Titel: Värdeskapande processer – Beräkna det som räknas Nyckelord: Värdeskapande effekter, påvisande av socialt värdeskapande, Social Return On Investment (SROI), intressenter, legitimitet. Idag ställs allt högre krav på företag och organisationer att ta ett samhällsansvar. I och med de ökade kraven höjs också angelägenheten att kunna redovisa dessa insatser på ett tydligt och effektivt sätt. Europakommissionen har exempelvis efterfrågat metoder för att synliggöra och redovisa organisationers samhällsinsatser och samhällsansvar. Även inom idrottsrörelsen efterfrågas sätt att tydliggöra värdeskapande, då idrottsföreningar ofta har problem med att visa sitt värde för samhället och dess övriga intressenter. Idrotten är Sveriges största folkrörelse, med cirka 3 miljoner medlemmar och det är tydligt att den är betydelsefull för många. Idrottsföreningar står således inför en rad utmaningar, bland annat är det relevant för dessa att identifiera vilka som är deras intressenter och vad de anser kring värdeskapande. Detta för att ha möjlighet att svara på deras förväntningar, något som skapar förtroende för verksamheten. Enligt det rådande forskningsläget är det även relevant att finna verktyg att påvisa detta värde för dess intressenter. Metoder för påvisning av liknande effekter efterfrågas idag och forskning kring ämnet sker, bland annat eftersom de mätinstrument som används idag fått kritik för bristande tillämpbarhet och effektivitet. Ett relativt nytt mått som används för att mäta dessa samhällsinsatser är Social Return on Investment (SROI). Metoden används ofta inom den ideella sektorn och mäter det värde verksamheter skapar, som inte bara är ekonomiskt, utan även socialt och miljömässigt. Baserat på ovanstående forskningsläge är syftet med studien att analysera en organisations värdeskapande processer, dess intressenter och relation till dessa, med inslag av SROI-analys. För att uppnå syftet har en kvalitativ studie genomförts i samarbete med en idrottsförening. Semistrukturerade intervjuer utfördes med respondenter som är aktiva i idrottsföreningen samt med representanter för den kommun där föreningen verkar. Det empiriska materialer kommpleteras med intressentteori, legitimitetsteori samt teori kring SROI som metod. De slutsatser som kan dras från denna studie är att en idrottsförening har många intressenter med varierade intressen. Studien presenterar en analys kring relationerna mellan idrottsföreningen och dess intressenter, där det framkommer att den mest framstående intressenten är de aktiva i föreningen. De aktiva upplever effekter av sitt engagemang i föreningen; Socialt välbefinnande, Fysisk hälsa och Personlig utveckling. Dessa effekter påverkar även de aktiva efter avslutat engagemang i föreningen, vilket medför att idrottsföreningens aktiviteter skapar effekter som är hållbara över tid. Studien avslutas med en analys kring värderingen av dessa effekter och hur användbar SROI är som metod, där det konkluderas att måttet underlättar diskussion och värdering av effekter som traditionellt sett inte står i fokus vid utvärdering av organisationers prestationer. Denna insikt är värdefull för idrottsföreningar då de är beroende av relationen till sina intressenter, för att exempelvis få tillgång till ideellt engagemang och finansiell support. Att påvisa vilket värde de skapar för dessa visas relevant i denna studie, bland annat för att idrottsföreningen ska nå en ökad legitimitet.

NPOs and their funders are increasingly drawn to the Social Return on Investment (SROI) method to evaluate the social impact of programs, organizations or organization networks. While many claims about the benefits of SROI have been expressed, various points of criticism have also been raised. On the basis of both current research and our own experience in conducting SROI analyses, we develop a comprehensive assessment of this method, which is structured along two dimensions: the observer's paradigmatic perspective, on the one hand, and positive or negative valuation, on the other. We identify two major merits: SROI analysis can provide legitimacy to NPOs or their funders, and it can assist in allocating resources. We identify limitations from three perspectives: From an interpretative-sociological perspective, criticism of commensuration and utilitarianism calls the method as a whole into question. From a technical-instrumental perspective, there are a number of difficulties that could however be overcome as the method matures. From an intermediary perspective, a number of limitations become apparent that, while inherent to SROI analysis, are no reason for abandoning it, as long as they are thoroughly understood. We conclude by providing suggestions for the responsible use of SROI analysis.

The role of the corporation is shifting from an entity focused on making monetary profits to an organization focused on creating value for all of its stakeholders. Despite of this many of the guidelines, standards and reporting frameworks that have been developed to take into account the increasing stakeholder expectations only capture corporate inputs and outputs relating to social initiatives. By not understanding the value created by social initiatives information is missed that could be useful to the organization and its stakeholders. The purpose of this study has therefore been to see if the Social Return on Investment (SROI) methodology can be a viable tool for companies to use for measuring the value created by CSR activities. This has been accomplished via a case study of a CSR initiative funded by a multinational wind power company in India, and more specifically the building and use of a traditional water harvesting structure called a taanka. Having gone through the six steps of SROI, including monetization of all non-market social, environmental and economic values, the results show that for every Indian Rupee (INR) invested into the studied CSR initiative 29 INR of social value have been created for the stakeholders. The results also show the relation between different inputs and outcomes for the stakeholders affected by the initiative. By analyzing the results several lessons for the construction of future taankas can be learnt. Each taanka should for instance be constructed for as many households as possible and ownership should be shared by the users. More resources should also be allocated to following up the outcomes created by CSR initiatives to help to maximize the efficiency of the resources used to create social value. The methodology can also be used to understand the shared corporate and societal values created by measuring the value created for both the company and the stakeholders, which in turn is useful when deciding on the allocation of corporate resources.

Leaders of youth intervention programs provide a significant social service by redirecting at-risk youth onto a productive path. The standards for youth-serving organizations are inconsistent from 1 organization to another across a wide range of youth-worker training certification programs in the United States. A single-case study was conducted to explore the strategies that 3 leaders of a nonprofit organization located in Minnesota, use to select, collect, and analyze data to assess the effectiveness of training certification programs for youth workers. The 2017-2018 Baldrige Excellence Framework provided the structure for a systems-based evaluation of the client organization; Freeman's stakeholder theory was the conceptual lens for the study. Data were collected from conducting semistructured interviews, reviewing the participating organization's internal documents and performance outcomes, and analyzing open-source resources. Through thematic analysis, 4 key themes emerged: (a) the social return on investment analysis and the overall cost savings by investing in and supporting youth programs, (b) the opportunity to focus research on certification for youth workers, (c) the value of providing training for youth workers, and (d) the opportunity to provide a platform for the youth to share success stories with their community. Specific recommendations stemming from the research findings were to create a state or national recognition standard for youth-worker certifications and to make youth work a paid profession. Implementation of these recommendations may result in positive social change by improving the lives and trajectories of youth.

Design quality work has sought to identify the impact of building design on users during the last 25 years. However, it has rarely considered the role that social context plays in this relationship, an issue that dovetails with the emerging concept of "social value". To drive learning in design, the social value of buildings requires measurement and dissemination, yet existing post-occupancy methodologies have focused on technical building performance rather than user experience. A shift in evaluative focus is needed. The social value of buildings is conceptualised as the mutual interaction between physical building design, active building users and the dynamic social relations that exist within the community of building users. This research has investigated the effective measurement of the social value of buildings and its potential influence on learning in design and commissioning processes, through the critical application of a social impact methodology called Social Return on Investment (SROI). Three case buildings were selected from the nonclinical healthcare sector with differing levels of user-centred design to trial SROI and develop a framework for its application to the built environment. SROI is designed to quantify complex social outcomes, identified through qualitative stakeholder engagement, and generate a transferable metric in the form of a monetised return-on-investment ratio. A methodological account is given of the challenges faced when applying it to the case buildings and the modifications required as a result, representing a unique information source about applied social value research in buildings. However, the effectiveness of SROI at measuring the social value of buildings is questioned due to the process of simplification required to turn qualitative user narratives into monetised data. Its potential utility as a decision-making tool in the built environment is investigated through engagement with design and commissioning professionals. The findings suggest that SROI has limited utility in design-related decisions, but considerable potential as a high level investment tool to inform funding and commissioning decisions. Due to the accessibility of its methodology and transferability of its results, SROI is well-placed as a tool for end user clients, commissioners and investors, as much as design experts. SROI represents a development in lay (e)valuation practices in the built environment, with broader implications for user-centred learning in the context of the growing wellbeing agenda.

The Master thesis deals with the issue of evaluating the effectiveness of nonprofit organizations in culture. The aim of this work is to introduce commonly used methods of financial analysis in the non-profit organization and commonly used methods of measuring effectiveness in the nonprofit sector. The main goal of this work is to present an analysis of social return on investment and its subsequent application to the Children's Studies Ponec and other related activities non profit organization Tanec Praha o.s. for children.

Social value incorporates economic, environmental, and social impact in public policy decision- making. Social Return on Investment (SROI) has emerged as a popular way to measure social value. SROI is a tool for nonprofit organizations and social enterprises to measure their impact and express it in a common economic unit. This study employed a systematic review approach to assess the quality of SROI reports in the advocacy and human rights sector. The goal of this study was to determine whether SROI can measure the broader social effects of a program. Findings indicate that SROI has been used primarily by health and social services and significantly less often by advocacy and human rights groups. As such, the methodology has not yet been robustly applied to study very broad social effects associated with advocacy and human rights interventions. The social outcomes are usually captured qualitatively and not often quantitatively. Further, the social outcomes are rarely monetized due to a lack of financial proxies. SROI would benefit from being applied to a robust advocacy or human rights program, specifically focusing on broad social effects.

This doctoral thesis focuses on the evaluation of the World Bank (WB) performance in delivering development aid to the Least Developed Countries (LDCs). For this purpose, an extensive research was performed to analyze a set of 790 Implementation Completion and Results reports for key economic and financial indicators. Results of this research provide various insights for the appraisal and the results stage of project delivery of the LDCs in different continents. In the final part of the economic and financial analysis the minimum Social Return on Investment (SROI) of the LDCs including all project costs was calculated. This SROI ratio outcome of 1 and 1.06 in the weighted and 1.3 and 1.72 in the unweighted case indicate that projects delivered by the WB have a positive effect on the poor countries. In the second part of this research project the data set of the ICR reports was qualitatively researched for negative ratings according to 3 core assessment categories for the overall project performance: Sustainability, bank performance and borrower performance. As a result the most critical categories respectively risks were outlined. In conclusion, the research analyses and findings support the general demand to provide even more development assistance to poor countries.:Table of Tables and Figures List of Equations List of Abbreviations 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction to the Topic 1.2 Assessing Poverty Problems and Achieving Economic Growth 1.3 Millennium Development Goals 1.4 Development Aid 2 Research Approach 2.1 Objective 2.2 Structure 2.3 Least Developed Countries 2.4 World Bank 2.5 Data Access and Relevance 2.5.1 Data Basis 2.5.2 Implementation Completion and Results Reports 2.5.3 Project Types 2.6 Term “Performance” 2.7 Study and Research Questions 2.8 Challenges of this Doctoral Thesis 2.9 Contribution of this Thesis 3 Economic and Financial Analysis 3.1 SROI Concept 3.1.1 SROI Definition 3.1.2 SROI Process and Impact Map 3.1.3 Cost-Benefit-Analysis 3.1.4 SROI Calculation 3.2 SROI of World Bank Projects 3.2.1 Purpose of the Cost-Benefit-Analysis 3.2.2 Indicators of the SROI Calculation 3.2.2.1 Net Present Value 3.2.2.2 Capital and Recurring Costs 3.2.2.3 Project Dates and Duration 3.2.2.4 NPV-horizon 3.2.2.5 Discount Rate 3.2.3 Types of NPV-Cost-Ratios 3.2.3.1 Pro-Rata-Capital-Costs Ratio 3.2.3.2 Total-Capital-Costs Ratio 3.2.3.3 Pro-Rata-Capital plus Recurring-Costs Ratio 3.2.3.4 Total-Capital plus Recurring-Costs Ratio 3.2.4 Calculation of the proper SROI Ratio 3.2.5 Portfolio Analysis 3.2.6 Sensitivity Analysis 3.3 Additional Economic and Financial Indicators 3.3.1 Economic Rate of Return 3.3.2 Benefit-Cost-Ratio 3.3.3 Net Benefit 3.3.4 Financial Net Present Value 3.3.5 Financial Rate of Return 4 Results of the Economic and Financial Analysis 4.1 Analysis Approach and Setup 4.2 NPV Outcomes at the Appraisal Stage 4.2.1 Appraisal NPVs of the LDCs 4.2.2 Appraisal NPV Continent Comparison 4.3 NPV Outcomes of the Result Stage 4.3.1 Result NPVs of the LDCs 4.3.2 Result NPV Continent Comparison 4.4 Appraisal vs. Result NPVs 4.4.1 Results of the LDCs 4.4.2 Continent Comparison 4.5 Economic Rate of Return Result Values 4.5.1 Results of the LDCs 4.5.2 Continent Comparison 4.6 Additional Economic and Financial Indicator Result Values 4.6.1 Benefit-Cost-Ratio and Net Benefit 4.6.2 Financial Net Present Value and Financial Rate of Return 4.7 Overall Project Performance 4.7.1 Definition 4.7.2 Overall Project Performance Ratings 4.7.3 Outcome Calculation for Non-Financial Indicator Projects 4.7.4 Verification of Outcomes and Conclusion 4.8 NPV-Cost-Ratios and SROI Calculation 4.8.1 NPV-Cost-Ratios of the ICR Reports 4.8.1.1 Overall Results 4.8.1.2 Continent Comparison 4.8.2 Standardized NPV-Cost-Ratios 4.8.2.1 Overall Results 4.8.2.2 Continent Comparison 4.8.3 Calculating the Minimum SROI Ratio 4.8.3.1 Overall Results of the Capital SROI Ratio 4.8.3.2 Continental Comparison of the Capital SROI Ratio 4.8.3.3 Overall Results of the Minimum SROI Ratio 4.8.3.4 Continental Comparison of the Minimum SROI Ratio 4.8.4 Making Meaning of the Results 4.9 Summary and Conclusion 5 Qualitative Data Analysis 5.1 Content Analysis 5.2 Sustainability 5.2.1 Sustainability Rating Definition 5.2.2 Sustainability Rating Categories 5.3 Bank Performance 5.3.1 Bank Performance Definition 5.3.2 Bank Performance Categories 5.4 Borrower Performance 5.4.1 Borrower Performance Definition 5.4.2 Borrower Performance Categories 6 Results of the Qualitative Data Analysis 6.1 Sustainability 6.1.1 Quantitative Assessment of Sustainability Ratings 6.1.2 Outcome of the Content Analysis 6.1.2.1 Types of Reasons 6.1.2.2 Overall Results 6.1.2.3 Results in Haiti 6.1.2.4 Continent Comparison 6.1.3 Excursus: Positive NPV Projects 6.1.4 Summary and Conclusion 6.2 Bank Performance 6.2.1 Quantitative Assessment of Bank Performance Ratings 6.2.2 Outcome of the Content Analysis 6.2.2.1 Types of Reasons 6.2.2.2 Overall Results 6.2.2.3 Results in Haiti 6.2.2.4 Continent Comparison 6.2.3 Summary and Conclusion 6.3 Borrower Performance 6.3.1 Quantitative Assessment of Borrower Performance Ratings 6.3.2 Outcome of the Content Analysis 6.3.2.1 Types of Reasons 6.3.2.2 Overall Results 6.3.2.3 Results in Haiti 6.3.2.4 Continent Comparison 6.3.3 Summary and Conclusion 7 Overall Summary and Conclusion 8 Critical Acclaim and Recommendations 9 Outlook and Future Research List of Appendices Appendix References