This dissertation focused on the formation of the 1974 education reform policy within the political context in Thailand. It offers an historical account of the dialectical process of change in the political climate and the educational system. Also, it explored the dynamic relationship between the two entities in terms of (a) educational influence on the political system since the early 1960s, and (b) the political effects on education policy making during 1973-1977. / In the early 1970s, the educational system experienced serious problems such as inequality of educational quality and opportunity, educated unemployment, and non-functional literacy. The last change in education occurred over a decade earlier with the promulgation of the 1960 Education Plan which was part of the effort to modernize the country. These problems brought about a concern among educators to reform the educational system during the late 1960s. / At the same time, the political system was characterized by stagnation: the military had ruled for most of the democratic years since the termination of absolute monarchy in 1932. By 1972, while other societal systems were moving toward "development," this unchanged political system began to stir public dissatisfaction that culminated in October 1973 when the military regime was finally overthrown. The incident marked the beginning of the liberal movements. Change was the main theme of the public demands during the democratic years (1973-1976). / The education reform policy was announced in 1974. The study found that political factors accounted for the reform on two levels. First, it provided the climate that encouraged changes. Second, it determined both the direction of the policy and the success of the policy formation process. Such influence of politics was also evident in the making of the 1977 National Education Plan which was the final stage of the reform policy formation process. That is, the conservative political climate in 1976 delayed the Plan enactment and altered some of its liberal content. The research suggests that the factors affecting the policy changes include not only the political context but also the linkage between educators and politicians, the leadership, and the bureaucratic structure. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 47-12, Section: A, page: 4351. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1986.

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As one of its “durable solutions” to the protracted nature of refugee issues, the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) promotes “local integration” of refugees in their host communities or countries. Both academic and policy debate, in conceptualizing local integration, acknowledge that it is a complex process characterized by legal, economic, social and cultural dimensions. There also appears an agreement that a successful local integration process is heavily reliant on relationships between refugees and the host community. Therefore, for local integration to achieve its intended purpose, it is important to devise means of stimulating contact and interaction between refugees and members of the host community. This thesis explores ways in which the arts can contribute to local integration in the context of refugee settlements. Through an abductive methodological approach, the thesis uses theorization around social capital and local integration, linking it with the arts to develop an analytical framework to study the potential impact of the arts in local integration processes. The framework suggests relevant characteristics of artistic activity with potential to generate social capital that can support refugee local integration.  The framework is also used to guide data collection. Data is generated from an artistic project, Speak Open the Conversation, that took place in Nakivale refugee settlement in Uganda. The thesis suggests that engagement in artistic activity among refugees and between refugees and their hosts has potential to generate different kinds of social capital that can support refugee local integration.

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This article is based on an evaluation of the crime prevention work that is being done in partnership between municipalities and the local police in Stockholm county. The purpose was to provide an overview of the work and point out focus areas for further development. The evaluation is based on quantitative content analysis of official documents written for the local crime prevention work and interviews with the local police and the crime prevention coordinators at the municipalities.   One of the most prominent results was that analysing the causes of crime and establishing measurable goals for the effect of crime prevention is found difficult. The municipalities in the form of political self-governing agencies were also found difficult to collaborate with. Decisions, which are made at the top levels, take a very long time since it’s a very bureaucratic organisation. However, effective communications within the organisations helped spread knowledge, which strengthened the work. The conclusion was made from the prominent results that these factors all had the ability to affect the works legitimacy.

Bakgrund: Den största andelen av företag i Sverige är småföretag, 2018 uppgick andelen till 99,4 procent. Enligt Företagarnas finansieringsrapport (2018) upplever 52 procent av småföretagen att det är svårt att finansiera företagets investeringar med externt kapital. Crowdfunding har påvisats en ökad betydelse som externt finansieringsalternativ vid anskaffning av kapital för småföretagare. Trots svårigheterna att ombesörja extern finansiering via de formella kanalerna uppgick endast andelen crowdfunding till 1 procent av investeringsbehovet under 2017.  Syfte: Studiens syfte är att kartlägga hur småföretag motiverar sina finansieringsbeslut vid tillväxt samt att undersöka inställningen till crowdfunding och vilka faktorer som kan bidra till en ökad nyttjandegrad. Avgränsning: Studien avgränsas till fem småföretag i handelsbranschen med huvudverksamhet i Stockholm, Sverige.  Metod:I studien tillämpas kvalitativ metod där empirin utgörs av semistrukturerade intervjuer efter en förutbestämd intervjuguide. Småföretag ligger till grund för studien då denna kategori ofta upplever finansieringssvårigheter. Urvalet har utförts med ett subjektivt bekvämlighetsurval vilket är ett icke-sannolikhetsurval.  Resultat, Slutsats: Studiens resultat påvisar att samtliga företag upplever en återhållsamhet från bankernas sida att bidra med kapital och uppger att kapitalbrist har hindrat företagets tillväxt vid någon tidpunkt. Studiens småföretagare saknar kunskap om crowdfunding, men är genomgående positiva till de möjligheter som finansieringsformen kan erbjuda. Inställningen till crowdfunding är därav bra, dock beskrivs förtroendet för aktörerna på marknaden som lågt. Detta fastställer att det finns ett behov av ytterligare extern finansiering hos företagen som deltagit i studien. Det föreligger en teoretisk möjlighet att tillfredsställa detta behov med hjälp av crowdfunding, det framkom i studien att det finns ett incitament från småföretagare att använda sig av crowdfunding för att minska bankens makt och inflytande samt att minska sin egen beroendeställning. För att förbättra småföretagarnas inställning till finansieringsformen finns ett behov att tydliggöra om de möjligheter och de olika tjänster som crowdfunding kan erbjuda. En ytterligare faktor är att förbättra legitimiteten hos finansieringsformen utgörs av en tydlig lagstiftning, vilket kan bidra till att uppfattningen förbättras och att branschens seriositet stärks. / Background: The majority of businesses in Sweden are small businesses, 2018 this was amounted to 99,4 percent of the total population. According to Företagarnas finansieringsrapport (2018) 52 percent of these companies are experiencing difficulties to secure external financing. Crowdfunding as a form of funding for small businesses has demonstrated an increased significance in securing external financing. Despite the difficulties to secure external financing through the formal channels, only 1 percent of the investments during 2017 was funded by Crowdfunding. Purpose: The study aims to explore how small businesses motivates their financial decisions at growth and the attitude towards crowdfunding, also which factors that can contribute to an increased utilization rate. Delimitation: The study is constrained to five small businesses in the commerce segment with their main activities in Stockholm, Sweden. Methodology: In this study a qualitative method is applied, and the empirical data is comprised by semi-structured interviews with a predetermined interview guide. The focus in this study are small businesses, a category that often experiences financing difficulties. The sample have been performed with a subjective comfort selection which is a non-probable selection. Result, conclusion: The study's results shows that all the companies are experiencing a moderate restrain with financing from the banks and are stating that the shortage of capital has at some point restrained the company's growth. The small business owners complied in the study are lacking knowledge of Crowdfunding but are all through positive off what the form of financing can offer. Therefore, the attitude towards Crowdfunding is good, though the reliance against the market performers is low. It is concluded in this study that the need for further external financing is required. This need could theoretically be fulfilled through Crowdfunding, also there is an incentive to reduce the banks might and one's own dependency. To improve the small business owners’ attitude towards the form of financing there is a requirement to clarify the possibilities and different services offered by Crowdfunding. A further factor to improve the legitimacy of the financing form is comprised by a distinct legislation, which can contribute to an improved awareness and seriousity of the industry.

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Abstract Most children in Sweden participate in some form of sports, but among children with neuropsychiatric disorders (NPD), these numbers are much lower. The purpose of this study was to try and understand how soccer coaches in Värmland experience children with NPD in the ages between 7 and 12, and their involvement in organized soccer. A survey was used to collect information from the coaches and 84 active leaders, of which 70% male and 30% female, chose to participate.  Coaches from both smaller and larger places of residence in Värmland took part in the survey. The results showed that a lot of children with NPD participate in organized soccer in Värmland but the knowledge about NPD is relatively low. The coaches want more education in this subject to be able to meet every child’s needs and they felt very postive about these children participating in sports. The conclusions drawn from this study was that NPD within sports is a subject that engages coaches and that the coaches want all children to be able to take part in sports, disregarding of a diagnosis.

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Entreprenörskap har definierats som en viktig fråga för utbildningsväsendet. Satsningarpå entreprenörskap ska öka Sveriges konkurrenskraft.Vid den senaste gymnasiereformen 2011, Gy11 infördes ämnet Entreprenörskap.Undervisning i ämnet Entreprenörskap på gymnasiet syftar enligt Skolverket blandannat till att kunna ta eget ansvar, ta initiativ och vara kreativ. Egenskaper för att vara enentreprenör. Entreprenörskap anses vara ett förhållningssätt hur man skapar något nytteller utvecklar något befintligt.Men hur går det till i praktiken? Hur lär man ut entreprenörskap? Samt överensstämmerlärares undervisning i praktiken mot läroplaner, syften och mål. Finns stöd i forskningom hur ämnet ska utföras i praktiken?Genomfört en studie med kvalitativ inriktning. För att få svar på frågan valdes tvågymnasieskolor från Västsverige som dataunderlag. Genomförde intervjuer med 6yrkesverksamma lärare inom handels- och ekonomiprogrammet som undervisar ientreprenörskap.Resultatet visar att det finns många likheter mellan lärares syn på vad kursen iEntreprenörskap innebär och hur det ska utövas.Jag har fått fram de viktigaste nyckelorden som sammanfattar hur Entreprenörskapundervisas.Det kan vara att utveckla personliga kompetenser och förmågor som att stärkasjälvförtroendet, att ta eget ansvar, att samarbeta, att vara handlingskraftig. Att få framdrivkrafter för att starta ett eget projekt och ta fram fakta i ett självständigt lärande.Att elever lär sig saker i samarbete med andra och driver sin egen process mot ett mål.Där lärarens roll flyttats från traditionell kunskapsbärare till en processledare ellercoach.Lärare har även en klar bild bild över definitionen av ämnet Entreprenörskap, syften ochmål och det överensstämmer väl med undervisningen.När elever får undervisning i ämnet Entreprenörskap blir de kreativa, utvecklar sinaideér och tar initiativ. De blir entreprenörer!