Bakgrund: Sammanställningar på fallförebyggande åtgärder är främst centrerat kring träning men bristfällig gällande psykologiska interventioner och osäkert kring sociala interventioner. Författarna ser därav en möjlighet att sammanställa evidens genom en systematisk litteraturöversikt kring fallförebyggande åtgärder ur ett biopsykosocialt perspektiv.  Syfte: Syfte med denna studie är att genom en systematisk litteraturöversikt sammanställa forskning kring fallförebyggande åtgärder hos äldre personer. Vidare är syftet att redovisa detta ur ett biopsykosocialt perspektiv samt att bedöma samtliga inkluderade studiers kvalitet.   Metod: Författarna i denna litteraturöversikt genomförde en litteratursökning i databaserna PubMed och CINAHL Plus. Projektprocessen slutade upp med sju RCT-studier som inkluderades utifrån studiens frågeställningar och syfte och vidare granskades utifrån SBU:s granskningsmallar.  Resultat: Fysiska åtgärder sågs i form av kombinerad balans och styrka i nedre extremitet samt funktionellt inriktad träning. Psykologiska åtgärder sågs i form av MI. Sociala åtgärder sågs i form av gruppträning. Kvaliteten av inkluderade studier bedömdes som måttlig och evidensstyrkan som begränsad. Slutsatser: Fysiska åtgärder visade ge positiva utfall på mängden fall. Psykologiska åtgärder visade inte ha några positiva utfall på mängden fall. Sociala åtgärder visades stödja följsamhet av träning. Funktionell träning i grupp kan vara en relevant åtgärd i förebyggande av fall för äldre individer. / Background: Reviews of fall prevention measures are mainly centered around training but inadequate regarding psychological interventions and uncertain around social interventions. The authors see this as an opportunity to compile evidence through a systematic literature review on fall prevention measures from a biopsychosocial perspective.  Objective: The objective of this study is to compile research on fall prevention measures in the elderly. Furthermore, the purpose is to review the evidence through the lens of a biopsychosocial perspective and to assess the quality of all included studies.  Method: The authors of this literature review conducted a literature search in PubMed and CINAHL Plus. The project-process ended with seven RCT-studies that were included based on the study's questions and purpose and further examined based on SBU's review templates.  Results: Physical measures were seen in combined balance and strength in the lower extremity as well as functional training. Psychological measures were seen in the form of MI. Social measures were seen in the form of group training. The quality of the included studies was assessed to be moderate and the strength of evidence to be limited.  Conclusions: Physical measures showed positive results on the number of falls. Psychological measures did not show any positive outcomes in the number of falls. Social measures were shown to support adherence to exercise. Functional training in groups can be a relevant measure in preventing falls for older individuals.

The predominately rural state of Mississippi responded to high teenage pregnancy rates by enacting a 2011 law requiring school districts to choose between an abstinence-only and an abstinence-plus program for their high schools. However, there is limited extant research on Mississippi's sex education policies, creating a research gap that inhibits developing successful programs to reduce teenage pregnancy rates. There is specifically a need to compare the two types of allowed programs with a focus on rural areas. This study compared programs by examining students' abstinent sexual attitudes, social norms, self-efficacy, sexual abstinence behaviors, and perceived effectiveness of sexual education and decision making to address whether those variables differed by program and if programs and genders interacted. The study was informed by the health belief model, social cognitive theory, and the theory of reasoned action. The study collected data from 366 students who had taken one of the two programs completed 4 surveys: a demographic survey, the Sexual Risk Behavioral Belief and Self-Efficacy scale, the Sexual Abstinence scale, and the Effectiveness of Sexual Education scale. Students who completed the abstinence-plus program had higher levels of abstinent sexual attitudes, abstinent social norms, abstinent self-efficacy, and sexual decision-making self-efficacy when compared to students who completed the abstinence-only program, with a small effect size for abstinent social norms. Sexual abstinence behavior scores did not differ by program and programs and genders did not interact. Future studies should include a pretest and posttest evaluation. Analyzing these programs facilitates social change by informing the design of effective programs that focus on at-risk youth sexual behaviors.

Denna studie syftar till att öka förståelsen kring läkarstudenters karriärval. Merparten av läkarstudenter på Sveriges högskolor har universitetsutbildade föräldrar. Vi finner det därmed intressant att undersöka läkarstudenter som inte kommer från hem med en akademisk studietradition. Genom att studera på akademisk nivå lämnar studenterna sin nuvarande yrkes-och utbildningsmässiga samhällsklass. För att förstå varför dessa studenter väljer att genomföra denna klassresa har en kvalitativ metod tillämpats. Detta metodval gjordes för att vi strävade efter en djupare förståelse kring deras karriärval. Empirin tolkades i huvudsak utifrån två teoretiska verktyg: Banduras (1997) begrepp self- efficacy samt Social cognitive career theory (Lent et al. 1994) som användes för att förstå individers karriärutveckling. Resultatet visar att mönster gällande faktorer som individens självtillit, studieframgångar, intressen och personliga egenskaper har varit centrala när studiens informanter gjort sina karriärval. Det framkom även att omgivningens uppmuntran är betydande vid detta val.

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Research has demonstrated that >5 servings of fruits and vegetables (F&V) per day improve health. Eighty-three percent of 18-24 year olds, including college students, do not meet recommendations. For the study, freshmen at MSU were recruited. Included freshmen (n=132), 6 percent, received a sociodemographic and intake survey. Eighty subjects, 61 percent, completed the survey. Of these subjects (n=33), 41 percent, participated in focus groups. X2 analyses assessed intake and sociodemographics. Paired t-test compared BMI and intake. Focus group analyses determined additional influences. Results indicated nine percent of subjects consumed >5 servings, and 23 percent of subjects consumed >3 servings. >3 servings was insignificant to sociodemographics. Significance occurred between income and french fry and salad, parental environment and french fry, and gender and white potatoes. Focus groups revealed additional factors influenced intake. In conclusion, F&V consumption was inadequate, placing students at health risks. Dietary interventions should address barriers other than sociodemographics.

Bakgrund: Total höftplastik är en operation där en protes ersätter höftleden. Ingreppet genomförs alltmer i dagkirurgi. Rehabiliteringen sker i hemmet med uppföljningsbesök av fysioterapeut. Följsamhet till rehabilitering är viktigt för att återfå funktion. Insikt i patienters upplevelser av rehabilitering kan ge ny värdefull kunskap för fysioterapi med beteendemedicinsk inriktning. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att studera hur patienter som genomgått total höftplastik i dagkirurgi upplever följsamhet till postoperativ rehabilitering. Metod: Deskriptiv kvalitativ design med induktiv ansats. Sex patienter som genomgått total höftplastik i dagkirurgi inkluderades och deltog i individuella semistrukturerade intervjuer. En kvalitativ innehållsanalys tillämpades för att analysera data från intervjuerna. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i 15 underkategorier med följande fem huvudkategorier: Vikten av en bra start, Betydelsen av socialt stöd och vägledning, Funktion och resultat styr utförande, Betydelsen av personliga egenskaper och mentalitet, Träningsprogram underlättar hemträningen. Slutsats: Upplevelsen av följsamheten till rehabilitering efter total höftplastik i dagkirurgi utgörs av ett flertal individ- och omgivningsfaktorer såsom mentalitet, utfallsförväntningar, socialt stöd och väder. Resultat av denna studie tillför en ökad förståelse till bio-psyko-sociala upplevelser av följsamhet till rehabiliteringen efter dagkirurgisk total höftplastik i svensk kontext. / Background: Total hip arthroplasty is a surgery where the hip joint is replaced by a prosthesis. Nowadays the surgery is often carried out in day-surgery. The rehabilitation occurs at home with physiotherapeutic follow-up visits. Compliance to rehabilitation is important to regain function. Insight into patients’ experiences of rehabilitation can provide valuable new knowledge for physiotherapy with a behavioral medicine focus. Aim: To study how patients experience their compliance to rehabilitation after total hip arthroplasty in day-surgery. Method: Descriptive qualitative design with an inductive approach. Six patients who underwent total hip arthroplasty in day-surgery were included and participated in individual semi-structured interviews. A qualitative content analysis was applied to analyze data from the interviews. Results: The analysis resulted in 15 subcategories with the following five main categories: The importance of a good start, The significance of social support, Function and results control the performance, The meaning of personal characteristics and mentality, Exercise program facilitates the home rehabilitation. Conclusion: The experience of compliance to rehabilitation after total hip arthroplasty in day-surgery consists of several individual- and environmental factors such as mentality, outcome expectations, social support and weather. The result of this study expands the understanding of bio-psycho-social experiences of compliance to rehabilitation after total hip arthroplasty in day-surgery in a Swedish context.

Professional School Counselors (PSCs) are to serve as advocates for all students and promote systemic change (American School Counselor Association, 2008) while navigating complex work environments. The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the contribution of PSCs‟ social-cognitive development to their levels of ethical and legal knowledge and locus of control orientation. The three constructs and instruments investigated in this study were: (a) social-cognitive development (ego development; the Washington University Sentence Completion Test [WUSCT]; Hy & Loevinger 1996), (b) Ethical and Legal Knowledge (the Ethical and Legal Knowledge in Counseling Questionnaire-Revised [ELICQ-R]; Lambie, Ieva, Gill, & Hagedorn, 2010), and (c) Locus of Control (the Adult Nowicki-Strickland Internal External Scale- College [ANSIE-C]; Nowicki & Duke, 1974; the Work Locus of Control Scale [WLCS]; Spector, 1988). The findings from this investigation contribute to the school counseling and counselor education literature. The sample size for this study was 301 certified, practicing school counselors (elementary school, middle school, high school, and multi-level) in five states (Colorado, Florida, Maine, Maryland, and New Mexico) across the country. The participants completed data collection packets including a general demographic questionnaire, the WUSCT (Hy & Loevinger 1996), the ANSIE-C (Nowicki & Duke, 1974), the WLCS (Spector, 1988), and the ELICQ-R (Lambie, et al., 2010). The statistical procedures used to analyze the data included (a) structural equation modeling (path Analysis), (b) simultaneous multiple regression, (c) Pearson productmoment (2-tailed), and (d) Analysis of variance (ANOVA). The primary research hypothesis was that practicing school counselors‟ social-cognitive development scores would contribute to their locus of control orientation and their levels of iv ethical and legal knowledge. The statistical analyses identified several significant findings. First, the path analysis model testing the contribution of school counselors‟ social-cognitive development to locus of control and ethical and legal knowledge did fit for these data. Specifically, the results indicated that school counselors‟ social-cognitive development contributed to their ethical and legal knowledge (less than 1% of the variance explained) and to locus of control (14% of the variance explained) in the model fit for these data. In addition, locus of control contributed to school counselors‟ ethical and legal knowledge (2% of the variance explained). Implications for professional school counseling and counselor education are presented, along with areas for future investigation.

The prevalence of overweight and obese children has increased dramatically in the United States over the past 20 years and is a symptom of multiple systemic and cultural changes that have significantly influenced alterations in energy intake, energy expenditures, and the energy balance of children across the nation. School-based obesity prevention programs addressing nutrition and healthy eating behaviors within the school environment and cultural context provide a unique opportunity to educate and engage students in healthy food consumption practices. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a three-year elementary school nutrition education program for students in grades kindergarten through fifth using a longitudinal analysis of two separate data sets, a nutrition skills behavior assessment survey of self-reported eating behaviors, and body mass index (BMI) scores derived from height and weight measurements of program participants. Nutrition survey results indicated that students reported making healthier food choices from August 2001 to November 2004, with a significant decrease in reported consumption of fats/oils/sweets and significant increases in reported consumption of milk, meat, vegetables, fruit and grains. BMI results indicated a 7.8% decline in the percentage of students in the "overweight" and "at-risk for overweight" categories between August 2001 and October 2004. The combined results of both measures indicate that the nutrition education program appeared to positively affect eating behaviors and body mass index percentages. Implications of the study and strategies for further research are proposed.

In the past 20 years, the way in which food is prepared has rapidly changed. Convenience has become a way of life and Americans have replaced meals made from scratch with meals that are quick and easy. During that time, body mass index has risen steadily. The prevalence of overweight and obesity among children has become common in the American population. “Pink Chefs,” a six-week culinary intervention for middle school girls 12 to 14-years-old, was developed and piloted to combat childhood obesity by teaching nutrition through basic cooking skills. The social cognitive theory was used as the theoretical framework. The goals of this program were to increase the subjects’ self-efficacy for cooking; to build knowledge for healthful dietary practices; and to provide a fun and safe environment conducive for interactive learning. This culinary enrichment program was piloted in reduced-income communities in south San Luis Obispo County, California, with 22 self-selected participants. Surveys were used to measure self-efficacy, knowledge, barriers and diet pre- versus post-intervention. Post-intervention measures demonstrated a significant (p = 0.005) intervention effect on self- efficacy for cooking. No significant increases were observed for knowledge, barriers and diet. This research, like that of Larson et al. (2006), illustrated that honing both skills and knowledge learned in a practical setting is one of the first steps for increasing self-efficacy for dietary improvements.