Yes / This study investigates the psychological effects of social identity on both posters and lurkers in online brand communities (OBCs). The results reveal the intermediate mechanisms mediating and moderating members’ social identity effects on members’ brand commitment leading to positive word-of-mouth and their resistance to negative information about the brand. This article treats social identity as a multi-dimensional construct. Differences amongst posters and lurkers on the relationships between the cognitive, affective and evaluative components of social identity are investigated along with their positive effect on brand commitment and behavioral consequences. Using a sample of 752 OBC members, both posters and lurkers emerge as valuable members and equally likely to derive social identity from their membership of an OBC. However, there are counter intuitive results for relationships within the research model between active and passive members of OBCs. These results offer implications for theory and can help managers to be better interactive marketers.

Yes / While much is known regarding the effects of immigration for objective outcomes, relatively little is known regarding the effects for perceived well-being. By exploiting spatial and temporal variation in the net-inflows of foreign-born individuals across local areas in England, we examine the relationship between immigration and natives’ subjective well-being as captured by the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). We find small negative effects overall but that an analysis of the main effects masks significant differences across subgroups, with relatively older individuals, those with below-average household incomes, the unemployed and finally those without any formal educational qualifications experiencing much more substantive well-being losses than others. These observed well-being differentials are congruent with voting patterns evident in the recent UK referendum on EU membership. We put forward perceived as opposed to actual labour market competition and social identity as two potential explanations for the negative well-being impacts of immigration for natives. / Nuffield Foundation

When heavy metal fans traverse through their everyday life, they are faced with countless opportunities to engage in social interactions with others. Such interactions question, establish, and strengthen fans’ heavy metal identities whilst providing them with a sense of community and belonging through engaging with others who also share a preference for heavy metal music. This thesis is built on a qualitative research approach, complimented by an insider and ethnographic orientation in order to explore identity expression, the feeling of belonging and community, everyday life processes, and the role of heavy metal music in the everyday life of heavy metal fans. Through social interactions based on shared musical preference, heavy metal fans are able to meaningfully engage with others through which communal affiliations are strengthened and reinforced. Despite mainstream, and largely negative attitudes towards heavy metal, the music provides a safety net for listeners and is a driving force in their experience of the reciprocal relationship between personal identity and group membership and community. Due to the deep connection listeners have with heavy metal, the music becomes something which fans are able to call theirs alone.

<p dir="ltr">Although diversity initiatives can signal identity safety for individuals with stigmatized identities, they often elicit threat responses from dominant group members. How do individuals possessing both a dominant and a non-dominant identity perceive diversity initiatives targeting a stigmatized outgroup? Drawing from literature on the identity safety cue transfer effect and social identity theory, this research examined White women’s responses to organizational diversity initiatives targeting Black Americans. White women indicated less interest and anticipated less inclusion in an organization with an initiative for Black Americans (Studies 1a and 1b). They also expressed less interest and inclusion when reading an initiative that exerted strong outgroup benefit, but not when reading an initiative that exerted a weak outgroup benefit (Study 2). The negative effects of strong outgroup benefit condition was larger among participants who endorsed high zero-sum beliefs. These findings suggest that people may only experience identity safety when an initiative implies potential downstream benefits to their own group. It also highlights the need to consider the complex interplay of social identities in response to diversity initiatives.</p>

The aim of this thesis was to investigate the impacts of both the group boundary permeability (with a novel concept) and the social identity salience on the low-status group members&rsquo / behavioral preferences, feelings, and social identity level with reference to the social identity theory. The participants were 138 undergraduate students from Abant izzet Baysal University. All participants completed behavioral alternatives questionnaire, negative feelings of personal treatment questionnaire, and the Organizational Identification Scale. In the experimental design, group boundary permeability (permeable/ hierarchically permeable/ impermeable) and social identity salience (high/ low) were manipulated / and participants were randomly assigned to the conditions. In line with the expectations, the results showed that collective actions were more preferred in the impermeable and hierarchically permeable group boundary conditions compared with the permeable group boundary condition. In addition, results indicated that being the most disruptive action, collective protest action was the least preferred action regardless of the conditions. Furthermore, although the effect of group boundary permeability on the social identity level was not supported, the results demonstrated in part that participants felt more negative feelings when group boundary condition was impermeable. Finally, the results provided considerable evidence that as the novel concept, hierarchically permeable group boundary condition is viable in the permeability studies.

Through the lenses of Social Identity Theory, this thesis endeavours to understand how perceptions of intergroup relations and in-group identifications affect the choice for different mobility strategies and forms of political participation among the second-generation Turkish migrants in the Netherlands. To this end, two political participation paths are specified: ethnic and mainstream. The former is defined as promoting ethnic group interests in the political arena while the latter is defined as participation in national Dutch politics. Perceptions of illegitimate and unstable status differences, of impermeable group boundaries, and of discriminatory intergroup relations are expected to contribute to the choice for collective mobility strategy and ethnic political participation mediated by Turkish identification. Conversely, legitimate, stable and permeable intergroup conditions are hypothesized to lead to the choice for individual mobility strategy and mainstream political participation through affecting Dutch identification. Three path models including perceptions of legitimacy, stability, permeability and discrimination as predictors, Dutch and Turkish identification as mediators, mobility strategies as both outcomes and mediators, and ethnic and mainstream political participation as outcomes were tested in a sample of 161 participants. Results generally confirmed the expectations except for the stability hypothesis. The theoretical implications of the findings are discussed.

Auditors have a big role in society. The question of auditor independence has been debated frequently after the financial crisis. Long auditor tenure with clients has both advantages and disadvantages so the question is hard to solve. One of the traits that are encouraged with auditors is professional skepticism. An important part of professional skepticism is the personal skepticism of the auditor. The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate if a high professional skepticism can increase auditor independence by increasing profession identification and decreasing client identification. Earlier research in Social Identity Theory has shown that client identification is negatively related to auditor independence and that profession identification is positively related to auditor independence. A quantitative method is used in this dissertation. A survey was sent to 1000 qualified Swedish auditor. 273 of those replied. The material was statistically analyzed to test the different hypothesis in the dissertation. Our survey showed that professional skepticism has no relation to client- and profession identification. There is however a weak positive relation between professional skepticism and auditor independence. The conclusion is that more research is needed to investigate if auditor independence really is affected by the auditor ’s professional skepticism. / Revisorer har en stor roll i dagens samhälle. Efter finanskrisen har frågan om revisorns oberoende diskuterats flitigt. Det finns både för- och nackdelar med att en revisor varit länge på ett företag och därför är frågan svårlöst. En av egenskaperna som uppmuntras hos en revisor är professionell skepticism. En viktig del av den professionella skepticismen är revisorns personliga skepticism. Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att påvisa att en hög professionell skepticism hos revisorer kan motverka vissa oberoenderelaterade problem. Mer specifikt undersöks den professionella skepticismens påverkan på revisorns identifikation med klienten och med den egna professionen. Tidigare forskning inom Social Identity Theory har visat att identifikation med klienten är negativt relaterat till oberoende och att identifikation med den egna professionen är positivt relaterat till oberoende. I uppsatsen används en kvantitativ metod. En enkät skickades till 1000 kvalificerade svenska revisorer varav 273 svarade. Detta material analyserades statistiskt för att pröva hypoteserna i uppsatsen. Undersökning visar att professionell skepticism inte har någon påverkan på klient- och professionsidentifikation hos revisorn. Det finns däremot en svag positiv relation mellan professionell skepticism och revisorns oberoende. Slutsatsen blir därför att mer forskning behövs för att undersöka om revisorns oberoende faktiskt påverkas av revisorns professionella skepticism.

I denna uppsats har vi gjort en studie där syftet är att undersöka hur tobaksföretaget Philip Morris använder marknadskommunikationen i sin kommunikation av varumärket Marlboro och deras produkter. Denna uppsats är uppbyggd på tre frågeställningar: Hur marknadskommunicerar Philip Morris sitt varumärke och produkter? Vilka aspekter är det konsumenterna tänker på när de ska köpa cigaretter? Upplever konsumenterna någon påverkan från tobaksföretagens marknadskommunikation? I vår studie har vi valt att en kvantitativ studie som genomfördes i form av en enkätstudie och den besvarades endast av rökare. Respondenterna som besvarade vår enkät hittade vi i sociala medier, i tobaksforum på internet och genom att ta kontakt med personer som precis hade köpt cigaretter på ICA Luthagen i Uppsala.Huvudresultaten i uppsatsen är att Philip Morris har trots restriktiva lagar- och förordningar hittat nya sätt att vistas bland potentiella och redan existerande kunder. De flesta började röka för att det var socialt. Smaken, rutinen och varumärket var de tre viktigaste aspekterna när respondenterna köpte cigaretter. Av de 113 respondenterna så rökte 73 av dem Camel, Lucky Strike eller Marlboro. Trots detta så upplevde majoriteten av respondenterna ingen påverkan av tobaksföretagens marknadsföring/kommunikation. Vi har även kommit till slutsatsen att det är rökarna som är de största reklampelarna för tobaksföretagen. De som dag in och dag ut röker cigaretter på allmänna platser. Vi har även kunnat visa på ett glapp i upplevelsen angående frågan ”Upplever du någon påverkan från tobaksföretagens marknadsföring?” och de preferenser rökare har. De flesta av respondenterna svarade att de rökte Camel, Lucky Strike eller Marlboro och att de ansåg att varumärket spelade stor roll i köpet. Trots detta upplevde majoriteten av respondenterna ingen påverkan av tobaksföretagens marknadsföring. / Title: Tobacco in the 21st century – the marketing and perception of Philip Morris Author: Tobias Aronson &amp; Stina Örwén Tutor: Anne-Marie Morhed Purpose: The purpose of this thesis was to study Philip Morris marketing, the perception of the brand and the reason why smokers buy certain cigarettes. How they market their brands in the 21st century. The key questions we are aiming to resolve in this essay is how Philip Morris market their own brand and their products, what aspects do consumers think about when they purchase cigarettes, and if the consumers experience the influence from the tobacco companies marketing. Method/Material: The material being used in this study was a survey that consisted of 113 people who purchased cigarettes at different grocery stores in Uppsala and an online-survey that only people whom smokes filled out. This survey consisted of 113 respondents. Main results: The main results that are demonstrated in our study is that the majority of people started smoking because it was social. The taste, routine and brand were the three most important aspects when purchasing cigarettes. Out of the 113 respondents from the survey, 73 of them smoked Camel, Lucky Strike or Marlboro which in conclusion proves that the brand plays an important role when purchasing cigarettes. We have also come to the conclusion that it is the smokers themselves that are the main source for marketing of cigarettes. The most interesting conclusion is the gap between smokers who think the brand plays an important role in the choice of cigarettes and their own attitude towards the tobacco companies. Our study demonstrates that the respondents believes that the brand is important in the choice of cigarettes but they do not experience any influence from the tobacco companies. Another result is the on about the paradox of Philip Morris will to grow as a company and the engaging in anti-smoking campaigns is a way of marketing and branding their own brand. Number of pages: 61 Course: Media and Communication studies C University: Division of Media and Communication, Department of Information Science, Uppsala University Period: Fall 2013 Keywords: Philip Morris, Tobacco, branding, corporate social performance, viral communication.

Distansarbete är något som blivit allt mer förekommande på många företag. Covid-19 har varit en stor bidragande faktor till att nya lösningar varit nödvändiga i och med att medarbetare inte längre fick vistas fysiskt på sin arbetsplats. Tidigare studier har visat att distansarbete kommer med en rad svårigheter. Sociala sammanhang är grundläggande för skapandet av individens sociala identitet på arbetsplatsen. När arbetet sker på distans går dessa sammanhang och interaktioner med kollegor förlorade i stor utsträckning. Syftet med följande studie var därför att undersöka hur medarbetare på ett kontor upplever och hanterar de möjligheter och begränsningar som distansarbete kan medföra i relation till upprätthållande av deras sociala identitet på arbetsplatsen. Vidare ämnar studien undersöka vilka eventuella strategier som tillämpas i samma avseende.  Vid insamlingen av det empiriska materialet genomfördes kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med åtta personer som arbetar på ett företag där arbetet till stor del sker på distans. För att förstå det fenomen som studerats och för att analysera resultatet i relation till frågeställningarna har Tajfel och Turners teori om social identitet tillämpats. Resultatet visade att det fanns både upplevda för- och nackdelar med distansarbete. När det kom till upprätthållande av social identitet på arbetsplatsen framkom resultat som pekade på att den sociala isoleringen var ett stort problem. Centrala resultat som framkom var att känslan av tillhörighet, förmågan att samarbeta samt det kollektiva lärandet drabbades till följd av de utmaningar som distansarbetet fört med sig. Dock framkom det att informanterna upplevde att det finns förbättringspotential i hur arbetet bedrivs och vilka strategier som tillämpas för att upprätthålla den sociala identiteten.

"Instead of studying, for example, how the psychology of personality limits and prevents real social and political change, we should be studying how political and ideological changes create new personalities and individual needs and motives." The above quotation is from social psychologist Professor John Turner, who is one of the two theorists, the other being Henri Tajfel, most responsible for the Social Identity Perspective, the principle subject of this thesis. The Social Identity Perspective is an approach to Social Psychology that incorporates two sub-theories: Tajfel's Social Identity Theory and Turner's Self-Categorization Theory. This thesis is based upon using the perspective for the purposes of creating more realistic and believable fictional characters in realist fiction. For the purposes of this thesis Pam Morris' definition of realism will be used, that being, 'any writing that is based upon an implicit or explicit assumption that it is possible to communicate about a reality beyond the writing.' According to both theories, individuals can develop two principal identities: the personal self, which is to say a collection of idiosyncratic qualities that define them as a unique individual, and a collective self (or social identity) that encapsulates the status and characteristics of the social groups they belong to in opposition to other social groupings. Turner theorised that the personality of a human being is heavily influenced by their social context at an unconscious level. This influence can be made manifest by their parents, by their school friends and work colleagues, by their romantic partners, and especially by the collective cultural expectations native to the area they choose to reside in. Turner put forward the concept that our personality and actions are therefore influenced by society at the level of how the individual defines himself or herself. This occurs without agency on the part of the individual. These social belief systems therefore mould what the individual thinks, their actions, and their motivations. This thesis will demonstrate a method of usage for elements of Social Psychology, specifically the Social Identity Perspective that underpins the actions, interactions and motivations of the fictional characters contained within the thesis's creative element. It is the contention of this thesis that The Social Identity Perspective will assist an author in marrying together ever more realistic characterisation to other areas of writer research already extensively drawn upon by the author such as those projects focused upon creating a more realistic setting in a historical novel for instance. As previously stated it is the intention of this thesis to apply aspects of social psychology to the creation of realist texts only, the findings however may also be of use to authors who write in other genres, after all even the writer of fantastic fiction still requires characters whose actions are fundamentally recognisable and justifiable to the reader in order for them to be able to make sense of the fiction and as Henry James said, 'one can speak best from one's own taste, and I may therefore venture to say the air of reality (solidity of specification) seems to me to be the supreme virtue of a novel'. It is the aim of this thesis that its findings may highlight the potential of using The Social Identity Perspective and other adjuncts of Social Psychology as tools for both plot construction and character development that is completely realistic. This may then lead to other areas of research, some of which are suggested in the concluding chapter of this thesis.