The master work analyses the social efficiency of the social care’s legal regulation. The work consists of 3 parts. In the first part we analyse the consumption of social and legal care. In the second part we analyse the particularities of the social care’s legal regulation: 1) the norms of terminated ang long – term children care; 2 ) the norms of children care in foster family, household and children care institutions 3 ) the norms of child care sponsorship and 4) the care of legally incapable adults in home and social care institutions. In the third part we analyse the social efficiency of social care’s regulation. In the master work we used such methods as document analyses, law cases analyses and interview. The results of the reseach showed that: 1) Social work with child and his biological family is not enough during terminated care’s period. During long – term care’s period social work with child and his foster parents is not held at all. The reason of it is the deficit of social servises in community and the small number of specialists in the child protection servises. 2) The organization of of children care in foster family and household is not regulated enough. There’s no education system and methodics for foster parents. 3) The children from care homes are not prepared for the independent life, their rights to suitable life conditions, free time spending are violated because of the strict legal regulation of the children care homes activities, indeterminate... [to full text]

Piliečių teisėkūros teisė yra vienas esminių principų, kuris turi būti užtikrintas demokratinėje valstybėje. Teisėkūros procese, kuris šiame darbe analizuojama siaurąją prasme suprantamas kaip formalizuota teisės aktų kūrimo procedūra, visuomenės nariai gali dalyvauti nustatytų formų pagrindu – pasinaudodami referendumo, peticijos bei įstatymų leidybos iniciatyvos teise. Įtaką valdžios priimamiems sprendimams piliečiai gali daryti ir per lobistinę veiklą, kuria siekiama atstovaujant atitinkamus interesus paveikti priimamus sprendimus naudinga linkme. Šių formų efektyvus įgyvendinimo užtikrinimas yra vienas svarbiausių demokratiškumo lygmens įvertinimo kriterijų valstybėje. Vertinant teisinio reguliavimo realų veiksmingumą, darbe atskleidžiamas faktinis piliečių teisėkūros teisės realizavimo atitikimas deklaruojamoms normoms ir pagrindinės problemos. / Citizens’ legislative law is one of the fundamental principles, which has to be ensured in the democratic state. In the legislation process, which is analyzed in a narrow sense herein, is seen as a formalized procedure of establishment of legal acts, where the members of the society have the right to participate on the grounds of the established forms – exercising the rights of the referendum, petition, as well as legislation initiative. Citizens can influence the resolutions, passed by the authorities, through the lobbying activities as well, by which it is endeavored, by representing the respective interests, to affect the resolutions passed to advantage. Efficient security of implementation of these forms is one of the key criteria of assessment of the level of democracy in the state. By assessing the practicable efficiency of the legal regulation, an actual conformity of implementation of the citizens’ legislative law to the standards declared as well as main problems are revealed in the project. In Lithuania the rights of the citizens to take part in the legislation are governed in the standard legal acts. Idea of the sovereignty of the nation, established in the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania, declares that the actual and only source of the state authorities is the people. Established principles, expressed for the will of the representatives thereof, are established in the law, having the highest power of in the country, whereas the particular standards are... [to full text]

This thesis tries to define and analyze the conception of lawfulness protection and basing oneself on law, the conception of social efficiency of law and the influence of these categories over the police. It tries to define the conception of the police activity. The activity of police as a State institution in the field of lawfulness protection is analyzed. The conclusion is drawn in the thesis that the police activity is its social activities the main point of which is to ensure the public security and public order by basing oneself on law and protect rights and freedoms of society members against dangerous encroachments. From the point of view of the social efficiency of law, the police activity must serve the social purpose of law in order not to sap the faith of society members in the main social values. Police is one of three principal State institutions carrying out the lawfulness protection the activity of which is regulated by the democratic State by corresponding legal acts the application of which is controlled. At the same time, it is a social organization empowered to apply the measures of extortion to a person who has committed the infringement of law. It is the part of society influenced by it and accountable to it. Therefore, the society demands that the police should base itself in its activity solely on law and protect successfully the lawfulness by realizing its functions. In order to realize tasks given to it by the society, each police institution must... [to full text]

Doctor of Philosophy / Economics / Yang M. Chang / This dissertation comprises of three essays in industrial economics. My first essay analyzes social efficiency of entry into a downstream oligopoly of a vertical market structure, where an upstream supplier sells an essential input to all firms producing downstream. In the downstream markets, a multiproduct firm is both a monopoly in its own product and a leader in a different product market with free entry of followers. We show that in the presence of scale economies, entry is socially insufficient. The insufficiency of entry is due to the fact that entry generates a business-creating effect significantly large enough to dominate a business-stealing effect, regardless of whether the upstream supplier's input pricing strategy is discriminatory or uniform. This suggests that entry regulation as a public policy is socially undesirable in the downstream oligopoly of a vertical market structure. My second essay examines differences in welfare implications between discriminatory and uniform input price regimes in vertically related markets where a multiproduct firm operates downstream in two separate markets: one is a monopoly and the other is an oligopoly with entry of new firms. In the analysis, we analyze how the downstream entry into the oligopolistic market affects social efficiency. In an open economy, whether the input price regime is discriminatory or uniform, entry is always socially excessive in the presence of scale economies. This contrasts with the existing studies in the literature that entry is always socially insufficient in an open economy with the presence of scale economies. Focusing on the scenario where vertically integrated producer (VIP) adopts a non-foreclosure strategy, my third essay shows that downstream entry is socially insufficient despite scale economies and the marginal cost difference between the VIP and its retail competitors. The non-foreclosure equilibrium arises when the VIP's wholesale profit from the sales of an essential input is sufficiently large and the VIP shares the profit with its downstream competitors. For the case of an open economy where the VIP is a foreign firm, downstream entry continues to be socially insufficient. Entry regulation is therefore socially undesirable, but a production subsidy encouraging downstream entry is shown to be a welfare-improving policy.

Submitted by ALESSANDRA DE VITO INHESTA null (ale_v_i@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-07-26T01:45:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação para imprimir oficial.pdf: 1940288 bytes, checksum: a8f0521029060d2b2011386f9d4ab5f8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-07-26T18:51:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 inhesta_av_me_bauru.pdf: 1940288 bytes, checksum: a8f0521029060d2b2011386f9d4ab5f8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-26T18:51:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 inhesta_av_me_bauru.pdf: 1940288 bytes, checksum: a8f0521029060d2b2011386f9d4ab5f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-29 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O fenômeno da cultura do consumo, da qual o varejo é um elo, constitui-se como um importante campo de investigação. Para que o varejo seja bem aceito no mercado para baixa renda é fundamental que os formatos varejistas procurem atender e conciliar as diversas necessidades e expectativas desses consumidores, sendo elas: ter acesso rápido à produtos e serviços; proximidade física; oferta de empregos; bom atendimento e ambiente adequado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar quais são as características das empresas varejistas brasileiras de capital aberto mais eficientes em converter faturamento em benefícios sociais para base da pirâmide. Para atingir este objetivo, inicialmente, uma análise de regressão linear e logística foram realizadas para validação de um conjunto de outputs previamente selecionado com base na literatura. Posteriormente, as eficiências das empresas varejistas foram calculadas por meio da ferramenta do modelo de Retornos Variáveis de Escala (BCC) da Análise Envoltória de Dados. Finalmente, foram investigados os fatores que caracterizam as empresas que foram consideradas mais eficientes. Como resultados, foi identificado a validação dos seguintes outputs: números de funcionários, números de lojas e oferecimento de crédito próprio. Porém, não se validou o número de parcelas oferecidas sem juros como variável de output. Ressalta-se que as variáveis validadas foram utilizadas como outputs da Análise Envoltória de Dados juntamente com o input faturamento. Por fim, concluiu-se algumas das características das empresas varejistas brasileiras de capital aberto mais eficientes em gerar benefícios para a base da pirâmide para o ano de 2015. Como contribuição prática, pode-se afirmar que os resultados obtidos com este estudo podem incentivar uma política pública varejista para formulação de estratégias de modo que os lucros retornem para a sociedade com maior eficiência. Já em relação à contribuição para o estado da arte, é importante mencionar que não foi localizado na literatura outro trabalho que analisasse a eficiência dos faturamentos de empresas varejistas brasileiras de capital aberto em se converter em benefícios sociais para a baixa renda. / The phenomenon of consumer culture, of which retail is a link, is an important field of research. For retail to be well accepted in the market for low income, it is essential that the retailer formats seek to meet and reconcile the diverse needs and expectations of these consumers, being: to have quick access to products and services; Physical proximity; Job offer; Good service and adequate environment. The objective of this study was to determine the characteristics of Brazilian publicly traded retailers that are more efficient in converting earnings into social benefits at the base of the pyramid. To reach this goal, initially, a linear and logistic regression analysis were performed to validate a set of outputs previously selected based on the literature. Subsequently, the efficiencies of the retail companies were calculated using the tool of the Variable Scale Returns (BCC) model of Data Envelopment Analysis. Finally, we investigated the factors that characterize the companies that were considered more efficient. As a result, the validation of the following outputs was identified: numbers of employees, numbers of stores and offering of own credit. However, the number of plots offered without interest as an output variable was not validated. It should be emphasized that the validated variables were used as outputs of the Data Envelopment Analysis together with the input billing. Finally, some of the characteristics of the Brazilian publicly-held retail companies that were more efficient in generating benefits for the pyramid base for the year 2015 were concluded. As a practical contribution, it can be said that the results obtained with this study can encourage a retail public policy to formulate strategies so that profits return to society more efficiently. Regarding the contribution to the state of the art, it is important to mention that no other work was analyzed in the literature analyzing the billing efficiency of Brazilian publicly traded public companies in converting into social benefits for low income. / CNPq: 159558/2015-8

Microfinance research concerns addressed in this thesis relate to: (1) targeting of clients vis-à-vis financial sustainability; (2) loan size effect of interest rate and clients’ well-being status; (3) economic governance and the dual objectives of microfinance institutions; and (4) patterns, trends and drivers of microfinance institution’s efficiency. The thesis emphasises operational issues that affect institutional performance and outreach of microfinance institutions rather than impact of microfinance intervention on poverty reduction. The thesis revolves around four empirical chapters that seek to address the above research concerns. Both micro and macro-level analyses have been explored with the aim of identifying institutional and public policies that drive the success of microfinance interventions. Micro level data from households in Ghana and cross country data mainly from the Microfinance Information Exchange (MIX) market are used. Varied microeconometric techniques (ordinary least squares, instrumental variable estimation, quantile regression, pooled regression, fixed and random effects estimations, Hausman-Taylor, Fixed Effects Vector Decomposition, stochastic frontier analysis and non-parametric efficiency estimations) are used depending on the hypotheses being considered in each of the empirical chapters. The main findings are: observed trade-off between financial sustainability and reaching poorer clients; formal institutions dispensing their own funds target poorer clients; pronounced variations in responsiveness of loan size to interest rate changes; semi-elasticity of loan amount responsiveness to a unit change in interest rate is more than proportionate and very significant for the poorest group; lesser time in securing property and availability of credit information show positive effects in targeting poorer clients; both type (pure technical and scale) and scope (narrow and broad) of financial efficiency show varying trends; and lastly, negative effects of bureaucracies in property registration and lack of credit information on social efficiency are also observed. This thesis suggests the following recommendations both for management of microfinance institutions and other stakeholders including international microfinance investors and government: harmonizing microfinance programmes irrespective of the source of funds; segmenting microfinance outreach markets based on socio-economic well-being; curtailing bureaucracies in property registration; and providing credit related information. These are paramount to the success of the microfinance paradigm, especially in achieving its social objective.

No description available.

Mesmo sendo uma condição indispensável para que ocorra o desenvolvimento humano, o crescimento econômico nem sempre é convertido eficientemente em qualidade de vida pelos Estados-nação. Deste modo, o presente trabalho teve o objetivo de mensurar a eficiência social dos países, que expressa à capacidade de um Estado-nação converter sua riqueza produzida em qualidade de vida, e de determinar fatores que possam explicá-la. Como hipóteses de pesquisa para esses fatores, foram considerados: (i) a atuação do Estado, do Mercado e da Sociedade Civil; (ii) o estoque de capital físico, natural, humano, cultural, social e institucional; (iii) a presença de liberdades política, econômica e de expressão; (iv) o efeito do próprio desenvolvimento humano; e (v) outras características socioeconômicas dos países. Para que esse objetivo fosse alcançado, foram utilizadas as técnicas: (a) Análise Envoltória de Dados (DEA), em sua forma padrão, cruzada, invertida e tripla; (b) regressão linear simples; (c) clusterização por eficiência; (d) método k-means; e (e) testes estatísticos de diferença entre médias. Os principais resultados obtidos indicaram que as ex-repúblicas soviéticas e os países de passado socialista foram os que mais se destacaram na eficiência social; já os países desenvolvidos, apesar de apresentarem elevados indicadores sociais, sendo altamente eficazes, não se destacaram na eficiência; os países do sul da África, por sua vez, além de possuírem a pior condição social, foram também os mais ineficientes. Quanto aos fatores explicativos da eficiência social, concluiu-se que possuem impacto positivo: (1) a taxa básica de juros; (2) a taxa bruta de investimentos; (3) a taxa de estradas pavimentadas; (4) a taxa de alfabetização; (5) o número de médicos per capita; (6) a liberdade fiscal; (7) além de quase todos os outputs sociais utilizados na análise de eficiência, com exceção da inflação. Por outro lado, os fatores que se relacionam negativamente com a eficiência são: (a) o saldo da balança corrente; (b) a quantidade de reservas de petróleo; (c) o PIB per capita; (d) o nível de caridade; (e) a ausência de corrupção; (f) a liberdade de investimento e financeira; (g) a liberdade política e de expressão; (h) a taxa de fecundidade na adolescência; (i) a taxa de infectados com HIV; e (j) o nível de emissões de \'CO IND.2\'. Apesar de alguns resultados encontrados terem sido bastante polêmicos, afastando-se tanto do senso comum quanto de teorias estabelecidas, acredita-se que o presente trabalho contribuiu para lançar luz sobre um novo e fértil campo de pesquisa, denominado eficiência social. / Despite being a prerequisite for occurring development, economic growth is not always fully converted into welfare or quality of life, since countries have different levels of efficiency in carrying out this conversion. Thus, this study aimed to determine the efficiency of Nation-states to convert their wealth produced in quality of life (social efficiency) and, subsequently, to investigate the impact in this efficiency of the factors: (i) performance of the State, Market and Civil Society; (ii) stock of physical , natural, human, cultural, social and institutional capital; (iii) political , economic and expression freedoms; (iv) human development itself; and (v) other socioeconomic characteristics of the countries. To accomplish this goal, we have used: (a) Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) in its standard, cross, reversed and triple form; (b) simple linear regression; (c) clustering for efficiency; (d) k-means method; and (e) statistical tests of differences between means. The main results indicate that the ex-Soviet republics and the countries of the socialist past were most outstanding in social efficiency; whereas the developed countries, although having high social indicators, i.e., high efficacy, not were excelled in efficiency; the countries of southern Africa, in turn, have the worst social condition, and were also the most inefficient. As for the explanatory factors of social efficiency, it was concluded that had positive impact the variables: (1) prime rate; (2) gross rate of investment; (3) rate of paved roads; (4) literacy rate; (5) number of doctors per capita; (6) fiscal freedom; (7) and the most social indicators that were used in the analysis of efficiency, with the exception of inflation. On the other hand, the factors that are negatively related to efficiency are: (a) current account balance; (b) amount of oil reserves; (c) GDP per capita; (d) level of charity; (e) corruption absence; (f) freedom of investment and financing; (g) political freedom and expression; (h) adolescent fertility rate; (i) the rate of HIV-infected; and (j) level of \'CO IND.2\' emissions. Although some results have been quite controversial, away from both common sense and established theories, it is believed that this work has helped to shed light on a new and fertile field of research called social efficiency.

Submitted by ANA CLÁUDIA ANDREOLI null (ana.andreoli@terra.com.br) on 2016-07-06T12:45:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Ana_Andreoli_RA_173407.pdf: 1290722 bytes, checksum: 9daa168c7b37d86f4c7d87338f9c48d6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-07-08T12:51:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 andreoli_ac_me_bauru.pdf: 1290722 bytes, checksum: 9daa168c7b37d86f4c7d87338f9c48d6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-08T12:51:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 andreoli_ac_me_bauru.pdf: 1290722 bytes, checksum: 9daa168c7b37d86f4c7d87338f9c48d6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-01 / Não recebi financiamento / A habitação é um direito social e um importante fator para se medir a qualidade de vida, estando ao lado da alimentação, saúde e educação. Ressalta-se que apesar de envolver um domínio específico dentro de um conjunto de fatores que possibilita a satisfação geral do ser humano, a habitação deve ser considerada como peça determinante para o desenvolvimento e o incremento da qualidade de vida da população. Neste trabalho foi analisada a eficiência dos estados brasileiros em converter os investimentos realizados no programa habitacional Minha Casa Minha Vida, que é promovido pelo governo federal brasileiro, em melhoria de indicadores sociais e de qualidade de vida. Para tanto, foi aplicada a técnica Análise Envoltória de Dados - DEA, utilizando o Modelo Baseado em Folgas - SBM (Slacks-Based Model) com retornos variáveis de escala e análise de janela, em dados relativos às Unidades Federativas brasileiras no período entre 2009 e 2012. Como resultado foi possível verificar que as regiões Sul, Sudeste e Norte foram as mais eficientes, sendo a região Nordeste a mais ineficiente. Entre os fatores explicativos, o nível de investimentos no programa e os arranjos familiares chefiados por mulheres são negativamente relacionados com a eficiência; o PIB do estado e a taxa de urbanização, por sua vez, apresentaram relevância estatística e são positivamente relacionados com a eficiência. Não houve significância estatística entre a eficiência e a densidade populacional. Como contribuição prática, pode-se afirmar que os resultados obtidos com este estudo podem direcionar os formuladores de políticas habitacionais, de modo que os investimentos no PMCMV sejam realizados com maior eficiência. Os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa permitiram análises importantes, e por se tratar de um assunto socialmente relevante, seu estudo poderá ser ampliado em pesquisas futuras. / Housing is a social right and an important factor to measure the quality of life, near the food, health and education. It is noteworthy that despite involving a specific area within a range of factors that enables the overall satisfaction of the human being, housing should be considered as determinant part for the development and increase population's quality of life. This work analyzed the efficiency of the Brazilian states in converting investments in the housing program Minha Casa Minha Vida (My House My Life), promoted by the Brazilian federal government in improving social indicators and quality of life. The data envelopment analysis - DEA was applied, using the Slacks-Based Model - SBM with variable returns to scale and window analysis, with data relating to the Brazilian Federal Units in the period between 2009 and 2012. As a result we found that the South, Southeast and North were the most efficient, and the Northeast the most inefficient. Among the explanatory factors, the level of program's investments and family arrangements headed by women are negatively related to efficiency; the GDP of the state and the urbanization rate, in turn, showed statistically significant and are positively related to efficiency. There was no statistical difference between efficiency and population density. As a practical contribution, it can be said that the results obtained from this study can direct formulators of housing policies so that investments in PMCMV be carried out more efficiently. The results obtained in this study allowed important analyzes, and as relevant socially theme, their study may be expanded in future research.

Mesmo sendo uma condição indispensável para que ocorra o desenvolvimento humano, o crescimento econômico nem sempre é convertido eficientemente em qualidade de vida pelos Estados-nação. Deste modo, o presente trabalho teve o objetivo de mensurar a eficiência social dos países, que expressa à capacidade de um Estado-nação converter sua riqueza produzida em qualidade de vida, e de determinar fatores que possam explicá-la. Como hipóteses de pesquisa para esses fatores, foram considerados: (i) a atuação do Estado, do Mercado e da Sociedade Civil; (ii) o estoque de capital físico, natural, humano, cultural, social e institucional; (iii) a presença de liberdades política, econômica e de expressão; (iv) o efeito do próprio desenvolvimento humano; e (v) outras características socioeconômicas dos países. Para que esse objetivo fosse alcançado, foram utilizadas as técnicas: (a) Análise Envoltória de Dados (DEA), em sua forma padrão, cruzada, invertida e tripla; (b) regressão linear simples; (c) clusterização por eficiência; (d) método k-means; e (e) testes estatísticos de diferença entre médias. Os principais resultados obtidos indicaram que as ex-repúblicas soviéticas e os países de passado socialista foram os que mais se destacaram na eficiência social; já os países desenvolvidos, apesar de apresentarem elevados indicadores sociais, sendo altamente eficazes, não se destacaram na eficiência; os países do sul da África, por sua vez, além de possuírem a pior condição social, foram também os mais ineficientes. Quanto aos fatores explicativos da eficiência social, concluiu-se que possuem impacto positivo: (1) a taxa básica de juros; (2) a taxa bruta de investimentos; (3) a taxa de estradas pavimentadas; (4) a taxa de alfabetização; (5) o número de médicos per capita; (6) a liberdade fiscal; (7) além de quase todos os outputs sociais utilizados na análise de eficiência, com exceção da inflação. Por outro lado, os fatores que se relacionam negativamente com a eficiência são: (a) o saldo da balança corrente; (b) a quantidade de reservas de petróleo; (c) o PIB per capita; (d) o nível de caridade; (e) a ausência de corrupção; (f) a liberdade de investimento e financeira; (g) a liberdade política e de expressão; (h) a taxa de fecundidade na adolescência; (i) a taxa de infectados com HIV; e (j) o nível de emissões de \'CO IND.2\'. Apesar de alguns resultados encontrados terem sido bastante polêmicos, afastando-se tanto do senso comum quanto de teorias estabelecidas, acredita-se que o presente trabalho contribuiu para lançar luz sobre um novo e fértil campo de pesquisa, denominado eficiência social. / Despite being a prerequisite for occurring development, economic growth is not always fully converted into welfare or quality of life, since countries have different levels of efficiency in carrying out this conversion. Thus, this study aimed to determine the efficiency of Nation-states to convert their wealth produced in quality of life (social efficiency) and, subsequently, to investigate the impact in this efficiency of the factors: (i) performance of the State, Market and Civil Society; (ii) stock of physical , natural, human, cultural, social and institutional capital; (iii) political , economic and expression freedoms; (iv) human development itself; and (v) other socioeconomic characteristics of the countries. To accomplish this goal, we have used: (a) Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) in its standard, cross, reversed and triple form; (b) simple linear regression; (c) clustering for efficiency; (d) k-means method; and (e) statistical tests of differences between means. The main results indicate that the ex-Soviet republics and the countries of the socialist past were most outstanding in social efficiency; whereas the developed countries, although having high social indicators, i.e., high efficacy, not were excelled in efficiency; the countries of southern Africa, in turn, have the worst social condition, and were also the most inefficient. As for the explanatory factors of social efficiency, it was concluded that had positive impact the variables: (1) prime rate; (2) gross rate of investment; (3) rate of paved roads; (4) literacy rate; (5) number of doctors per capita; (6) fiscal freedom; (7) and the most social indicators that were used in the analysis of efficiency, with the exception of inflation. On the other hand, the factors that are negatively related to efficiency are: (a) current account balance; (b) amount of oil reserves; (c) GDP per capita; (d) level of charity; (e) corruption absence; (f) freedom of investment and financing; (g) political freedom and expression; (h) adolescent fertility rate; (i) the rate of HIV-infected; and (j) level of \'CO IND.2\' emissions. Although some results have been quite controversial, away from both common sense and established theories, it is believed that this work has helped to shed light on a new and fertile field of research called social efficiency.