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This dissertation approaches key questions in the study of colonial urban modernity through methods in the history of medicine and sciences. Through a comparative focus on the colonial cities of Bombay and Calcutta, I explore the new found interests of colonial urban planners, public health experts, and Indian social elites in the “unclaimed bodies” of the poor, which were considered both diseased and disposable, and attendant concerns with the scientific management of subaltern death. By exploring the converging logics yet the divergent outcomes of colonial state and native elite efforts to manage the death of the urban poor and indigent as an urban problem that required scientific solutions such as the gas crematorium or relegating mass burials for unclaimed bodies to the suburbs, this study in comparative urbanism demonstrates how the imperatives of colonial public health and political economy followed by a heightened period of native critique between the two world wars reconfigured global ideas of health and technologies. From the mid-nineteenth century, epidemics and famines had provided the occasion for British and Indian social elites to reconstitute social power and remake boundaries of caste and community in the context of urban migration and industrial labor. While famines happened in Western India, an emergent preoccupation with tropical diseases in Eastern India had reconfigured the meaning and the social experience of death for the urban poor. Working class bodies thus became the locus of the entangled knowledge-making of health, technology, and religion in regionally specific ways. In particular, modern technologies such as the gas and electric crematorium enabled the spatial reorganization of labor, caste, and community in the service of a colonial political economy: modern technologies for the efficient and hygienic disposal of the dead bodies of the indigent and impoverished were thus also solutions for managing the lives of the working castes and classes. The scientific management of subaltern death was not just the preoccupation of anatomists, doctors, and public health engineers but as well, of the British Parliament, international health organizations, Indian and British members of municipalities, missionaries, religious charity leaders, communal organizations, anti-caste leaders, and subaltern mortuary workers. Simultaneously, anti-colonial and subaltern politics transformed the effects of scientific knowledge and infrastructure in both Bombay and Calcutta, albeit differently in response to framing antagonisms of caste, capital, and community. Thus, despite the normalizing and homogenizing impetus of colonialism, health policies and attendant technologies reacted to and reflected the impact of local configurations of power and urban space. Putting the history and anthropology of death into conversation with the global history of medicine, science, and technology in the context of colonial and postcolonial South Asia allows us to understand how global technologies under imperialism engaged with local social meanings to bring about epistemic shifts in perceptions and practices of the body, while also altering spatial and social relations. The subcontinental history of the crematorium thus reflects the ongoing impact of discourses and infrastructures of public health and hygiene in redefining bodies marked by social distinctions of caste, class and religion in the colonial metropole through acts of spatial politics. The introduction of the crematorium in colonial India reproduced extant practices of social hierarchy and spatial segregation but it also became an enabling infrastructure through which anti-caste activists, Marxists and Socialists imagined scientific modernity and a future without segregation.

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There had not been much attempt to interweave the impact of both social status change and social transformations on the memory, hence identity building of same cohort. This is because time was needed for stratification to complete and the impact of social transformations on the life course of an individual to be settled. Educated youth (zhiqing 知青) should be a very good example to examine this problem as they experienced both huge social transformations and re-stratification. Followed by these transformations were a weakening impact of official ideology on people. Besides, as the educated youth approach retiring age and their life more or less settled, time is also ripe to attempt the challenge. Existing studies in collective memory of educated youth do not take effort to differentiate educated youths by their family backgrounds(jiating chushen 家庭出身/jiating chengfen 家庭成分) nor their social status. However, many accounts in academia suggested that family class backgrounds had significant impact on the life course of educated youths, though they were just suggestive. Furthermore, as China underwent drastic socioeconomic transformations since 1970s and the educated youth re-stratified, a changing identity and self-perceived status can be expected. By collecting their life histories through semi-structured interviews and analyzing the ontological and public narratives of zhiqing’s life histories, this exploratory research aims to find out how family background and current status affects the memory structure and thus the identity construction of educated youth in China in the days of economic transformation. / 集體記憶研究對於社會轉型與社會地位變化如何共同影响同一群体的集體記憶以及身份建構研究不足，因為社會轉型與分層的影響需要時間才能觀察到。知青記憶研究正好是一個很好的範例，因為知青本身既經歷了社會轉型，也經歷了社會地位的變化。此外如今知青步入退休階段，生活以及身份較為穩定，亦解決了上述的分層、社會變化的時間問題。關於知青記憶的現有研究並沒有把知青進行家庭出身（又稱家庭成分）的劃分。然而學界一些研究表明，家庭出身對知青的生命歷程有重大的影響。此外，自從中國在1970年代開始經濟與社會轉型以來，知青經歷了重新分流，而自我身份或亦會隨之改變。本探索研究希望通過搜集知青的口述生命史，分析其中的本體(ontological)与公共(public)敘事主題，來分析家庭成分與知青當前地位如何影響他們的記憶結構，從而一窺知青面對中國經濟轉型的時候如何建構他們的身份。 / Lin, Pik Man. / Thesis M.Phil. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2015. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 64-67). / Abstracts and appendix also in Chinese. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on 14, September, 2016). / Detailed summary in vernacular field only.

by Wing-kwong Tsang. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1990. / Bibliography: leaves 224-235. / ACKNOWLEDGMENTS --- p.i / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii / LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS --- p.v / LIST OF TABLES --- p.vi / prologue ：statement of the problem --- p.1 / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- on the shoulders of a giant : review of literature --- p.5 / Chapter 1. --- Definitions of Social Class and Measures of Socioeconomic Status --- p.5 / Chapter (a) --- The Gradational Perspective / Chapter (b) --- The Market-Relational Perspective / Chapter (c) --- The Production-Relational Perspective / Chapter 2. --- Analysis of Social Mobility --- p.27 / Chapter (a) --- Propositions of Social Mobilityin Industrialized Society / Chapter (b) --- Analyses on Social Fluidity and Openness / Chapter 3. --- Construction of Status Attainment Process --- p.39 / Chapter (a) --- Blau-Duncan Status Attainment Model / Chapter (b) --- The Wisconsin Model / Chapter (c) --- The Structural Models / Chapter 4. --- The Shoulders of a Giant---a Summary --- p.52 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- the study --- p.55 / Chapter 1. --- The Theoretical Framework: the Weberlan Approach to Class Structure and Social Mobility --- p.55 / Chapter (a) --- Locating the Theoretical Footing of the Study / Chapter (b) --- Economic Class; and the Measures of Socioeconomic Status / Chapter (c) --- Social Class and the Study of Social Mobility / Chapter (d) --- Class Situation and the Study of Status Attainment / Chapter 2. --- The Hong Kong Context --- p.66 / Chapter (a) --- An Outline of the Economic History of Hong Kong since the Second World War / Chapter (b) --- Differentials in Market Situations / Chapter 3. --- The Hypotheses --- p.79 / Chapter 4. --- The Data Sets --- p.82 / Chapter 5. --- Recapitulation --- p.90 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- BUILDING THE OCCUPATIONAL HIERARCHY --- p.92 / Chapter 1. --- The Occupational Groupings --- p.94 / Chapter 2. --- "The Criteria, for Rating" --- p.100 / Chapter 3. --- The Socioeconomic Index of Hong Kong --- p.107 / Chapter 4. --- Discussion --- p.115 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- IN SEARCH OF A CLASS STRUCTURE --- p.118 / Chapter 1. --- Identification of Class Boundary --- p.119 / Chapter 2 . --- 14 X 14 Mobility Table Analysis --- p.126 / Chapter (a) --- The Perfect Mobility Model / Chapter (b) --- The Quasi-Perfect Mobility Model / Chapter 3 --- 10 x 10 Mobility Table Analysis --- p.136 / Chapter 4 --- 5x5 Mobility Table Analysis --- p.147 / Chapter 5. --- Analysis of Mobility Table of Father and Son --- p.153 / Chapter 6. --- Emergence of a Class Structure / Chapter ---- --- a Summary of the Analyses --- p.164 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- CONSTRUCTING THE LADDER OF SUCCESS --- p.164 / Chapter 1. --- Social Background and Status Attainment / Chapter ---- --- a Test of Blau and Duncan's Basic Model --- p.168 / Chapter 2. --- Socialization and Status Attainment / Chapter ---- --- a Test of Blau and Duncan's Extended Model --- p.181 / Chapter 3. --- Structural Constraints and Status Attainment / Chapter ---- --- a Test of the Structuralist Model --- p.191 / Chapter 4. --- Achievement or Ascription ？ / Chapter ---- --- a Summary of the Analyses --- p.206 / CONCLUSION ：IS HONG KONG AN OPEN SOCIETY？ --- p.209 / NOTES --- p.220 / REFERENCES --- p.224

Thesis (M. Soc. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1984. / Photocopy of tyepscript.