Yes / Covid-19, a corona virus, has maintained its momentum in spreading among communities. In this context of social crisis, this study seeks to identify the reasons for the partial failure to fulfill the intended goal of lockdown, and to formulate an inclusive behavioral model reflecting comprehensive human behavior and social psychology. In order to answer the research questions, this study has conducted extensive interviews among individuals who were targets of the lockdown system. From this exploratory and qualitative investigation, researchers have recognized four paradigms as the key to understanding human behavior and social psychology in violating lockdown as a social isolation system during this period of crisis. The identified parameters depicting social behavior are: Derogation and Argument (SDA), Tangible Need and Deficiency (TND), Intangible Desire and Expectancy (IDE), and Evaluation of Benefit and Loss (UBL). Finally, as a comprehensive guideline, a grounded theory of the social behavior ‘paradigm for lockdown violation (PLV)’ is explored as the reason for the violation of the social system.

The purpose of this study is to describe the geographic distribution of Aboriginal people who live in remote, isolated Aboriginal communities in Canada in terms of how geographic settings and features, particularly those that are characteristic of island dwellers, are related to and can impact aspects of culture and identity. Through this process, data was collected using a research synthesis, which allowed for a great deal of data from various sources to be analyzed, extracted, and coded. Based on this qualitative study, numerous geographic characteristics similar to those of islanders and islands emerged. Physically, islands and Aboriginal communities represent bounded, finite spaces that are located on the periphery and are impacted by isolation. These unique isolated areas allow for islanders and Aboriginal people to experience ethnic homogeneity and strong attachments to place, both of which allow for the preservation of culture and identity. That being said, islanders and Aboriginal people both experience migration as a way of life, and leaving their places of origin to experience life in larger, more diversely and densely populated areas is necessary for many. As a result of these findings, this study compares isolated Aboriginal communities in Canada and Aboriginal people to various small islands around the world as well as islanders, through various spatial metaphors.

This dissertation investigated the psychometric properties and clinical applications of the Psychosocial Inventory for Cardiovascular Illness (PICI). The PICI is an inventory developed to measure the psychosocial risk factors for heart disease including anxiety, depression, stress, social isolation, and anger. The inventory was developed to measure the ways that each psychosocial risk factor contributes to the coronary artery disease process through the lifestyle behaviors and pathophysiological mechanisms with which they are associated. The primary purpose of the study was to examine predictive validity for the PICI. With support for predictive validity, the inventory may aid in early identification of individuals at increased risk for coronary artery disease (CAD) so that behavioral, psychosocial, and medical interventions can be implemented. Both healthy and cardiac samples were used in the inventory development and validation process. The PICI was administered in conjunction with similar inventories and physiological markers of CAD were collected including percent of coronary artery blockage and history of heart attacks. Item analysis and factor analysis were used to yield a 20-item PICI comprised of three subscales to include Negative Affect, Social Isolation, and Anger. It was hypothesized that the PICI subscales would predict group membership; whether or not a participant carried a diagnosis of CAD, and would be have a strong relationship to the physiological markers of CAD that were measured. Analysis revealed that the PICI was unable to predict diagnostic status and did not have a strong relationship with the physiological markers of CAD. Results suggest that the PICI has acceptable reliability and construct validity as demonstrated in the current sample, yet further investigation must be conducted to gain support for the instrument’s predictive abilities. / text

Bakalauro darbe analizuojama šeimų, auginančių vaikus, turinčius negalę, socialinė izoliacija. Siekiama atskleisti šeimos socialinio uždarumo raišką, jo pasireiškimą, atsiradimo priežastis, įveikos galimybes. Tyrime dalyvavo 24 šeimos, turinčios neįgalų vaiką. Jų atsakymai leido išanalizuoti ir nustatyti šeimų, auginančių vaikus, turinčius negalę, socialinio uždarumo: pasireiškimą, priežastis ir atsivėrimo visuomenei galimybes. Taip pat buvo apklausti 17 asmenų, kurių šeimose nėra negalę turinčio vaiko. Jų atsakymuose išryškėjo santykių ypatumai, bendraujant su negalę turinčio vaiko šeima, respondentų jausmai bendraujant su šeimos nariais, auginančiais negalę turintį vaiką. Aiškintasi, kiek ir kokius santykius su šeimų nariais, kurių šeimose auga negalę turintis vaikas, nori turėti tokių vaikų neturintys asmenys. Tyrimo objektas – šeimos, auginančios neįgalų vaiką, socialinis uždarumas ir jo įveikos galimybės. Tyrimo tikslas – atskleisti šeimų, auginančių negalę turintį vaiką, socialinio uždarumo raišką, socialinio uždarumo priežastis ir uždarumo įveikos galimybes. Siekiant tikslo, iškelti šie tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Išnagrinėti ir išanalizuoti mokslinę literatūrą, analizuojančią šeimų, auginančių neįgalius vaikus, socialinio uždarumo teorines prielaidas ir raišką. 2. Remiantis mokslo darbų analize, parengti tyrimo instrumentą, atskleidžiantį šeimos, auginančios neįgalų vaiką, socialinio uždarumo raišką, socialinio uždarumo priežastis ir atsivėrimo visuomenei galimybes. 3... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This undergraduate work analyses social isolation of families raising children with disabilities. It is aimed to reveal the aspect of social family insularity, its manifestation, causes and coping capabilities. Family relationship, its strength and its relations with environment are being analysed. A family with a disabled child participated in the study. Their responses let us identify the reasons of such families’ social closure and their opportunities for opening up to public. There were also people who do not have disabled children interviewed. Their responses highlighted the strength of the relationship with the families that have a disabled child (acceptance or rejection) the respondents’ feelings and experiences in dealing with family members raising a child with disabilities. The research was analysing how much and what relationship with a handicapped child’s family members these people without such children want to have. The object of the research - the social closure of family with a disabled child and its negotiation. The objective of the study - to reveal the aspect of social closure of the families that have children with disabilities, causes of social insularity and coping capabilities. To achieve the objective there were set the following research goals: 1. Examine and analyse the scientific literature exploring manifestation and theoretical assumptions of the social closure of the families’ with disabled children. 2. Formulate a survey instrument... [to full text]

An exploration of the interpersonal experiences of loneliness by older people in a residential care facility It is estimated that there were about 3, 8 million older people in South Africa in 2010 (Statistics South Africa, 2010). Many older people have to be cared for in residential care facilities due to their weakening health, the migration of children and grandchildren, or due to limited financial resources. This has led to the attempt in this research study to explore the interpersonal experiences of loneliness by older people living in a residential care facility. Loneliness is an unpleasant experience associated with inadequate interpersonal contact. It is widely accepted that loneliness is closely associated with ageing as a consequence of multiple losses – loss of abilities, loss of and changes in personal relationships, loss of relationships with familiar environments and changed contact with friends and relatives resulting in reduced relationships. Changes in the relationship with the environment are regarded as a particular loss by older people, especially if they have to rely on institutionalized care and loose contact with familiar social networks and the free association with other people. Lonely people are isolated people. For the purpose of this study, loneliness is regarded as a relational phenomenon, and the theory of complex responsive processes of relating will be used as the theoretical framework for this study. In an attempt to understand the interpersonal experiences associated with loneliness, a qualitative and exploratory research method was used. The research was conducted in a residential care facility in Johannesburg, South Africa. The group of older people, who was purposively selected for the study, consisted of 10 older persons: 7 female and 3 male and with ages ranging between 62 and 82 years of age. The data was collected by means of various qualitative techniques, including the Mmogo-methodTM and visual drawings. The collected data was analysed by using thematic analysis, visual analysis and key-words-in-context, and crystallization was used to increase the trustworthiness of the findings. Ethical approval for the research project was obtained from the North-West University. Two themes emerged from the findings, being: 1) Relationships are experienced in terms of the interactions in relationships as well as in terms of preferred interpersonal styles; and 2) The relationships experienced in the context of the residential care facility are described as being unsafe and lacking in care, while the environment is described as non-stimulating. Some of the findings are confirmed by existing literature. However, the unique contribution of the study is the finding that the environment in which the relationships are embedded is perceived to be dangerous, and that it is perceived to be a risk to become visible to each other in order to establish meaningful interpersonal relationships. Several suggestions regarding future interventions are made and some limitations of the study are mentioned. The contribution of the study is that loneliness are expressed and described in terms of interpersonal relationships embedded in the broader environment. Thus, the potential of older people to form meaningful interpersonal relationships are limited in the broader environment if the environment is experienced as unsafe and lacking in care. / Thesis (MSc (Research Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

In recent years, empirical research has consistently supported an association between susceptibility to affective illness and creativity at the level of eminent achievement and at the non-eminent, or "everyday creativity" level. Although this research has provided greater evidence for the existence of this link, it has simultaneously unearthed more questions about how and why such an association exists. The purpose of this research was twofold: first, to provide further analysis of the nature of the relationship between hypomanic traits and creativity by employing a longitudinal study to determine the extent to which inter-individual differences over time in creativity are predicted by hypomanic traits. Second, the purpose of the cross-sectional analysis in the present study was to further determine how developmental components such as age and expertise may help unravel the ways in which hypomanic traits contribute to creativity and to further describe inter-individual differences among these variables. The first hypothesis, which proposed that the direction of the relationship between hypomanic traits and creativity could be predicted, was not supported by these results. The second research hypothesis was partially supported: hypomanic traits predict creativity in the combined adolescent and older adult samples. However, upon further examination of the regression analyses, the data indicate that the relationship between hypomanic traits and creativity is also influenced by age and developmental factors. Furthermore, the way in which the relationship is influenced by these other factors depends on the way in which the creativity construct is measured (e.g., process or personality. The findings suggest that the antecedents of creativity may differ between adolescents and older adults. In adolescents, the hypomanic traits measure is the only variable that predicts creative personality and creative process, while expertise is the only variable to predict creative personality and creative process among the older adults in this study. It appears expertise significantly and uniquely contributes to at least two areas of creativity in older adults, while hypomanic traits significantly and uniquely contributes to the same two areas of creativity in adolescents. Implications of these findings and limitations to this study are discussed.

Sammanfattning Bakgrund: Existentiell ensamhet och utanförskap kan kopplas till psykisk ohälsa, som är ett av våra stora folkhälsoproblem i modern tid. Cirka 300,000 människor lever i social isolering i Sverige idag. Ungefär 40 procent av de nuvarande svenska hushållen är ensamhushåll, och människor blir alltmer individualiserade samt även sekulariserade från andliga och religiösa sammanhang. Meningsfullhet är det viktigaste delområdet av en stark Känsla av sammanhang som beskriver personens egen motivation att göra något. En del människor tycks klara av att uppnå meningsfullhet i det alltmer individualiserade samhället med olika former av meningsbärande enheter i sina liv. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien är att öka förståelsen om hur existentiell ensamhet och utanförskap relateras till psykisk ohälsa i ett modernt sekulariserat västerländskt samhälle med utgång från teorin om känsla av sammanhang också kallad för teorin om salutogenes. Studien fokuserar på befolkningen i arbetsför ålder. Frågeställningar: Representerar andlig eller spirituell förankring en salutogen faktor i människors liv? Hur främjas salutogena faktorer för ensamma människor, och då särskilt hos fokusgruppen människor i ålder 18-65år? Metod: Denna studie är en systematisk litteraturstudie där 11 vetenskapliga artiklar ingick i den tematiska analysen. Sökningar efter artiklar har skett i databaserna PubMed, SocINDEX, Academic Search Elite och World Cat Discovery med sökorden: folkhälsa, social isolering, andlighet, existentiell och sekularisering. Resultat: Den tematiska analysen utmynnade i tre teman som var andliga och religiösa aspekter, existentiell ensamhet och känsla av sammanhang. Endast det sist nämnda temat behandlas i en särskild vetenskaplig teori, d v s teorin om salutogenes. Meningsfullhet är den viktigaste delen i begreppet känsla av sammanhang, och andliga samt religiösa tillhörigheter ses vara en hälsofrämjande faktor. En vidgad kunskap om hälsofördelar efterlyses hos några studier. Diskussion: Den existentiella ensamheten är av oroande karaktär då dess ökning kan anas äga rum i framtiden. De nuvarande människorna i arbetsför ålder är en grupp som inte prioriteras tillräckligt. Det framkommer i studien att individualistiska ansatser att använda copingstrategier inte är en väg framåt för att skapa en starkare känsla av sammanhang. I gemenskap med andra människor inom organisationer där andlighet och religiositet råder verkar det förekomma mindre existentiell ensamhet och en starkare känsla av sammanhang. / Introduction: Existential loneliness and exclusion can be linked to mental illness, which is one of our major concurrent public health problems. About 300,000 people live in social isolation in Sweden today. About 40 percent of the current Swedish households are single households, and people are becoming increasingly individualized and also secularized from spiritual and religious contexts. Achieving meaningfulness is the most important aspect of a strong sense of coherence, and some people seem to cope with it in the increasingly individualized society with different forms of meaningful entities in their lives. Aim: The aim of the literature study is to increase understanding of how existential loneliness and exclusion relate to mental health in a modern secularized Western society, based on the theory of Sense of Coherence also called the theory of Salutogenesis. Questions: Does mental or spiritual anchoring represent a salutogenic factor in people's lives? How are salutogenic factors promoted for lonely people, and especially in the focus group of people aged 18-65 years? Method: This study is a systematic literature study in which 11 scientific articles have been included in the thematic analysis. Searches for articles have been made in the databases PubMed, SocINDEX, Academic Search Elite and World Cat Discovery with the keywords: public health, social isolation, spirituality, existential and secular. Results: The thematic analysis resulted in three themes, spiritual and religious aspects, existential loneliness and sense of coherence. Only the latter theme is dealt with in an own frame of reference, i.e. the theory of Salutogenesis. The sub-component meaningfulness dealing with internal motivation is the most important part of the concept of Sense of Coherence, and Sense of Coherence in addition to spiritual and religious affiliations are seen as health-promoting factors. Based on some studies an extended knowledge of health benefits is requested. Discussion: Existential loneliness is of disturbing nature particularly as its increase in the future can be anticipated. Working-aged people are a group that is not prioritized enough. Based on the study it seems that individualistic approaches to use of coping strategies are not a way forward to create a stronger sense of coherence. In fellowship with other people within organizations where spirituality and religiosity prevail, there seems to be less existential loneliness and a stronger sense of coherence.

Compreende-se que a população em situação de rua, enquanto grupo social, transita entre zonas de vulnerabilidade e desfiliação conforme definidas por Robert Castel, pois está freqüentemente submetida à ausência de emprego ou a trabalhos temporários e a uma trajetória marcada por rupturas. Em muitos casos, a rede de assistência é o elemento fundamental na sua organização cotidiana. A heterogeneidade deste grupo social constitui uma premissa neste estudo. No interior de tal diversidade, foram identificados grupos e pessoas que pareciam proporcionar referência para a discussão de formas endógenas/internas (e de auto-organização) de superação dessa condição. Assim, meu interesse neste estudo esteve voltado para a compreensão dos processos contrários ao movimento de dissociação social, além de abranger o desenvolvimento de estratégias como a criação de redes sociais e o fortalecimento de identidades. Trata-se de pesquisa etnográfica, envolvendo convívio prolongado com o grupo social estudado e aproximação com seus modos de vida. A coleta de dados foi realizada por doze meses em 2006, com observação de campo, entrevistas e coleta de documentos. Foram realizadas entrevistas com cinco colaboradores e visitas aos seus circuitos e \"pedaços\" pela cidade. Os critérios para inclusão dos colaboradores da pesquisa foram: estar inserido em programa de moradia; participar de organização política (movimentos sociais específicos); integrar redes de relações de caráter religioso; integrar circuitos ligados a arte e cultura; utilizar serviços da rede assistencial como recurso complementar para organização de seu cotidiano; possuir formas de geração de renda. Além destas dimensões, que sugerem diferentes formas de participação social, foi critério de seleção o colaborador estar ou ter vivido em situação de rua por mais de dois anos. A análise foi realizada em duas perspectivas. Uma refere-se à reconstituição da história de vida de cada colaborador, com o objetivo central de mostrar suas redes de interdependência, as quais transcendem os circuitos assistenciais, e de discutir sua singularidade no processo de construção de identidades capazes de ressignificar e dar historicidade à experiência da situação de rua. Outra perspectiva de análise foi partir da percepção de eixos e temáticas comuns que contribuem para repensar possíveis conexões, propostas assistenciais e outras redes de proximidade, as quais foram trabalhadas nos itens relativos a recurso à assistência social, participação política e educação. Observou-se a construção de movimentos opostos à desfiliação cujos processos significam a construção de identidades diferenciadas que tornam relativo e contextualizado o lugar atribuído à pessoa em situação de rua, geralmente associado a fracassos e à dependência dos serviços. Há, porém, necessidade de se produzir situações preventivas e alternativas coletivas. O estudo das redes sociais dentro do campo da terapia ocupacional social pode contribuir para a construção de ferramentas de leitura e análise socioculturais, assim como para o desenvolvimento de procedimento metodológico no âmbito da ação da terapia ocupacional social, ou seja, intervenção social em que universo cultural e a participação dos usuários sejam eixos-guiasna formulação de projetos pessoais e coletivos. / Homeless population, as social group, transits between vulnerability and disaffiliation zones (as defined by Robert Castel), for it is frequently submitted to unemployment or temporary jobs and a trajectory marked by ruptures. In many cases, the assistance net is the fundamental element in its daily organization. That social group heterogeneity constitutes a premise of this study. Inside such diversity, groups and people were identified as a possibility of reference for the discussion of endogenous/interior (and auto-organizing) ways of overcoming that condition. Therefore, this study focus on comprehending the process opposed to the movement of social dissociation, besides covering the development of such strategies as the creation of social nets and the identity strengthening. This ethnographic research involved extended close acquainting with the study group and their ways of life. Data collection took 12 months in 2006, with field observation, interviews and document collecting. Five collaborators were interviewed, and their city circuits and points were visited. Criteria for including collaborators included to be engaged in a lodging program, to participate in a political organization (specific social movements), to integrate relationship nets of religious character, to integrate circuits linked to art and culture, to use services of the assistance net as complementary resource for the daily organization, and to have ways of income generating. Besides these dimensions, that suggest different social participation forms, another criterion for selecting collaborators was to be or to have been homeless for more than two years. Analysis was conducted under two perspectives. First, with reference to each collaborator life story reconstitution, with the main objective of showing their interdependence nets, which transcend assistance circuits, and discussing its singularity in the constructing process of identities able to re-signify and give historicity to the homeless condition. The other analysis perspective was to start from the perception of common axes and themes the contribute to the rethinking possible connections, assistance propositions and other proximity nets, dealt in items referring social assistance, political participation and education. It was observed the construction of disaffiliation-opposed movements, a process that signify the construction of diversified identities that make relative and contextualize the place attributed to homeless people, normally associated to unsuccessfulness and dependence on official services. Notwithstanding, it is urgent to produce preventive situations and collective wayouts. The study of social nets in occupational therapy field may contribute to the construction of socio-cultural reading and analyzing tools, as well as to the development of methodological procedure in social occupational therapy, that is, social intervention in which cultural universe and user\'s participation are guidelines for personal and collective projects formulation

Compreende-se que a população em situação de rua, enquanto grupo social, transita entre zonas de vulnerabilidade e desfiliação conforme definidas por Robert Castel, pois está freqüentemente submetida à ausência de emprego ou a trabalhos temporários e a uma trajetória marcada por rupturas. Em muitos casos, a rede de assistência é o elemento fundamental na sua organização cotidiana. A heterogeneidade deste grupo social constitui uma premissa neste estudo. No interior de tal diversidade, foram identificados grupos e pessoas que pareciam proporcionar referência para a discussão de formas endógenas/internas (e de auto-organização) de superação dessa condição. Assim, meu interesse neste estudo esteve voltado para a compreensão dos processos contrários ao movimento de dissociação social, além de abranger o desenvolvimento de estratégias como a criação de redes sociais e o fortalecimento de identidades. Trata-se de pesquisa etnográfica, envolvendo convívio prolongado com o grupo social estudado e aproximação com seus modos de vida. A coleta de dados foi realizada por doze meses em 2006, com observação de campo, entrevistas e coleta de documentos. Foram realizadas entrevistas com cinco colaboradores e visitas aos seus circuitos e \"pedaços\" pela cidade. Os critérios para inclusão dos colaboradores da pesquisa foram: estar inserido em programa de moradia; participar de organização política (movimentos sociais específicos); integrar redes de relações de caráter religioso; integrar circuitos ligados a arte e cultura; utilizar serviços da rede assistencial como recurso complementar para organização de seu cotidiano; possuir formas de geração de renda. Além destas dimensões, que sugerem diferentes formas de participação social, foi critério de seleção o colaborador estar ou ter vivido em situação de rua por mais de dois anos. A análise foi realizada em duas perspectivas. Uma refere-se à reconstituição da história de vida de cada colaborador, com o objetivo central de mostrar suas redes de interdependência, as quais transcendem os circuitos assistenciais, e de discutir sua singularidade no processo de construção de identidades capazes de ressignificar e dar historicidade à experiência da situação de rua. Outra perspectiva de análise foi partir da percepção de eixos e temáticas comuns que contribuem para repensar possíveis conexões, propostas assistenciais e outras redes de proximidade, as quais foram trabalhadas nos itens relativos a recurso à assistência social, participação política e educação. Observou-se a construção de movimentos opostos à desfiliação cujos processos significam a construção de identidades diferenciadas que tornam relativo e contextualizado o lugar atribuído à pessoa em situação de rua, geralmente associado a fracassos e à dependência dos serviços. Há, porém, necessidade de se produzir situações preventivas e alternativas coletivas. O estudo das redes sociais dentro do campo da terapia ocupacional social pode contribuir para a construção de ferramentas de leitura e análise socioculturais, assim como para o desenvolvimento de procedimento metodológico no âmbito da ação da terapia ocupacional social, ou seja, intervenção social em que universo cultural e a participação dos usuários sejam eixos-guiasna formulação de projetos pessoais e coletivos. / Homeless population, as social group, transits between vulnerability and disaffiliation zones (as defined by Robert Castel), for it is frequently submitted to unemployment or temporary jobs and a trajectory marked by ruptures. In many cases, the assistance net is the fundamental element in its daily organization. That social group heterogeneity constitutes a premise of this study. Inside such diversity, groups and people were identified as a possibility of reference for the discussion of endogenous/interior (and auto-organizing) ways of overcoming that condition. Therefore, this study focus on comprehending the process opposed to the movement of social dissociation, besides covering the development of such strategies as the creation of social nets and the identity strengthening. This ethnographic research involved extended close acquainting with the study group and their ways of life. Data collection took 12 months in 2006, with field observation, interviews and document collecting. Five collaborators were interviewed, and their city circuits and points were visited. Criteria for including collaborators included to be engaged in a lodging program, to participate in a political organization (specific social movements), to integrate relationship nets of religious character, to integrate circuits linked to art and culture, to use services of the assistance net as complementary resource for the daily organization, and to have ways of income generating. Besides these dimensions, that suggest different social participation forms, another criterion for selecting collaborators was to be or to have been homeless for more than two years. Analysis was conducted under two perspectives. First, with reference to each collaborator life story reconstitution, with the main objective of showing their interdependence nets, which transcend assistance circuits, and discussing its singularity in the constructing process of identities able to re-signify and give historicity to the homeless condition. The other analysis perspective was to start from the perception of common axes and themes the contribute to the rethinking possible connections, assistance propositions and other proximity nets, dealt in items referring social assistance, political participation and education. It was observed the construction of disaffiliation-opposed movements, a process that signify the construction of diversified identities that make relative and contextualize the place attributed to homeless people, normally associated to unsuccessfulness and dependence on official services. Notwithstanding, it is urgent to produce preventive situations and collective wayouts. The study of social nets in occupational therapy field may contribute to the construction of socio-cultural reading and analyzing tools, as well as to the development of methodological procedure in social occupational therapy, that is, social intervention in which cultural universe and user\'s participation are guidelines for personal and collective projects formulation

An in-depth-analysis was carried out on short, medium and long commuters using the National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) of 2001 and American Community Survey (ACS) of 2000 to determine the role of individual,household, trip and area related characteristics on commute length. The individuals with commute time less than or equal to 15 min were considered as short commuters and individuals with commute time greater than 15 min but less than 60 min were considered as medium commuters and the individuals with commute time 60 min or more were considered as long commuters. The commute time is considered as a link joining the residence and workplace locations. The availability of the desired mode used is considered as flexibility in moving the location of these points in the area. As the jobs get dispersed the lower income people face more and more transportation problems in linking the residence and workplace. There is a potential threat in their social, physical and economic isolation in the society. The individual, household, and area related characteristics are assumed to influence both the commute time and location of these points. The descriptive analysis using NHTS 2001 and ACS 2000 revealed that the characteristics of short and long commuters are different in nature. A commuter type choice model and commute length measurement models were used to estimate the influence of socio-demographic characteristics on the residential and workplace separation. Multinomial Logit Model (MNL) methodology was adopted to develop the commuter type choice model and Structural Equations Model methodology (SEM) was adopted with commute time and commute distance as endogenous variables to estimate the commute length on a continuous scale. The models confirmed the importance of demographic variables in explaining commuter length.