mudanças e controle na prevenção de fraudes. Nas entrevistas realizadas, foram detectados fatores de sucesso como o empenho das pessoas envolvidas na reestruturação. Descobriu-se que as recomendações dos relatorios de auditoria são colocados em prática, e a estrutura física foi reformulada com sucesso. Alguns fatores de insucesso também foram detectados; por exemplo, restrições legais que impedem a eficácia dos trabalhos; envio de grande quantidade de informação por meio eletrônico, os quais são absorvidos apenas parcialmente não se conseguindo interpretar todas as mudanças, principalmente por falta de treinamento, e o baixo nível técnico na área contábil. A equipe de Auditoria Interna do Rio de Janeiro, em pouco tempo estará aposentada. Atualmente não existe um processo de investimento de melhora na capacidade dos funcionários. Não há plano de carreira diferencial para os auditores internos. O quantitativo atual é próximo ao ideal, porém a capacidade técnica está muito abaixo do esperado para o desenvolvimento de atividades de auditoria que visem a melhoria de técnicas de controle, e principalmente de gestão dos recursos públicos. A partir disto ficou constatada a grande importância da melhoria dos recursos humanos envolvidos na Auditoria Interna do Rio de Janeiro. / The Internal Audit Restructuring of the Instituto Nacional de Seguridade social (National Institute of Social Security) INSS had as its main demarkation point the changing focus on the work developed by that department. Before the modernization process the Internal Audit was only an instrument for detecting frauds to punish to the people involved on them. With the reengineering implemented, as from the year 2000, the work focus was redirected to the improvements on the control, manage and errors and frauds prevention modules. This study objective was to analyze the Rio de Janeiro Regional INSS Internal Audits employees perception about this modernization process. It analyzed the human behaviour in relation to the resistances to the new work methodology. It searched to also analyze several reputed authors bibliographies with the objective of validating the field research performed with semi-structured direct interviews. The interviewers were civil service employees who worked as internal auditors in the Rio de Janeiro Reginonal Auditing. This study raised important questions about the internal audit modernization process, specially the ones related to the employees trainning, cultural resistance to the changes and control of fraud preventions. In the interviews made were also detected success factors like the people interest on the restructuring. It disclosed that audit reports are put in practice and physical structure was successfully altered. Some unsuccessfull factors were also disclosed like; legal restrictions obstructing the work effectivenesss, sending of large amount of information by eletronical means which are only partially absorbed not allowing the interpretation of all changes manly due to the lack of training and the low technical level on accounting areas. Most of the Rio de Janeiro Internal Audit team will be retired in a short term. Nowdays it does not exist an investment planning process to improve the personnel skills. It does not exist a differential career plan for the internal auditors. The current number of auditors is closely to the ideal; however their technical skills are below the ones expected in relation to the auditing activities development aiming an improvement on control techniques and mainly to the management of public resources. As from these findings it has been evidenced the great importance on the betterment of the Rio de Janeiro Internal Audit human resources.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente trabalho analisa a realidade do plantão do Serviço Social no âmbito da seguridade social, no Município de Bom Jesus do Itabapoana/RJ, tendo como referência o projeto ético-político profissional do Serviço Social, expresso no Código de Ética profissional, na lei que regulamenta a profissão, bem como nas diretrizes curriculares da ABEPSS. A partir deste projeto, entendemos o plantão como um espaço de atuação desafiante para os profissionais comprometidos com a construção de práticas democráticas e coletivas de atendimento às demandas no contexto institucional. Assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi o de analisar teoricamente o espaço do plantão, buscando verificar se os assistentes sociais utilizam o referencial teórico crítico-dialético presente na produção do Serviço Social, para pensar alternativas no espaço cotidiano do plantão, buscando o desenvolvimento de práticas coletivas e não apenas individualistas no atendimento às demandas. O estudo mostrou que a maioria dos assistentes sociais defende os direitos sociais, no entanto, esta defesa não se materializa em ações, no cotidiano profissional, que fortaleçam e favoreçam os usuários no acesso aos serviços na saúde, na previdência e na assistência, como direitos sociais. / This study analyzes the reality of Social Work duty period in the social security system area, in Bom Jesus do Itabapoana/RJ, having the Social Work professional political ethical project as reference, stated in the Professional Ethic Code, in the Law that rules the profession and also in the ABEPSS curricular guidelines. From this project, we can see duty period as a place for challenging acting to the professionals committed with building democratic and collective care practices in the institutional context. Thus, the purpose of this study was to analyse theorically the duty period place, searching for verifying if Social Workers make use of the theoretical critical dialectic reference present in the Social Work literature in order to think about alternatives in the duty period daily place, looking for the development of collective practices and not only individualists in the care demands. This study showed that the majority of Social Workers defend Social Rights however, these discourses arent turned into actions which fortify and favor users to access the health, providence and assistance, as social rights.

Esta dissertação estuda as relações entre a política fiscal e o financiamento federal da saúde nas três últimas décadas 1979 a 2008 , considerando que o desconhecimento das políticas macroeconômicas, sobretudo da política fiscal, que restringe os recursos do SUS, impede a adequada compreensão de seus limites de financiamento. Para tanto, o trabalho acompanha a evolução dos sucessivos ajustes fiscais impostos ao país, para os quais foram desviados recursos de contribuições sociais destinadas às políticas de saúde, previdência e assistência social desde 1988. O embate entre as duas lógicas econômica e social ainda presentes no Brasil de hoje é uma explicação, senão a mais importante, para a virtual paralisia dos avanços do SUS no campo do financiamento, em franca contradição com os avanços de concepção do sistema, no campo da gestão e da descentralização / This research work examines the relationship between fiscal policy and federal financing of health in the last three decades from 1979 to 2008 considering the lack of macroeconomic policies, especially tax policy, that restricts the features of SUS, prevents the proper understanding of its limits of funding. Thus, the work follows the evolution of successive fiscal adjustments taxes to the country for which they were diverted resources from social contributions, for health policies, welfare and social assistance since 1988. The clash between the two approaches economic and social even in contemporary Brazil, is an explanation, if not the most important one, for the virtual paralysis of the SUS progress, in the field of finance, in a public contradiction to the progress of the systems concept, in the field of management and decentralization