This thesis tries to define and analyze the conception of lawfulness protection and basing oneself on law, the conception of social efficiency of law and the influence of these categories over the police. It tries to define the conception of the police activity. The activity of police as a State institution in the field of lawfulness protection is analyzed. The conclusion is drawn in the thesis that the police activity is its social activities the main point of which is to ensure the public security and public order by basing oneself on law and protect rights and freedoms of society members against dangerous encroachments. From the point of view of the social efficiency of law, the police activity must serve the social purpose of law in order not to sap the faith of society members in the main social values. Police is one of three principal State institutions carrying out the lawfulness protection the activity of which is regulated by the democratic State by corresponding legal acts the application of which is controlled. At the same time, it is a social organization empowered to apply the measures of extortion to a person who has committed the infringement of law. It is the part of society influenced by it and accountable to it. Therefore, the society demands that the police should base itself in its activity solely on law and protect successfully the lawfulness by realizing its functions. In order to realize tasks given to it by the society, each police institution must... [to full text]

La responsabilité publique évolue et de nombreux régimes d’indemnisation ne trouvent pas leur place dans la grille de lecture habituelle de cette matière. Pour remédier à ce problème, la thèse propose de créer une nouvelle catégorie juridique : la responsabilité sans fait. Celle-ci regroupe les régimes de responsabilité publique dans lesquels la victime est dispensée d’apporter la preuve d’un fait générateur imputable au responsable. Vingt régimes très divers y sont actuellement classés. Leur analyse permet de comprendre l’évolution historique de la responsabilité sans fait. La création de la responsabilité sans fait produit trois types de conséquences qu’il faut étudier. D’abord, elle joue un rôle particulier dans l’indemnisation des victimes. Ensuite, elle exerce une influence sur les catégories actuelles de la responsabilité publique que sont la responsabilité pour faute et la responsabilité sans faute. Enfin, elle est le point de départ d’une recomposition de l’architecture de la responsabilité publique. En effet, cette matière peut être présentée grâce à la distinction responsabilité pour fait / responsabilité sans fait. / Public liability evolves and a lot of systems of compensation cannot be filed in the usual classification of this field. To remedy this problem, the thesis suggests creating a new legal category: liability without act. This one contains systems of public liability within which the victim is exempt from proving an act imputable to the person responsible. Twenty very different systems are presently filed there. Their analysis makes understanding of historical evolution of liability without act possible. The creation of liability without act produces three types of consequences which must be considered. First, it plays a particular part in compensation for victims. Second, it affects present categories of public liability which are fault-based liability and liability without fault. Finally, it is the beginning of a reconstruction of the structure of public liability. In fact, this field can be presented thanks to the distinction fact-based liability / liability without act.