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Le processus de catégorisation sociale occupe une place centrale dans la psychologie des relations intergroupes comme fondement des stéréotypes, des préjugés et de la discrimination. Il est aussi au cœur des débats sur les modèles politiques d’intégration interrogeant différentes voies possibles du vivre ensemble. Pour construire une société harmonieuse et cohésive, doit-on être aveugle aux différences ethniques, culturelles ou religieuses comme le prône la tradition républicaine française et donc éviter la catégorisation, ou faut-il, au contraire, reconnaître et mettre en valeur les différences culturelles et religieuses à l’instar d’une politique de multiculturalisme ? L’objectif général de cette thèse est de combler le manque de recherche sur une telle problématique en France en examinant de manière systématique l’influence du modèle républicain et du multiculturalisme sur les relations intergroupes, croisant le point de vue du groupe majoritaire et des populations minoritaires.Une première série d’études (N=338) visait à développer un instrument mesurant l’adhésion aux principes du modèle républicain. Elles révèlent deux facteurs distincts caractérisant cette adhésion : la citoyenneté, associée au à des attitudes favorables à l’égard du multiculturalisme et des minorités, et la laïcité, porteuse de préjugés et de conservatisme. L’étude 3 menée auprès de minoritaires (N=42) atteste du traitement égalitaire qui caractérise la citoyenneté, promotrice d’intégration et non d’assimilation.Dans une deuxième partie, l’étude 4 s’intéressait à analyser l’incidence causale des modèles d’intégration par leur induction expérimentale auprès de minoritaires Maghrébins (N=126). Les résultats montrent que ces modèles génèrent des effets positifs sur le bien-être, l’identification aux groupes et des orientations égalitaires. Elle souligne aussi le rôle du contact occasionné par la présence d’un expérimentateur du groupe majoritaire ou minoritaire.Usant du même protocole expérimental, une troisième et dernière partie empirique étudiait les attitudes du groupe majoritaire après induction des modèles d’intégration et des situations de contact. L’étude 5 (N=82) atteste que le multiculturalisme véhicule moins d’intolérance comparée au modèle républicain français au contact d’un expérimentateur majoritaire, mais conduit à une augmentation de l’hostilité intergroupe après rencontre d’un expérimentateur immigré. L’étude 6 (N=93) réduisant le statut hiérarchique avec un compère Maghrébin confirme la responsabilité du multiculturalisme dans l’expression d’un biais défavorable aux minorités. L’ensemble de ces résultats appuie l’idée d’effets bénéfiques partagés par les deux modèles mais distingue aussi des conditions limites à leur application. / The process of social categorization is central to the psychology of intergroup relations as the cognitive basis of stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination. It is also very much involved in current political debates about integration models and ways of managing cultural and religious diversity. In order to develop an harmonious and cohesive society, should one be blind to cultural, ethnic or religious differences as advocated by the French republican tradition, and thus avoid ethnic or religious categorization, or to the contrary, should one recognize, accept and value cultural and religious differences as advocated in a multiculturalism policy? The general aim of this thesis is to examine in a systematic manner the impact of the Republican model, and of the multiculturalism model, on intergroup relations from the perspective of both majority and minority group members.In a first series of studies (N = 338), an instrument designed to measure attitudes toward the principles of the Republican model was developed. The results indicate two distinct dimensions underlying these attitudes: republican citizenship, a dimension related to positive attitudes toward multiculturalism and minority groups, and secularism, a dimension related to prejudice and conservatism. Study 3 confirms among minority group members (N = 42) that citizenship is an egalitarian dimension, positively related to integration as an acculturation strategy rather than assimilation.In a second part, Study 4 tested the experimental effects of the integration models among participants of North African origin (N = 126). The results revealed a positive effect of both models on well-being, group identification and egalitarianism. The group membership of the experimenter (minority vs. majority group member) was also shown to be important.Using the same experimental paradigm, a third and final part concerns the reactions of majority group members. Study 5 (N = 82) showed that multiculturalism is more effective than the Republican model to reduce prejudice but only when the experimenter is a majority group member. The reverse is observed when the experimenter is a member of a minority group. Study 6 (N=93) showed that this effect does not stem from the fact that the minority group member has the high status of the experimenter..Overall, the results suggest that both models can generate positive effects but that there are conditions that can prevent the materialization of these effects.

The aim of the present research was to investigate the various determinants of intergroup relations, particularly national stereotypes, in- group identification, contact, and social categorization. In chapter one a total of 150 Turkish Cypriots filled a national stereotypes questionnaire, social identity scale, and a scale assessing intergroup contact. Factor analysis of the stereotypes of the Turkish Cypriots (autostereotypes) demonstrated the existence of four latent variables adopted as Positivity, Competency- Based, Negativity and Religiosity/ Conservatism. The same factor structure was obtained for the stereotypes used to evaluate the Greek Cypriots (heterostereotypes). It was observed that Turkish Cypriots consistently demonstrated in- group favoritisim. In support of the Contact hypothesis it was found that increased exposure was predictive of greater endorsement of positive national stereotypes of the Greek Cypriots. In- group identification seemed to affect in- group attitudes alone / however, moderation analyses showed that in- group identification influenced negative out- group attitudes moderated through positive in- group attitudes. This led to the development of a model of negative out- group attitudes. In the second chapter the direction, content, and uniformity of the national stereotypes Turkish Cypriots endorse regarding the Turkish, Greek and British, three nations that have played a significant role in the history of Turkish Cypriots were assessed. Stereotypes were analyzed according to the following five dimensions: Empathic, dominant, efficient, negative, and religiosity/ conservative. Results led to the conclusion that Turkish Cypriots demonstrated in- group favoritism and had quite uniform autostereotypes yet inconsistent heterostereotypes. Stereotypic content was also mainly determined by the political, historical, and social relationship present between the national groups in question. In the third chapter participants were 150 Turkish Cypriots asked to assess their own town as well as the inhabitants of Nicosia. It was predicted that the act of stereotyping the neighbor would change depending on the type of category evoked from the questionnaire manipulation, such that Turkish Cypriots would judge Greek Cypriots as more similar when a common in- group identity Cypriot was suggested. The research findings however, did not support the assertions and Turkish Cypriots did not perceive themselves as more similar to Greek Cypriots under any condition, reflected also in their consistent selection of the same adjectives for Greek Cypriots over conditions. The limitations of the researches and future implications were discussed in an attempt to shed light on the intergroup processes present in Cyprus.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:16:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1176317 bytes, checksum: 23bb6112fe0fe9f5c008e95103bb29db (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work aims to investigate the role played by accent on the relationship between categorization and discrimination and the psychological mechanism underlying this relation. To this end, three main hypotheses were formulated that guide the execution of four empirical studies. In a scenario of decision-making in recruitment and selection for hiring an employee, four studies were conducted in Portugal. We manipulated candidate s accent, which was Portuguese accent or Brazilian immigrant accent. Then, the participants indicated which applicant should be hired (discrimination measure). Study 1 aims to test the hypothesis that the influence of the categorization of a target by his accent (national vs. immigrant) on discrimination is moderated by prejudice. Seventy-two university students participated in this study (Mage = 21.8, SD = 4.27; 34 male and 37 female), they were randomly allocated to one of two conditions (Portuguese accent vs. Brazilian accent) of a between-subjects unifactorial design. The results showed that the influence of categorization of the target by accent on discrimination is moderated by prejudice, b = .51, t (67) = 2.67, p ˂ .05, η2p = .31, and occur only in more prejudiced participants. Study 2 intended to replicate the previous one and test the hypothesis that the previous tested path is mediated by assessment of candidate s accent, because we believe that the assessment of accent triggers a process of perceives the outgroup member s accent as worst. One hundred and twenty-nine university students participated in this study (Mage = 23.7, SD = 4.83; 60 male and 64 female), they were randomly allocated to one of two conditions, Portuguese accent vs. Brazilian accent. The results reinforce the evidence that categorization of a target assessed by his accent triggers discrimination against this target, and also showed that the influence of categorization by accent on discrimination is mediated by individuals perception of the quality of accent (Z = 2.46, p ˂ .05). Study 3 intended to replicate the previous ones by using a within-subject design and test the alternative hypothesis that the influence of targets categorization on discrimination is due to using stereotypical information. One hundred and five university students participated in this study (Mage = 24.1, SD = 4.37; 58 male and 47 female). The results corroborated our predictions that the influence of categorization by accent on discrimination is moderated by prejudice and mediated only by assessment of accent (Z = 1.98, p ˂ .05). Study 4 seeks to test the hypothesis that the mediation occur because the accent s quality assessment acts as a legitimizing factor of discrimination. Subjects were 27 female and 12 male university students (Mage = 20.5, SD = 3.67), randomly allocated to one of two conditions (justification without mentioned accent vs. justification based on candidate s accent) in a unifactorial between-subjects design. The results showed that the participants judge as more legitimate the condition in it was justified based on accent (M = 4.30, SD = 1.31) than in the other condition (M = 3.25, SD = 1.18), t(35) = -2.54, p ˂ .05. In this sense, the results supports our hypothesis that accent can be legitimate as an argument to justify discrimination. Hence, the implications of these results should be considered as the first step to analyze the role of accent on discrimination. / Esta tese teve como objetivo principal investigar o papel desencadeado pelo sotaque na relação entre categorização e discriminação, bem como especificar o mecanismo psicológico que explica este processo. Para tanto, foram formuladas três hipóteses principais que norteiam a execução de quatro estudos empíricos. Em um cenário de tomada de decisão para contratação de um funcionário foram realizados quatro estudos em Portugal. O sotaque do candidato à vaga foi manipulado, podendo ser o sotaque português ou o sotaque de imigrante brasileiro. Os participantes eram solicitados a informar qual candidato deveria ser contratado (medida de discriminação). O Estudo 1 testou a hipótese de que a influência da categorização de um alvo ativada pelo seu sotaque (nacional vs. imigrante) na discriminação é moderada pelo preconceito. Participaram 71 estudantes universitários com idade média de 21,8 anos (DP = 4,27; 34 homens e 37 mulheres), que foram randomicamente alocados em uma de duas condições experimentais (sotaque de imigrante brasileiro vs. sotaque português). Os resultados indicaram que a relação entre a categorização pelo sotaque e a discriminação é moderada pelo preconceito (b = 0,51, t (67) = 2,67, p ˂ 0,05, η2p = 0,31), de modo que apenas em participantes preconceituosos a categorização pelo sotaque leva à discriminação do imigrante brasileiro. O Estudo 2 buscou replicar o estudo anterior e testar a hipótese de que a relação proposta na hipótese 1 é mediada pela avaliação do sotaque do candidato, pois a avaliação do sotaque desencadeia um processo de perceber o sotaque do membro do grupo externo como pior. Contou-se com a participação de 124 estudantes universitários com idade média de 23,7 anos (DP = 4,83; 60 homens e 64 mulheres), aleatoriamente alocados em uma de duas condições, sotaque português vs. sotaque de imigrante brasileiro. Como previsto, os resultados indicaram que o preconceito modera a influência da categorização pelo sotaque na discriminação. Ademais, os resultados suportam a mediação da avaliação do sotaque nesta relação (Z = 2,46, p ˂ 0,05), corroborando a segunda hipótese. O Estudo 3 buscou replicar o estudo anterior, desta vez, com um delineamento dentre participantes, e testar a hipótese alternativa de que a influência da categorização na discriminação é mediada pelo uso da informação estereotípica. Contou-se com a participação de 105 estudantes universitários com idade média de 24,1 anos (DP = 4,37; 48 homens e 47 mulheres). Como previsto, os resultados indicaram que o preconceito modera a influência da categorização pelo sotaque na discriminação e que apenas a avaliação do sotaque medeia esta relação (Z = 1,98, p ˂ 0,05). O Estudo 4 buscou testar a hipótese de que a mediação ocorre porque a avaliação da qualidade do sotaque atua como um fator legitimador da discriminação. Contou-se com a participação de 39 estudantes universitários com idade média de 20,5 anos (DP = 3,67; 12 homens e 27 mulheres), aleatoriamente alocados em uma de duas condições (sem ou com a justificação pelo sotaque), em um design unifatorial entre participantes. Como previsto, os resultados indicaram que os participantes julgaram como mais legítima a condição em que a justificação ocorre pelo sotaque (M = 4,30, DP = 1,31) do que a outra condição (M = 3,25, DP = 1,18), t(35) = -2,54, p ˂ 0,05. Neste sentido, os resultados desse estudo suportam a hipótese de que o sotaque pode ser legítimo como um argumento para justificar a discriminação. Destarte, as implicações destes resultados devem ser consideradas como o primeiro passo para analisar o papel do sotaque na discriminação.

In my thesis, I explore how advanced robotic technologies affect human society and my particular concern centers on investigating the boundaries between actual humans and artificial beings. Taking Steven Spielberg’s film Artificial Intelligence (2001) and Philip K. Dick’s novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep (1968) as my primary sources, I illustrate how humans are experiencing dehumanization whereas artificial beings are acting much more like humans by analyzing the main characters and events that depicted in both sources. Further on, based on Nick Haslam’s theory of two main forms of dehumanization (animalistic dehumanization and mechanistic dehumanization), I discuss the interrelationships between social categorization, empathy, alienation and dehumanization by comparing actual humans and artificial beings as counter-parts. According to the descriptions of the strained relationship between these two parties, I argue that the rigid social hierarchies set foundation for dehumanization and the characteristics that define a human being, such as humanity is not a trait that only exits in humans. It can be both gained and lost.

As a result of apartheid and ethnocentric structures in South Africa and Cape Town, the unemployment is highest among the black youth. The purpose of this study is to examine how the black youth are experiencing their possibilities to get a job. This qualitative study was conducted among black youths at the age of 18-34 living in Cape Town. The theoretical framework chosen for this study was habitus and capital, social position, intersectionality and social stratification. Focus has been on how habitus and intersectionality plays a part in how black youths experience their possibilities of getting a job and how their experiences can be related to structural aspects in South Africa. The respondents differ in terms of background and individual experiences, but they all seem to unite in the experience of Cape Town’s labor market as racist and difficult to get job at as a young black individual. The study shows that their skin color is the most distinct trait that are being evaluated on the labor market, whereby it further seems that the darker skin, the harder to get a job. What separates the respondents experiences is mainly dependent on their socioeconomic background and the area of their upbringing, whereby the respondents from poorer areas has experienced the challenge to get a job much harder. On a structural level there’s a general problem according to the respondents experiences with informal recruitment, exploitation and especially discrimination of the black youth. Furthermore, contacts seems to be crucial for getting a job, which seems to be upheld by the mentality of "looking after one's own people". Overall there are several aspects on both individual and structural level that affect black youths experience of getting a job in Cape Town.

The purpose of this study was to investigate, through a triangulation of qualitative and quantitative methods, whether Swedish citizens with two foreign-born parents feel that everyday racism is expressed in the society. Collected empirical data were conducted through an online questionnaire and eight interviews, in which all key informants were born in Sweden but originated from Lebanon, Syria, Spain and Kosovo. Previous research shows that the concept of immigrants tends to represent only a homogeneous cultural of non-indigenous ethnicities and that this unit is subordinate to the dominant Swedish identity. Being categorized as immigrants in Sweden can lead to stigmatization, racism, discrimination and exclusion in areas such as education, working life and income regardless of generation. It is therefore believed that cultural and social rankings have emerged between “Swedes” and “immigrants”, which means that the concept of immigrants has become a category that also subordinates individuals and collectively. Collected empirical data was analysed on the basis of Erving Goffman, Jan Inge Jönhill and Charles Horton Cooley theories and the results showed that informants carry experiences of racism that are a combination of structural knowledge and personal experiences. One can therefore describe the experiences as a cultural legacy of consciousness or a high knowledge of both previous social and current existing exclusions that have historically occurred or usually occur within a society today.

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This literary study examines Hermann Hesse's Peter Camenzind from a social psychological perspective. The focus is on examining the protagonist's personal changes as a result of influences by important relationships. Other characters and the social categorization are examined with regard to their influence on the protagonist's life path and identity formation. The analysis is divided into the sub-categories of childhood, youth, becoming adult, adulthood and exploration in order to make a chronological sequence of development clear. It could be shown that certain characters and circumstances have a strong impact on Peters Camenzind's life. Most notable are the parents, the social background, Richard and the carpenter family, but other characters also played a part in the protagonist's remarkable development. For future research, it would be interesting to examine the protagonist’s alcoholism and depressive tendencies from both a linguistic and psychological perspective.

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