Les stratégies d’entreprises dites « BoP » (pour Bottom/Base of the Pyramid) impliquent la création de produits/services au bas de la pyramide économique, soit 4 milliards d’individus vivant avec moins de 9$ par jour. Les chercheurs et les professionnels expriment l’intérêt de ces stratégies mais relèvent la difficulté d’obtention simultanée des performances économique (pour la firme) et sociale (pour le marché BoP). Notre recherche doctorale s’inscrit dans cette lignée et pose les questions de recherche suivantes : « quels sont les déterminants des performances économique et sociale des stratégies BoP ? Existe-t-il une relation entre ces types de performance ? Pour y répondre, un design méthodologique en trois phases a été élaboré : (I) un sondage de cas basé sur 77 observations de stratégies BoP (II), une étude empirique quantitative basée sur un échantillon de 316 professionnels, (III) une discussion des résultats pour une proposition théorique nommée océan blanc. Les résultats montrent que pour atteindre les performances économique et sociale, l’entreprise doit, (1) avoir des motivations économique et sociale (2), acquérir et capitaliser des connaissances sur le terrain, (3) adapter le prix, la communication, le produit/service mais pas les modes/canaux de distribution, (4) réaliser des alliances sociales et (5) limiter l’influence des institutions, des acteurs locaux et des actionnaires. / The so called « BoP » (for Bottom/Base of the Pyramid) strategies of companies involve products/services creation at the base of the economic pyramid that is 4 billion people living on less than 9$/day. Researchers and professionals express interest in this type of strategy but point out the difficulty of simultaneously obtaining economic performance (for the firm) and social performance (for the BoP market). Our doctoral research is in line with the following research questions: "What are the determinants of economic and social performance of BoP strategies? Does the relationship exist between these types of performance? To answer it, a three phase methodological design has been developed: (I) a case survey method based on 77 observations of BoP strategies, (II) a quantitative empirical study based on 316 professionals, (III) a discussion on results for a theoretical proposition called white ocean. The results show: to achieve the economic and social performances, the company must, (1) have economic and social motivations, (2) acquire and accumulate knowledge in the field, (3) adapt price, communications, product/service but not distribution methods/channels, (4) make social alliances and (5) limit the influence of the institutions, local stakeholders and shareholders.

La microfinance est un moyen de lutte contre la pauvreté dans les pays en développement, à travers le financement des activités génératrices de revenus des ménages pauvres. Cependant, la meilleure manière d'aider les pauvres à avoir accès aux services financiers suscite des débats entre deux approches opposées : les welfarists et les institutionalists. Ces approches oscillent entre deux exigences fondamentales de la microfinance : le principe de solidarité qui renvoie à la performance sociale et la rentabilité de l'institution qui relève de la performance financière. Y-a- t- il arbitrage ou compatibilité entre ces deux performances? L'état d'avancement de la recherche sur cette question suggère la compatibilité, voire la complémentarité, de ces deux exigences de la microfinance.Une analyse factorielle en coupe instantanée (année 2008) sur un échantillon de 52 IMF dans 9 pays de la région MENA examine la relation entre ces deux performances. Les résultats de cette analyse soulignent que la plupart des IMF d'Egypte sont à la fois socialement et financièrement performantes alors que celles du Yémen ne sont que socialement performantes et celles de la Jordanie ne sont que financièrement performantes. Les facteurs déterminants de ces deux performances varient notamment selon le statut (ONG vs. non ONG), la maturité, la méthodologie de prêt (solidaire vs. individuel), la zone d'intervention (rurale vs. urbaine), le niveau de transparence informationnelle, la localisation géographique (pays) et la réglementation des IMF.Une étude économétrique en panel (1998-2008) examine la causalité univoque et interactive entre la performance sociale et la performance financière. Les résultats des régressions statistiquement significatives montrent que la performance sociale a un impact négatif sur la performance financière et inversement ; l'interaction à long terme entre ces deux performances est encore floue. Les résultats montrent aussi que les principaux déterminants de ces deux performances varient selon le cycle de vie de l'IMF ; la relation entre l'âge et la performance n'est pas linéaire ; la règlementation de l'IMF dépend non seulement de son pays mais aussi de son statut institutionnel ; les effets macroéconomiques sont importants dans l'atteinte de deux performances ; les IMF matures cherchent à assurer un bon taux de remboursement au lieu d'augmenter les rendements de leurs portefeuilles. / Microfinance is a means of the struggle against poverty in developing countries through financing activities that generate incomes for poor households. The issue regarding the best way to provide financial services to the poor has fuelled intensive debates between two different schools of thought: institutionalists and welfarists. This opposition faces two requirements of microfinance: Targeting the poorest among the poor, which refers to the social performance and enhancing the profitability of the institution (financial performance). Is there a trade-off between these two performances or can they combine? The state of research upon this issue suggests that these two requirements are compatible and may even be complementary.Following a cross-section factor analysis, we examine the relationship between social performance and financial performance on a sample of 52 MFIs in 9 selected countries of the MENA region: Most MFIs in Egypt are both socially and financially successful, whereas those in Yemen are socially successful and those in Jordan are financially successful. The determinants of these performances vary according to the status (NGO vs. non NGO), maturity, credit methodology (collective vs. individual), the level of information disclosure, geographical location (countries) and regulations of MFIs.An econometric panel study (1998-2008) examines the unequivocal causality and causal interaction between social performance and financial performance. The regression results show that social performance has a negative impact on financial performance and conversely, and the causal interaction between these two types of performances remains unclear in the long run. The results also show that the main determinants of these two performances depend on the life cycle of MFIs, the relationship between age and performance is not linear, the regulation of MFIs depends not only on their countries but also on their institutional status, macroeconomic effects are important in achieving performances, mature MFIs seek to ensure good repayment rates instead of increasing portfolio yield.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-06-07T18:43:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Denis Pereira dos Santos.pdf: 944451 bytes, checksum: 9af7f8e985cb5e167c2dd5bf796978f2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-07T18:43:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Denis Pereira dos Santos.pdf: 944451 bytes, checksum: 9af7f8e985cb5e167c2dd5bf796978f2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-18 / Social work sporting institutions of the third sector lacks indicators that can guide decision-making on the part of the managers of these projects. For the measurement of the performance of an institution can use monetary or non-monetary ways. One of the non-monetary forms are the Corporate Social Performance (CSP) or Corporate Social Performance. The concept of Corporate Social Performance (CSP) is related to how an organization reacts against their social demands. This concept is linked to the stakeholder Theory, because the attention to social demands should be analyzed from the perspective of the key stakeholders of the organization. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare, through the CSP, the social performance of sports institutions of the third sector that have an emphasis in sports performance, sports participation and sports education. As specific objectives, this study sought to identify the stakeholders of the institutions in the view of managers, sorts them according to their degree of legitimacy and urgency power and measure the degree of meeting the demands of the key stakeholders in these sports institutions, featuring so the CSP. For measurement of the CSP was proposed an evaluation tool adapted to sporting institutions of the third sector, and characterize the types of stakeholders linked to each institution and their needs and attendance or not on the part of managers. Empirical research using three selected analysis units for the three possible cases represent third sector linked to the sport, using semi-structured interview, observation and document analysis, in order to provide a triangulation of the data collected. The institutions studied showed levels of CSP relatively close, with emphasis on the institution of sport participation with score of 138 points in the measuring tool of CSP developed in this research. The study concluded that the managers of sporting institutions of the third sector lack indicators for strategic decision-making and that these institutions are more likely to meet the needs of stakeholders, which mainly are related to the form of sport developed within these institutions. / O trabalho social por parte das instituições desportivas do terceiro setor carece de indicadores que possam nortear as tomadas de decisão por parte dos gestores destes projetos. Para a mensuração do desempenho de uma instituição podem ser usadas formas monetárias ou não monetárias. Dentre as formas não monetárias está o Corporate Social Performance (CSP) ou Desempenho Social Corporativo. O conceito de Desempenho Social Corporativa (CSP) está relacionado a como uma organização reage em relação as suas demandas sociais. Esse conceito está ligado à Teoria dos Stakeholders, pois o atendimento às demandas sociais deve ser analisado na perspectiva dos principais stakeholders da organização. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar e comparar, por meio do CSP, o desempenho social das instituições esportivas do terceiro setor que têm ênfase nos esportes de rendimento, esporte de participação e esporte educacional. Como objetivos específicos, este trabalho buscou identificar os stakeholders das instituições na visão dos gestores, classifica-los de acordo com seu grau de poder legitimidade e urgência e mensurar o grau de atendimento das demandas dos principais stakeholders nas estas instituições esportivas, caracterizando assim o CSP. Para mensuração do CSP foi proposta uma ferramenta de avaliação adaptada às instituições esportivas do terceiro setor, caracterizando os tipos de stakeholders ligados a cada instituição e suas necessidades e atendimento ou não por parte dos gestores. A pesquisa foi empírica, utilizando três unidades de análise selecionadas por representarem os três casos possíveis do terceiro setor ligada ao esporte, utilizando-se de entrevista semiestruturada, análise de documentos e observação, a fim de proporcionar uma triangulação dos dados coletados. As instituições estudadas apresentaram níveis de CSP relativamente próximos, com destaque para a instituição desportiva de participação com score de 138 pontos na ferramenta de mensuração de CSP desenvolvida nesta pesquisa. O estudo concluiu que os gestores das instituições desportivas do terceiro setor carecem de indicadores para tomadas de decisão estratégicas e que estas instituições estão mais inclinadas a atender as necessidades dos stakeholders, que principalmente, estão relacionados com a forma de esporte desenvolvido dentro destas instituições.

Social enterprises are hybrid organizations that tackle societal challenges by using conventional business models. Being hybrid organizations means that social enterprises pursue dual objectives: social (developmental) and financial. By taking performance, subsidization and internationalization perspectives, this thesis contributes to understanding the hybridity of social enterprises and how this hybridity drives their general operations and key decisions such as foreign market selection and targeting strategy. / Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Consumers are demanding that corporations become more socially responsible. Executives are challenged to maximize shareholders' returns with achieving a favorable corporate citizen status. The research problem was a gap in knowledge and understanding of the impact of corporate social responsibility on financial performance. This study used multiple linear regression to assess the relationship between key indicators of corporate social responsibility and financial performance from 372 corporations in the S&P500 in 2014. The theoretical foundation was Freeman's stakeholder theory. Environment, community, human rights, diversity, employee relations, product quality, and corporate governance were measures of social performance. Return on assets was used to measure financial performance. When corporate social responsibility was evaluated as an aggregate variable, a significant and negative relationship was found in the financial and material sectors. When corporate social responsibility variables were evaluated independently, employee relations and product quality in the healthcare sector, and community in the financial sector, were found to be positively significant. Environment, product quality, and corporate governance in the financial sector, and employee relations in the consumer and energy sectors, were found to be negatively significant. This study revealed that the relationship between some social variables and financial performance are significant, but not always in a positive direction. Practitioners, executives, and managers can use the findings to evaluate their firm's social position, develop strategies to address gaps, and undertake actions to enhance their firm's social performance, thereby creating positive social change in the community.

The doctoral thesis deals with the concept of corporate social responsibility in supplier-customer relationship. A corporate social responsibility is a current issue related to many areas of the society. The media usually presents the topic in connection with a market behavior or behavior to employees or other subjects or in their relation to environmental issues. Both OSN and EU have been interested in this issue since 1990´s because they perceive the social responsibility as a way to a sustainable development. The crucial thing is that even the companies themselves, which should be the “executor”, started to be interested in its implementation. The thesis analyses the situation on the business market in the Czech Republic in the field of corporate social responsibility issue. Moreover, the thesis investigates the researches of the current state of the theoretical knowledge of the issue for the purpose of the thesis, a large-scale research was carried. The research investigated to what degree the corporate social responsibility influences the supplier-customer relationship. However, above all the research was focused on the existence of the codes of conduct of the suppliers and also the sequence between codes of conduct set by customer to company and codes of conduct set by company to supplier. The third key area of the research was to find out to what degree the corporate social responsibility contributes to the overall evaluation of a supplier by a company. The analysis of the data collected served for the acceptance of rejection of the hypotheses stated at the beginning of the thesis. The results and the findings gained are summed up at the end of the thesis. The practical as well as the theoretical contributions are mentioned as well.

Purpose – To find out what factors hinder and promote SMEs to practice sustainable business. Methodology – Qualitative case study based on interviews and archival data. Findings – This research resulted in five different propositions. 1. Corporate reputation plays a role in contributing to  SMEs’ sustainable practices. 2. The scarce resources of SMEs induce difficulties to maintain a balance between short-term financial goals and long-term sustainability goals, which hinders SMEs to undertake sustainable practices. 3. The scarce resources of SMEs induce internal misalignments in expectations between different stakeholders, which hinders SMEs to undertake sustainable practices. 4. Affiliations and social networks of top managers play a role in contributing to their SMEs’ sustainable practices. played a vital role in promoting the sustainability practices of their SMEs. 5. Less diversity in the top management team hinders SMEs’ sustainable practices. Contributions - This thesis enhances understanding of the factors influencing the implementation of sustainable practices in SMEs from a manager's perspective, filling a knowledge gap in the financial sector. It also provides insights into the complex relationship between subsidiaries and headquarters, highlighting the dynamic balance between sustainability, financial goals, and directives from the headquarters.

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been a subject of increasing interest among academics and business practitioners globally. This thesis contributes to the discourse on CSR in the context of the Nigerian oil industry with regard to corporate-community relations. Specifically, the thesis constitutes a critique of CSR initiatives by multinational oil companies (MOC) operating in the Niger Delta region and their impact on the traditional livelihoods of local communities. The research attempts to understand the link between CSR and Psychological contract from the perspective of both the host communities and the MOCs. This thesis examines community perceptions, expectations and seeks to interpret the relationship between the host communities and the MOCs. The study provides empirical data through the use of twenty-eight semi-structured interviews and three focus groups. This is significant given that most of the research conducted into CSR in this region has been limited to descriptive and extensive theoretical explanations. Findings from the research suggest that the relationship between the host communities and the MOC is a very complex one and that the impact of the MOCs activities can be interpreted from the host communities’ negative actions. The thesis makes an important contribution to the emerging literature on social license to operate (SLO) and in what manner the local communities seek to enforce it. It also offers an alternative approach to CSR based on need assessment and stakeholder involvement rather than corporate obligations and expectations from society in general. / Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFUND), Cross River State government in Nigeria, and Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC).

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) är ett aktuellt ämne som syftar till att företag ska ta ett större samhällsansvar, både ur ett ekonomiskt, miljömässigt och socialt perspektiv. Den globalisering som råder i världen påverkar inte bara ett internt företagsklimat, det ger även effekter på omgivande samhälle och individer, vilket tillsammans med sociala påtryckningar skapar ett behov av CSR. Ansvaret till samhället innebär inte bara ekonomiska och lagliga aspekter, dock ska ett etiskt och filantropiskt perspektiv också antas. Idag är CSR ett frivilligt åtagande och för att kunna motivera företag till ett större ansvarstagande för sitt agerande ämnar denna studie att undersöka, ur ett nordiskt sammanhang, om ett företags hållbarhetsarbete genererar lönsamhet. Studien utgår från nordiska börsnoterade företag som ingår i Dow Jones Sustainability Index (DJSI). Indexet representeras av de bäst presterande hållbarhetsföretagen i världen som kvalificerat sig till att ingå. Genom en deduktiv kvantitativ metod studeras sambandet mellan CSR och lönsamhet för att förklara vilken effekt variabeln Corporate Social Performance (CSP) har på variabeln Corporate Financial Performance (CFP) under tidsperioden 2010-20162010–2016. Fortsättningsvis undersöks skillnaden i lönsamhet mellan företag som inkluderats i DJSI och matchade likartade nordiska företag som inte ingår i indexet. Undersökningen baseras på sekundärkällor ur ett naturvetenskapligt perspektiv. Studien erhåller ett resultat som påvisar att företag som ingår i hållbarhetsindexet tenderar att vara mer lönsamma än företag som inte ingår genom att redovisningsbaserade mått, bruttomarginal och avkastning på totalt kapital (ROA), har applicerats. Studiens slutsats blir att CSR-arbete kan öka lönsamheten i nordiska företag genom att bli inkluderade i DJSI, studien visar dock att placeringen i indexet inte har någon betydelse. Därav blir studiens bidrag att motivera företag till ett större åtagande av hållbarhetsarbete eftersom CSR kan generera högre lönsamhet. / Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a current topic which aims to encourage companies to be more responsible as an societal actor, both from an economic, environmental and social perspective. The consequences of the globalization may not only affect the internal business environment, it will also affect the surrounding society and individuals, which together creates a demand for CSR. As a societal actor, companies needs to include ethical and philanthropic responsibilities, and not only take economic and legal aspects into consideration. Currently, CSR is a voluntary commitment and to motivate companies to embrace the responsibility for the society, this study aims to investigate, from a Nordic context, whether companies’ sustainability work generates profitability.   The study is based on Nordic listed companies included in the Dow Jones Sustainability Index World (DJSI), which is an index where the top performing sustainability companies can qualify for an inclusion. The correlation between CSR and profitability will be studied through a deductive quantitative method to explain what impact Corporate Social Performance (CSP) has on Corporate Financial Performance (CFP) during the years between 2010-2016. Furthermore, the differences in profitability between companies included in DJSI matched Nordic companies that are not included in the index will be investigated. From a scientific perspective, the survey is based on secondary sources. The results of the study indicates that companies included in the sustainability index tend to have an improved profitability than companies that are not included. This by applying the accounting-based measures gross margin and return on assets (ROA). The conclusion of the study is that CSR can improve profitability among the Nordic companies by an inclusion in DJSI, but the study shows that the placement in the index does not have an impact. Hence, the contribution of this study is to motivate companies to a greater commitment to sustainability because CSR can generate improved profitability.

Cette thèse précise dans quelles mesures la performance responsable peut contribuer à l’amélioration de la performance financière pour un investisseur. En s’appuyant sur une base de données de 1992 à 2012 et un état de l’art de la notation responsable KLD, nous montrons que la Responsabilité Sociale de l’Entreprise (RSE) ne constitue pas invariablement un facteur de performance pour un portefeuille d’actions. Elle se révèle être un coût à consentir par les investisseurs soucieux de leur niveau d’éthique, du moins dans sa version proactive. Selon le secteur observé, la réduction des actes d’irresponsabilité peut néanmoins améliorer la performance financière. Nos développements mettent en évidence l’importance d’un choix préalable des actifs du portefeuille. En effet, les stratégies RSE améliorent la performance financière en fonction des caractéristiques qui limitent les comportements opportunistes des managers. Notre analyse multicritères révèle que les dépenses de responsabilités sont le fruit des excès de trésorerie. Le coût moyen pondéré de la dette déterminera l’efficacité de ces stratégies sur la rentabilité de l’entreprise. Enfin, nous mettons en exergue des dissemblances de langage dans les discours issues des rapports de responsabilité, selon le niveau d’éthique et de performance financière. Ces champs lexicaux renseignent l’investisseur sur les intentions des managers, afin de mieux sélectionner les actifs. / This thesis explains and clarifies the ways in which responsible performance can increase financial performance for investors. Based on data gathered between 1992 and 2012 and a state-of-the-art KLD scoring system, we demonstrate that Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) does not consistently increase the performance of a share portfolio. CSR, when proactively implemented, proves to be a cost granted by investors concerned about their ethical models. Depending on the sector observed, restrictions on irresponsible acts can however improve financial performance. Our research highlights the importance of selecting portfolio assets beforehand. We found that CSR strategies improve financial performance provided that some criteria which restrict managerial opportunism. Our multi-criteria analysis revealed that the expenditure of responsibility is a result of excess cash flow. The weighted average cost of the debt will determine the effectiveness of these strategies on the company's profitability. Finally, we highlight discrepancies in Corporate Social Responsibility reports, according to the ethical level and financial performance of each company. These lexical fields inform the investor of managers’ intentions and hence, allow a better selection of the assets.