A inclusão digital tem sido um tema muito difundido nos discursos políticos e econômicos por conta da penetração das tecnologias de informação e comunicação, que conectam o mundo todo em segundos. Com a internet, rede mais visível destas tecnologias, o ser humano tem acesso a dados, informações e conhecimentos que jamais ocorreu na história. A inclusão digital tornou-se uma necessidade humana por suas possibilidades infinitas e benéficas de uso. Todos precisam estar conectados. Contudo, em decorrência destas possibilidades, há uma profusão de discursos que se entrecruzam e não necessariamente atendem a perspectiva da inclusão, visto que a maioria da população mundial está excluída digitalmente. Diante disto, há que se pensar a inclusão digital para além do simples acesso a uma tecnologia de informação e comunicação. A inclusão digital, como necessidade histórica, possui um valor que deve ser transformado em direito a ser utilizado pelo ser humano contra esta exclusão. A inclusão digital como um direito deve se questionar desde a utilização do conceito de inclusão digital e sua relevância acadêmica até como inserir a inclusão digital dentro do mundo jurídico. Para percorrer este caminho, percebeu-se um distanciamento entre os discursos que proferem a inclusão digital e as práticas que geram a exclusão. Assim, a construção da inclusão digital, para não gerar exclusão, tem de ser associada a um direito. Mais que um simples direito, um direito fundamental. Os direitos fundamentais são frutos das lutas contra o absolutismo e ferramentas de transformação social. É somente nesta perspectiva que a inclusão digital se tornará relevante no enfrentamento das exclusões atuais e virtuais. A inclusão digital como direito fundamental tem de ser apropriada pelo ser humano, a fim de combater as práticas exclusivas. / The digital inclusion has been a theme much spread in politics and economics speeches, because the penetration of the information and communication technologies, who connected the whole world in seconds. With the internet, the net most visible in this technologies, the human being have access to datas, informations and knowledges that ever occurred in the History. The digital inclusion became a human need on account of his possibilities. Everyone must be connected. However, in result of this possibilities, there is a exuberance of speeches that intercrosses and not necessarily answers the perspective of digital inclusion, due to the fact that the most of the world population is excluded. In this matter, must be rethinked the digital inclusion beyond to the simple access a some information e communication technologies. The digital inclusion, as a historical need, possess a value that must be transformed in right to be used by human being against this exclusion. Therefore, the digital inclusion as a right must to question itself since the usability of the concept and his relevance until how to insert itself in the legal frame. So, to trespass this path, it was noticed that exist a gap between the speeches which pronounces the digital inclusion with practices that created exclusion. Therefore, the digital inclusion construction must be, to not generate exclusion, associated to a right. More than a simple right, to a fundamental right. The fundamental rights are product of fights against absolutism and are the tools of social transformation. It\'s only in this perspective that a digital inclusion will become relevant against exclusions actual and virtual as well. The digital inclusion as a fundamental right must be appropriated by human being to fight the exclusive practices.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / A presente pesquisa teve como principal objetivo identificar e analisar as transformaÃÃes ocorridas nas dimensÃes da identidade e na posiÃÃo de sujeito das mulheres rurais que exercem militÃncia polÃtica em movimentos sociais rurais no CearÃ. Buscou tambÃm apreender se a vinculaÃÃo ou aproximaÃÃo com o feminismo, seja como ideologia/visÃo de mundo, teoria ou movimento social, constitui um diferencial para a mudanÃa de posiÃÃo de sujeito das mulheres militantes, contribuindo para que estas sejam mais autÃnomas, tanto nos movimentos em que militam como em sua vida cotidiana no Ãmbito das relaÃÃes familiares. A anÃlise concentra-se nas experiÃncias de mulheres militantes de trÃs movimentos sociais: Movimento de Mulheres Trabalhadoras Rurais do Nordeste â MMTR/NE, Movimento Sem Terra â MST e Movimento Sindical de Trabalhadores e Trabalhadoras Rurais â MSTTR. Analisa tambÃm as experiÃncias de mulheres rurais que nÃo militam em movimentos de forma a poder identificar e problematizar diferenÃas e semelhanÃas entre os dois grupos, constatando ou nÃo se a militÃncia polÃtica provoca transformaÃÃes significativas nas dimensÃes da identidade e nas prÃticas cotidianas das mulheres militantes. SÃo conceitos-chave neste estudo: identidade, sujeito, transformaÃÃo social e militÃncia. Esta reflexÃo toma como base os princÃpios epistemolÃgicos, teÃricos e metodolÃgicos das Teorias Feministas e do Marxismo. Para dar contar de apreender melhor o objeto de estudo, adotou-se como procedimento metodolÃgico a pesquisa qualitativa, numa abordagem feminista, colhendo os dados empÃricos atravÃs de entrevistas coletivas (grupo focal) e individuais, observaÃÃo participante, bem como a anÃlise de documentos. As conclusÃes indicam que a militÃncia polÃtica em movimentos sociais, ainda que nÃo seja suficiente para constituir as mulheres como sujeitos plenos de si, contribui de forma significativa para que estas mulheres ajam e se coloquem em suas vidas, polÃtica e privada, com mais autonomia do que aquelas que nÃo militam em movimentos sociais. A militÃncia possibilita maior conhecimento, maior acesso à informaÃÃo e a vivÃncia em um mundo pÃblico-polÃtico que cria condiÃÃes para o exercÃcio de uma prÃtica cidadÃ, de proposiÃÃo e reivindicaÃÃo de direitos. Hà diferenÃas significativas entre as mulheres que militam e aquelas que nÃo militam, em especial, na sua visÃo de mundo sobre os processos de dominaÃÃo de classe e de gÃnero. Ainda que haja semelhanÃas nas percepÃÃes sobre as transformaÃÃes ocorridas no meio rural, as mulheres militantes mostram uma postura mais crÃtica sobre essas transformaÃÃes, algumas identificando nelas contradiÃÃes. TambÃm foi possÃvel identificar que entre as mulheres militantes hà uma percepÃÃo mais crÃtica das relaÃÃes desiguais de poder entre mulheres e homens e da cultura patriarcal presentes na sociedade, sobretudo, aquelas que tÃm algum vÃnculo direto ou indireto com o feminismo. Entre estas, foi constatado um processo de mudanÃa nas relaÃÃes de gÃnero no Ãmbito familiar, inclusive uma maior divisÃo do trabalho domÃstico.

Baseada em pesquisa etnográfica envolvendo observação participante e entrevistas em profundidade realizadas entre 2011 e 2013, a proposta deste trabalho consiste em investigar a maneira pela qual homens de meia-idade provenientes de camadas médias e residentes na cidade de São Paulo experimentam e percebem transformações relativas à visibilidade homossexual ao longo de suas vidas e, mais especialmente, das últimas três décadas. A partir de uma análise dos discursos, tento construir junto aos interlocutores uma dialética que leva em conta tanto a experiência subjetiva de pertencimento a um grupo tradicionalmente marginalizado quanto a posição sócio-histórica que ocupam. Aqui, entram em jogo vários marcos, como o final da ditadura militar e a abertura política do Brasil, os pânicos morais suscitados pelo advento da epidemia de HIV/AIDS em meados da década de 1980 e a participação de alguns deles em movimentos sociais. Alvo de discussões acaloradas no cenário político nacional, exploro também suas posições sobre acontecimentos mais recentes, como o surgimento das Paradas do Orgulho LGBT e os embates envolvendo o reconhecimento das uniões homoafetivas e a criminalização da homofobia no país. Ao mesmo tempo, problematizo o marcador geração e procuro entender as diferenças que apontam entre eles e os mais jovens. / Drawing on ethnographic research involving participant observation and in-depth interviews conducted between 2011 and 2013, this study investigates the way by which middle-class, middle-aged men from São Paulo experience and perceive transformations of homosexual visibility throughout their lives and most especially over the last three decades. Analyzing their discourses, I try to build with interlocutors a dialectic that takes into account both the subjective experience of belonging to a traditionally marginalized group and the socio-historical position they occupy. Various landmarks come into play, such as the end of the military dictatorship and the political openness in Brazil, the moral panics brought on by the emergence of HIV/AIDS epidemic in the mid-1980s and the participation of some in social movements. Subjects of heated debates in the national political scene, I also explore their positions on more recent events such as the emergence of LGBT Pride Parades and the clashes involving the recognition of same-sex unions and the criminalization of homophobic discrimination in the country. At the same time, I question the label generation and try to understand the differences they point between themselves and the younger.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The focus of the thesis is conceptually-based and problematizes the notion of a transformed society while addressing and evaluating its meaning in the multicultural post-apartheid neighbourhood of Observatory, Cape Town. Confluent concepts such as ‘multilingualism’, ‘hybridity’ and ‘community’ are discussed within the historical and contemporary context of a newly established democratic South Africa. Through a poststructuralist discourse analysis, the study endeavours to explore discourses of language and identity in the previously predominantly English-speaking community of Observatory. It is hoped that this research will build upon knowledge of inter alia social interaction, translocations and community membership, identity, language and integration in Observatory. Focus therefore rest on issues such as hybridity, identity options, translocal and transnational cultural flows, localization and globalization. All these issues fall under the broader theme of discourse of transformation and integration in multilingual spaces. The study strictly works within the framework of a qualitative approach with the focus resting on a discourse analysis of generated narratives supplied by informants during interviews and temporal and spatial descriptions of research sites. Arising from this study it is hoped that a deeper understanding of migration, transnational and transcultural flows, hybridity and identity will be reached. Critically, this study delves into two ‘new’ areas which subsume sociolinguistics, specifically semiotic landscape and place branding. Exploration into the appropriation of space by ‘newcomers’ and the subsequent reimaginings of space into place are of keen interest here. In this respect, this study aims at shedding light on recurrent, contesting and and new imaginings of diversity in post-apartheid living.

Transformation of post-apartheid higher education institutions has shown itself to be deeply complex and contentious. Exploring transformation at a former whites-only Afrikaans university, this study leans on Michel Foucault’s archaeological methodology and uses a qualitative case study approach. In accordance with this methodological approach the study excavates, de-layers and probes at an inter-departmental conflict which ensued over how racial identity is being re-imagined within the curriculum. The study further seeks to explore what this conflict says about institutional ideologies and commitments to change. Ostensibly, the conflict was over the contents of a module, the Ubuntu Module, presented at both the Faculty of Education and the Faculty of Humanities. Contested views on the nature of knowledge presented in the module, which deals overtly and explicitly with racial and cultural identity, emerged between the two faculties. The Faculty of Education removed the module from its curriculum, asserting that its’ contents were antithetical to the faculty’s ideological tenets with regards to curriculum transformation. Amid attempts by the Faculty of Education to have the module removed from the university’s curriculum, the Faculty of Humanities took the decision to continue offering the module. What this study suggests is that the debate went beyond a mere inter-faculty contention over curriculum contents, and can offer a lens into broader institutional transformation ideologies, and commitments to the decommissioning of apartheid identities. The study was explored and analysed through the lens of critical theory, and in so doing it offers a critical look at the intellectual and ideological foundations of the university, and how the university navigates transformation in post-apartheid South Africa. The literature review uses eclectic literatures to historicise and contextualise the study. It underscores how the focus of literature on curriculum transformation on post-apartheid higher educational institutions has essentially skimmed over the links between the inherent dynamics of knowledge and power as is reflected in curriculum contents. As the findings of the study point to, pressures exerted on the university from both government, and grassroots level at the university, that being students and staff, are having an unequivocal impact on how the university thinks about and implements transformation. The findings of the study suggest that although rhetorically committed to transformation, the university is struggling to emerge from its own politically instrumentalist past. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Curriculum Studies / unrestricted

This study focuses on African male refugees and asylum seekers in Pretoria/Tshwane, the capital city of South Africa. Beyond the motives for their displacements, refugees, carrying different kinds of disturbances into their ‘new home’, seek health and therapy, because the very condition of being refugees can be understood as a health-seeking condition. An ethnographic study was conducted to investigate the different means, therapies and cures used by refugees from other African countries in order to correct the fractions of their lives that have been disrupted on their journey to becoming refugees. The study found that these male refugees associated health with self-fulfilment or well-being and this couldn’t be achieved without removing the stumbling blocks that were in their ways. Being in a foreign country and having been through humiliation and other disturbances, the need to consult certain institutions became a necessity, thus challenging the ‘classic’ constructions of masculinity. Being far from home increased the level of vulnerability and the need thereof to seek help. Belief in a magico-religious system being part of African healing systems and part of the corollaries of globalisation, modernity and urbanism; explanations for various causes of misfortune and cures were found in consulting pastors, healers, diviners, astrologists. Some of those healers and religious leaders from other African countries, being refugees were also in search of well-being, thus triggering the creation of their new professions in the land of refuge. Copyright / Dissertation (Master of Arts)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Anthropology and Archaeology / unrestricted

The premise of this research is that the local church is called to play a major role in the transformation process of the local community in which it is called to work. This call is rooted in its nature and mission. The outcome of this research is to develop a model of how to do theology in a local community context, what is described in these pages as “Community-Sensitive Church Model”. This premise is developed by revisiting the concept of church and social transformation, church engagement with society throughout history and through analyzing the community of praxis before attempting to develop the model that makes of a local church an agent of social transformation. Lofdal Community Church is presented as an implementation of this model in Maitland. Copyright / Dissertation (MA(Theol))--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Practical Theology / unrestricted

The present dissertation explores the Congolese immigrant workers‟ meanings, their labour migration and their transnationalism in Pretoria through the perspective of south-south social transformation. It argues that this migration is partly an outcome and effect of various social transformations that have been occurring in Southern Africa since the end of cold war in the era of globalisation and age of mass migration. The study draws on Castles‟ middle range theory and the comprehensive sociology of Max Weber. This dissertation makes use of qualitative method, based on ethnography, and corresponding techniques such as interviews. The study shows that what drives Congolese labour migration to Pretoria are economic (wage differential or cost benefit), political issues (wars, violence against human rights, freedom of speech), cultural (the Congolese mythology of migration) and psychological reasons (prestige). These migration processes and patterns are also determined by migrants‟ social class position in the DRC. The latter to a large extent determines the nature and status of their employment in Pretoria. In addition, findings demonstrate that a number of structural constraints and features of Congolese qualifications, skills, and even culture contribute to Congolese immigrants negative performances in the South African labour market. Faced with numerous barriers to professional incorporation, Congolese migrants resort to any legal or illegal means to bypass these barriers. It is revealed that the Congolese conception of social and occupational mobility is mostly understood in terms of economic or income mobility. This dovetails with the socially constructed meanings that Congolese workers attach to their work. Concerning their transnational activities, research participants are shown to be involved in political, economic and socio-cultural activities. Most of their activities are nationally-oriented. Nevertheless, the weight of the tense political situation has an influence on their transnational activities and Congolese culture and/or homeland politics leads to their economic transnationalism. For these reasons, practices of remitting are connected with transnational political activities and culture. Despite the extensive contacts „back home‟ socio-cultural activities of the Congolese in Pretoria are marked by cultural hybridization between Congolese migrants and South Africans. / Dissertation (MSocSci)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / lk2014 / Sociology / MSocSci / Unrestricted

[pt] Desde a década de 1990, tem ocorrido uma série de importantes transformações no campo das ONGs no Brasil. O contexto atual é caracterizado por uma grande heterogeneidade do campo e pela crescente realização de parcerias formais envolvendo repasse de recursos entre ONGs e o Estado, empresas e entidades filantrópicas ligadas ao setor privado. A complexificação do campo das ONGs coloca a necessidade da academia se debruçar mais sobre a nova diversidade de atores, principalmente no eixo central de como conciliar a autonomia política com a questão da sustentabilidade financeira. O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar o potencial de transformação social, no sentido de promoção de maior igualdade e justiça, das ONGs hoje, através do estudo do caso da Redes de Desenvolvimento da Maré. / [en] Since the 1990 s, a series of important transformations has occurred in the NGO field in Brazil. The current context is characterized by a great heterogeneity of the field and by growing formal partnerships involving the transfer of financial resources between NGOs and the State, companies and philanthropic entities linked to the private sector. The complexification of the NGO field demands that greater attention is given by academics to the new diversity of actors, mainly regarding the central aspect of how to conciliate political autonomy with the issue of financial sustainability. The present study has the objective of analyzing the potential of social transformation, in the sense of promoting greater equality and justice, of NGOs today, through the case study of Redes de Desenvolvimento da Maré.

This dissertation presents a legal and regulatory framework of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the effect it has on social transformation in South Africa. It is premised on Dodds' theory of stakeholder protection which is articulated with greater clarity by Jeff Smith. He states that directors are agents of all stakeholders. In other words, they have the responsibility to ensure that every stakeholder's rights and interests are protected and fulfilled. This, he further explains, should be carried out by means of a balancing exercise between each stakeholder interest in every transaction. The dissertation demonstrates how the private sector can 'effectively' utilise principles of CRS to contribute towards and expedite social transformation. The significance of social transformation rests on it being a constitutional imperative as employed to redress the legacy of Apartheid. Lastly, the dissertation discusses CSR and how it affects social transformation in India and the United Kingdom (UK) with the aim of gleaning comparative insights. The dissertation then makes recommendations that the South African CSR legislation should embody objectives of our broader national interests similar to the Indian approach. In addition, it argues for a fully defined set of directors' duties which promotes compliance with CSR goals similar to the UK approach.