AbstractTitel: The rules of belonging to family - a study about the process of reconstruction of class through working class womenAuthor: Helena OttossonThe study begins with describing that Swedish society is facing major challenges, which depends on the demographic changes involving large groups of elderly and children that needs a great deal of labour, which the community cannot provide. In these occupations you find that the most common employees are part time working women. To find out why these women, with uniting factors which brings them together as one class, choose part time work is the intention of this study. 10 interviews with women from this class were therefor made to learn about their situation in life and relations in their close surrounding. Research suggest that dilemmas that women are struggling with while choose how much time they plan to spend away from home could be connected to class. The theoretic framework of this study is therefore Pierre Bourdieu’s philosophy of the construction of the social room, where class has a central role in the making and reconstruction. The theory explains the relation between social positions, habitus and peoples subjective choices and makes a model for the explanation of the phenomenon and an answer to the purpose of the study. The purpose of this study is to understand the choice to work part time through women in child- and eldercares stories about their lives. Findings in the study is that class can have influence over peoples choices in life and that construction of the social environment is an active choice which is connected to values, interests and goals.

O presente estudo teve como objectivo investigar as características biosociodemográficas associadas à gravidez durante a adolescência. Para isso foram realizados dois estudos: um quantitativo (N = 452) e outro qualitativo (N = 8). No primeiro investigou-se a gravidez em adolescentes brasileiros de 10 cidades (n = 226) na relação com a escola, trabalho, família e amigos. Foram, também, investigados aspectos da vida sexual e da utilização de métodos contraceptivos. Essas mesmas variáveis foram analisadas num grupo de comparação sem a experiência de gravidez (n = 226), pareados pelas variáveis sexo, idade e cidade. Os resultados obtidos revelaram a ausência de diferenças significativas para a escolaridade e o trabalho (p>0,05). Contudo verificou-se que os adolescentes com experiência de gravidez tinham um maior número de reprovações e estudavam mais no turno da noite. As diferenças entre os grupos foram obtidas na utilização de contracepção, na relação com a família e amigos. O grupo com experiência de gravidez demonstrou ter uma menor utilização de métodos contraceptivos, em comparação ao outro grupo. Além disso, revelou um menor nível de apoio e confiança na sua família, assim como, revelou ter menos amigos. No segundo estudo foram investigadas qualitativamente as mesmas variáveis do Estudo I, em adolescentes grávidas no Brasil (n = 4) e em Portugal (n = 4). A gravidez surgiu em relações estáveis e foi descrita como um acontecimento importante, mesmo quando inesperado. Muitas das adolescentes entrevistadas já não frequentavam a escola e desenvolviam uma actividade de trabalho. O contexto social de desenvolvimento sobressaiu como um factor importante para a emergência da gravidez durante a adolescência. Face ao exposto considerou-se que os resultados qualitativos corroboraram aqueles que foram obtidos de forma quantitativa. / The aim of this study was to investigate biosociodemographic characteristics associated with adolescent pregnancy. For that reason, two different studies were performed: a quantitative (N = 452) and a qualitative (N = 8). Firstly, it was investigated pregnancy among Brazilian adolescents of 10 cities of the country (n = 226) and their relationship with school, work, family and friends. Secondly, it was investigated characteristics of their sexual life and contraceptive use. These same variables were examined at one equivalent group - without pregnancy experience (n = 226). These samples were paired according to sex, age and city. The results revealed that there were not significant differences between groups, regarding education and work (p>0,05). Although, it was observed that group with pregnancy experience had more failed results at school and studied more at night shift. The use of contraceptive methods and the relationship with family and friends was an intergroup difference. In the group with pregnancy experience, precarious use of contraceptive methods was presented in comparison with the other group. Moreover this group revealed a worse level of support and confidence in their family and reported to have fewer friends. In the Study II, it was investigated, based on qualitative methods, the same variables of the Study I, regarding pregnant adolescents in Brazil (n = 4) and in Portugal (n = 4). Pregnancy appeared during stable relationships, and it was described as an important life event, even when unexpected. Some adolescents did not go to school when they got pregnant, and entered in a labour activity. The social context of development appeared as an important factor to the emergence of adolescence pregnancy. The results that derived from qualitative analysis corroborated those obtained from quantitative ones.

Young adolescents with neurodevelopmental disabilities tend to have lower levels of participation and poorer well-being compare to their typically developing peers. School is a key setting for adolescents to participate. School’s social environment is found to be influential to both participation and well-being for young adolescents. This paper investigates the relations between school’s social environment and participation, well-being of young adolescents with self-rated neurodevelopmental problems (SNP) and whether participation is associated with well-being of this population. Data of this study was retrieved from wave three of the longitudinal research programme LoRDIA. Study participants were 175 adolescents aged 14-15 years old with SNP. Linear regression was conducted to test the hypothesis. Results show that bullying is the strongest (negative) predictor to both participation and well-being for young adolescents with SNP, which means students within this group who have been bullied are more likely to have low level participation and poor well-being. Relation to teachers is also a strong positive predictor to participation of this population. Class atmosphere is less predictive compare to the other two predictors but still have moderate positive correlation with both participation and well-being. Adolescents with neurodevelopmental disabilities or problems are a vulnerable group, school’s environment is essential to their development. Experience of bullying has a profound and long-term negative effect on children’s participation and well-being. Therefore, more longitudinal data will be needed to further understand this issue. Relation to teachers brings up that the focus and attention should not only been put on students but also on fulfilling teacher’s needs, so they could provide higher quality of teacher-student relationships.

The thesis is focused on a problematic of social environment and culture in a context of forming relation between children and a school. It occupies by socialization, social environment and culture of some social and ethnic groups. Inspected groups are Vietnam ethnicity, Gipsy ethnicity and social environment in a Children´s Home. Intention is describe where and how the social environment and culture can influence the relation between school and education.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Marcelo Souza Pereira.pdf: 13414779 bytes, checksum: 787b41a5ddcb5decfe6c7d527c5d8ded (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-24 / FAPEAM - Fapeam - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / Investigates the socioenvironmental utility of the River through the navigation, by translating the investigated people social representations, which present the logic and the intrinsic symbology in the process of the river appropriation, in the central gutter Solimões-Amazonas river, specifically in the passage between the municipalities of Coari-AM and Parintins-AM, in a linear distance of 890 km. Participated in the research people from human geography of the Amazon: Head of family of the productions units of várzea, from the communities of Nossa Senhora Aparecida Esperança I (Coari-AM), Nossa Senhora das Graças (Manacapuru-AM) and Menino Deus (Parintins-AM); the peasants owners of small boats (UPFV partners); boat commanders, boat owners and the passengers of the regional transport; and, under subsidy, the representatives of the maritime and inland waterway. Place, space, time, work and established were the theoretical categories used to understand the daily life on water and the various forms of appropriation of the river by the men who are socially in the river environment. The qualitative perspective was adopted due to the socialenvironmental universe complexity and to the diversity of knowledge that comes from the simple men who sails to meet their existential needs. The qualitative research allows the understanding of the men in their own terms. For data collection, it was used the semistructured interview script, the participant observation and the notes of the daily research diary notes. Navigate is a life condition for the population of the State of Amazon, because this is the most unnerved space by the Amazon basin, and the art of sailing was culturally transmitted over the centuries by traditional people that inhabited the Amazonian floodplains. The river transport was more privileged during the economy of rubber, between 1870 and 1945, When the State financed the infrastructure necessary to the river gumífera production, promising incentives for the companies to provide navigation services. The appropriation of the River, by the navigation, is made from the various daily life activities: work, study, leisure, emergencies, trade, travel, etc. However, it is also a symbolic activity that reveals the magic of nature that inspires the lives of navigators, good condition for those who enjoy the river or for those who can not live away from him. In spite of that, the navigation is also an activity with a demote power because it provides the man access to the hinterland part of the river, to until the most distant places of the extensive Amazon basin. According to the testimonies collected, the main problems caused by navigation are: the waste produced within the regional boats, the waste dumped directly into the river, water contamination by oil, air pollution, disrespect to the floodplain population due to the waves caused by large boats and, mainly, the overthrow of the river banks. The vessels, depending of the power of its propellant, can cause damage to the life of the population that inhabit the banks of the river and in addition to that can destroy the river banks, accelerating the process of the fallen lands. The process of the river degradation, according to the declarants, reduce fish stocks and complicate the lives of the Amazonian countryman. The men’s from the research identify with the river is revealed from the experience with the place, the sailors can translate the minimum signals emitted by the river and reflect that perception in a safe sailing. Nevertheless, this knowledge over the past few decades, according to the most experienced commanders, have been losing up as the young commanders focus their efforts only on new technologies. Navigation is the vehicle of fluidity, the boat transport people, but also takes to the various places, the information that interfere in the social development of the communities. The regional boat is a vehicle that provides development to the hinterland cities, as noted in statements collected, because when a regional boat route for an inner city begins, soon that place start a economic and social progress, because the natives may not have material wealth, but they have land to grow and make their living with their work. The study concluded that there is a big challenge for the logistical planning of the State of Amazonas: enhance the river transportation not only for their economic gains, but to transform it into a strategic activity for the Amazon social economy and the social environment. Thus, it is proposed to pay more attention to the Amazonian River tradition, forgotten for many decades, with a new look and a new rationality focused on valorization of the environment – people and nature. / Investiga os usos socioambientais do rio, a partir da navegação, traduzindo as representações sociais dos sujeitos investigados, que apresentam a lógica e a simbólica intrínseca no processo de apropriação do rio, na calha central do rio Solimões-Amazonas, especificamente no trecho compreendido entre os municípios de Coari-AM e Parintins-AM, numa distância fluvial de 890 km. Participaram da pesquisa os sujeitos singulares da geografia humana na Amazônia: chefes de família das Unidades de Produção Familiar de Várzea (UPFV) das comunidades Nossa Senhora Aparecida Esperança I (Coari-AM), Nossa Senhora das Graças (Manacapuru-AM) e Menino Deus (Parintins-AM); os camponeses proprietários de pequenas embarcações (os parceiros da UPFV); comandantes, proprietários e passageiros das embarcações do transporte regional de recreio; e, subsidiariamente, os representantes da navegação interior e marítima. Trabalho, espaço, lugar, tempo, ambiente, estabelecidos e outsiders foram algumas das categorias acionadas para compreender o cotidiano de vida sobre as águas e as diversas formas de apropriação do rio pelos homens que se relacionam socialmente no ambiente fluvial. Foi adotada a perspectiva qualitativa devido à complexidade do universo socioambiental e a diversidade de saberes que emana dos homens simples que navegam para atender suas necessidades existenciais. A pesquisa qualitativa permite entender os indivíduos em seus próprios termos. Para a coleta de dados, foram adotados o roteiro de entrevista semiestruturado e a observação participante, além das anotações do diário de campo. Navegar é uma condição de vida para as populações amazonenses, pois este é o espaço mais enervado pela bacia amazônica, e a arte de navegar foi culturalmente transmitida ao longo dos séculos pelos povos tradicionais que habitam as várzeas amazônicas. O período em que mais o transporte fluvial foi privilegiado foi durante a economia da borracha, entre 1870 e 1945, quando o Estado financiou as infraestruturas fluviais necessárias ao escoamento da produção gumífera, garantindo incentivos às empresas de navegação para a prestação dos serviços. A apropriação do rio, pela navegação, é realizada a partir das diversas atividades cotidianas: trabalhar, estudar, lazer, emergências, comércio, viajar, etc. Entretanto, navegar também é uma atividade mediada pelas representações sociais que revela a magia da natureza que inspira a vida dos navegantes, condição válida para quem aprecia o rio ou para quem não consegue viver longe dele. Contudo, a navegação também pode ser uma atividade com poder degradador devido proporcionar ao homem o acesso aos mais distantes lugares. Segundo os depoimentos coletados, os principais problemas causados pela navegação são: o lixo produzido no interior das embarcações, os dejetos depositados diretamente no rio, a contaminação da água por óleo, a poluição do ar, o desrespeito aos povos varzeanos devido aos banzeiros causados pelas embarcações de grande porte e, principalmente, a derrubada das margens. As embarcações, conforme a potência de seus propulsores, causam danos à vida das populações que habitam as margens do rio e derrubam as instáveis margens do rio, acelerando o processo das terras caídas. Os processos de degradação do rio, segundo as narrativas, reduzem os estoques de peixes e dificultam a vida dos camponeses amazônicos. A identidade dos sujeitos da pesquisa com o rio é revelado a partir da experiência do lugar, os navegantes conseguem traduzir os mínimos sinais emitidos pelo rio e refletir essa percepção em uma navegação segura. Contudo, esse conhecimento ao longo das últimas décadas, segundo os comandantes mais experientes, vêm se perdendo por conta de os novos comandantes concentrarem seus esforços apenas nas tecnologias de navegação que tem surgido com a modernidade. A navegação é o veículo da fluidez, nela vão pessoas, mas também chegam aos diversos lugares as informações que interferem no desenvolvimento social das comunidades. A embarcação fluvial é um veículo que proporciona desenvolvimento às cidades do interior, como constatado nos depoimentos coletados, pois quando é inaugurada uma rota de recreio para uma cidade do interior, logo aquele lugar prova de progresso econômico e social, pois o caboclo pode até não ter riquezas materiais, mas tem terra para plantar e tirar seu sustento com seu trabalho. O estudo concluiu que existe um grande desafio para o planejamento logístico do estado do Amazonas: valorizar o transporte fluvial não apenas pelos ganhos econômicos que ele pode proporcionar, mas transformando-o em atividade estratégica para o desenvolvimento socioambiental amazônico. Assim, propõe-se voltar as atenções para a tradição fluvial amazonense, há décadas secundarizada, com um novo olhar e uma nova racionalidade voltada à valorização do ambiente – homens e natureza.

Although teachers and students are the primary actors in the classroom environment, they often have different perceptions of the instructional and relational aspects of the classroom. Despite these differences, research indicates perceptions of the quality of the classroom social environment have implications for both student and teacher outcomes. Additionally, research has indicated the differences in perceptions occur not only between students and teachers, but also among individual students within classrooms. The extent and the manner in which these perceptions converge may vary across different class and school contexts. School and class context, as well as individual characteristics and beliefs have shown to influence student and teacher perceptions of their environment. Thus, to further understand the relationship between perceptions and outcomes, it is important to understand the factors that influence perception. Therefore, the current study examined (1) the extent to which elementary school students’ and teachers’ perceptions of the classroom social environment differ from middle school students’ and teachers’ perceptions, (2) the extent to which teachers and students in elementary and middle school agree about the classroom social environment, (3) if the degree of convergence between teachers and students differs based on high or low levels of motivational and socio-emotional components of the classroom environment, (4) the extent to which school, classroom, and individual teacher factors help to explain teacher perceptions of their classroom environment, (5) and the extent to which school, classroom, and individual student factors help to explain student perceptions of their classroom environment. The sample comprised of fifth- and sixth-grade students and teachers from ethnically diverse elementary and middle schools. Exploratory factor analyses revealed differences in how teachers and students conceptualize the classroom environment. Results from multiple regression and design-model multi-level modeling indicated that school socio-economic status, classroom gender and ethnic composition, as well as teacher and student demographics and beliefs, influence both teacher and student perceptions of the Classroom Social Environment. Findings from the current study may guide researchers in developing effective instructional practices for specific teacher and student populations and may provide unique contributions to the literature regarding factors that may enhance early adolescences’ and teachers’ experiences in the classroom.

Background: Obesity and physical inactivity rates have reached epidemic levels in Canada, but differ based on whether they are self-reported or directly measured. Canadian research examining the combined and independent effects of social and built environments on adult physical activity (PA) and body mass index (BMI) is limited. Furthermore there is a lack of Canadian studies to assess these relationships using directly measured PA and BMI. Objectives: The objectives of this thesis were to systematically compare self-reported and directly measured PA and to examine associations between neighbourhood built and social environmental factors with both self-reported and directly measured PA and overweight/obesity in adults living in Ottawa, Canada. Methods: A systematic review was conducted to identify observational and experimental studies of adult populations that used both self-report and direct measures of PA and to assess the agreement between the measures. Associations between objectively measured neighbourhood-level built recreation and social environmental factors and self-reported individual-level data including total and leisure-time PA (LTPA) and overweight/obesity were examined in the adult population of Ottawa, Canada using multilevel models. Neighbourhood differences in directly measured BMI and PA (using accelerometry) were evaluated in a convenience sample of adults from four City of Ottawa neighbourhoods with contrasting socioeconomic (SES) and built recreation (REC) environments. Results: Results from the review generally indicate a poor level of agreement between self-report and direct measures of PA, with trends differing based on the measures of PA, the level of PA examined and the sex of the participants. Results of the multilevel analyses identified that very few of the built and social environmental variables were ii significantly associated with PA or overweight/obesity. Greater park area was significantly associated with total PA in females. Greater green space was shown to be associated with lower odds of male LTPA. Factors from the social environment were generally more strongly related to male outcomes. Further to the recreation and social environment, factors in the food landscape were significantly associated with male and female PA and overweight/obesity. Results of the directly measured PA and BMI investigation showed significant neighbourhood-group effects for light intensity PA and sedentary time. Post-hoc tests identified that the low REC/high SES neighbourhood had significantly more minutes of light PA than the low REC/low SES. BMI differed between the four neighbourhoods, but the differences were not significant after controlling for age, sex and household income. Conclusions: Results of this dissertation show that the quantity of PA can differ based on its method of measurement (i.e. between self-report and direct methods) with implications for the interpretation of study findings. It also identifies that PA and BMI can differ by neighbourhood and recognizes that the relationships between neighbourhood environments and PA and body composition are complex, may be differ between males and females, and may not always follow intuitive relationships. Furthermore it suggests that other factors in the environment not examined in this dissertation may influence adult PA and BMI and that longitudinal and intervention studies are needed.

The goal of this thesis was to reposition individual preparedness within a social environmental context. First, a theoretical model was developed to more accurately represent the social environmental considerations neglected in current preparedness research and policy. A series of three studies tested this model using a mixed-methods approach: First, subjective conceptualizations of preparedness were explored in a qualitative analysis (N = 12). Findings revealed that participants evaluated their readiness not in terms of prescribed activities, but perceptions about their current resourcefulness as well as past local hazards. Participants’ had positive social environments which also reinforced their perceived coping ability in future emergency events. Subsequent thesis studies investigated the role social environment further, using quantitative data. The second study explicitly tested whether perceptions of risk and coping could explain differences in preparedness based on demographic attributes linked to variations in social environment. Data from a survey examining Canadians perceptions regarding terrorism threats (N = 1503) revealed that greater anticipated response was significantly associated with increased age, as well as female gender, higher education levels, and higher income levels. Statistically significant differences in threat appraisals were also reported based on these demographic groupings. However, mediation analyses demonstrated that with the exception of gender, differences in anticipated response could not be explained via risk perceptions or perceived coping efficacy, suggesting that social environment’s role in preparedness is not related to the internal processes often targeted in current campaigns. The third study used a multilevel design to investigate the contextual role of neighbourhood social environment in anticipated emergency response. Results demonstrated that a more deprived social neighbourhood context was related to lowered anticipated emergency response. This relationship was maintained after controlling for significant individual-level factors such as previous experience and sociodemographics, highlighting the importance of neighbourhood social context in facilitating emergency preparedness. Taken together, these findings provide novel evidence that focusing preparedness strategies to primarily target internal processes is misguided, and that future research and policy must position preparedness efforts in the context of existing social environmental resources and barriers in order to build capacity for effective emergency response.

Hälsa är viktigt för många människor och uppnås vanligen genom regelbunden träning och en bra kost. Men för vissa kan det gå över styr och istället för att uppnå en god psykisk och fysisk hälsa finns det dem som drabbas av ätstörningen ortorexi. Syftet med denna undersökningen var att se om det fanns någon skillnad mellan män och kvinnors risk att drabbas av ortorexi samt om olika relationsstatus och social umgängeskrets med olika högt hälso- och träningsrelaterande intresse och beteende kan öka risken att drabbas av ortorexi. Åttiotvå deltagare svarade på en enkät som bestod av Doninins ORTO-15 samt egenkonstruerade frågor. Resultatet visade att det inte fanns någon signifikant skillnad mellan könen gällande att visa tecken på ortorexi men att relationsstatus och att den sociala umgängeskretsen med högt hälso- och träningsrelaterande intresse och beteende hade en betydelse för risk att drabbas av ortorexi. Varför det inte fanns någon skillnad mellan könen kan tänkas bero på att träning och hälsa vänder sig till alla människor oavsett kön och därav påverkas både män och kvinnor lika mycket.

abstract: This research aims to investigate the social environment in a brand-new type of café, pet café, and to maximum the benefit of this type of cafe. While pet cafés, especially cat cafés, are becoming increasingly common in the United States (U.S.), Asian countries have been in this kind of business since 1998. The most common and popular is the cat café. Even though the owners of cat cafés in the U.S. have learned and imitated the cat café in Asia, the cultural differences and the restrictions resulted in differences in format and design. Interior and furniture design was investigated to afford motivation to people who are pet lovers and can be potential customers. Most of the research about pets illustrates a positive influence on psychological health and social support. On the other hand, a café with pets can be attractive and interactive more than a general café, to offer a recreational activity and a comfortable social environment and therapy from pets. Juxtaposing the cat café in the U.S. against the pet café in China, is explored to investigate the difference between these countries and how they can learn from each other and make improvements to design. Research on what is the difference between the cat café in the U.S. and China are reflected on two parts of outcomes—design and business. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Design 2019