La notion de mixité sociale est devenue un thème itératif des débats portant sur les enjeux du renouvèlement urbain, sur les politiques d’accès au logement et, plus généralement, sur la gentrification (Germain et Rose, 2010 ; Bridge, Butler, Lees, 2012). La mixité sociale est tour à tour utilisée, à différentes fins, par des acteurs aussi divers que les politiques, la société civile, les universitaires, les planificateurs urbains et les producteurs urbains, comme les promoteurs immobiliers (Charmes et Bacqué, 2016). Pour les uns, la mixité est un idéal juste à atteindre ; pour les autres, elle participe à rendre invisible la complexité des rapports de pouvoir qui se jouent entre les acteurs de la fabrique urbaine et les dynamiques d’exclusion qu’ils sous-tendent.Nous verrons comment la notion de mixité sociale accompagne la transformation actuelle du quartier d’Hochelaga-Maisonneuve. L’objectif vise à analyser les motivations, modalités d’action et intérêts des acteurs publics, privés et de la société civile qui défendent la notion de mixité sociale, et qui s’appuient sur elle pour justifier ou participer à la transformation du quartier d’Hochelaga-Maisonneuve. Nous nous demanderons si la notion de mixité sociale, en tant que telle, fait l’objet de politiques et de projets spécifiques. Réduit-elle les impacts négatifs de la gentrification, ou au contraire, sert-elle à mieux les justifier et à les retirer du débat politique ? Pour expliquer notre propos, nous allons présenter un film documentaire, ainsi qu’une dissertation écrite. Pendant ce projet, nous avons interviewé 28 personnes, choisi seulement 13 pour le montage final, parlé avec plus de 100 personnes habitant le quartier. La durée du film documentaire sera de 60 minutes et il a été filmé pendant une période d’une année, à travers plusieurs saisons. / The notion of social mix has become an iterative theme reflecting the ongoing discourse surrounding the high stakes of urban redevelopment, the policies of housing, and the impact of gentrification. Diverse actors such as politicians, socialites, academics, urban planners, and real estate developers frequently employ social mix. For some, social mix is an ideal to strive for, while for others, this notion is just another way to render invisible the complex relationship that exist between the actors of the urban fabric and the implied dynamics of exclusion. We will investigate how the notion of social mix accompanies the present transformations of Hochelaga-Maisonneuve, a working-class neighbourhood of Montreal. The purpose herein is to analyse the motivations, the modalities, and the interests of both public and private actors, in order to defend the notion of social mix and to justify the participants in the transformation of this neighbourhood. We examine if social mix, as part of a political agenda promoting specific urban projects, is really reducing the negative impacts of gentrification, or, on the contrary, is it helping to justify urban policies? In order to show our research results, we will present a documentary film and a short thesis. For the purpose of this project, we originally filmed 28 participants, yet chose only 13 for the final editing. Moreover, we interviewed over 100 individuals residing in the neighbourhood. The film lasts 60 minutes and was shot during different seasons for a period of one year.

En av samhällets stora frågor är hur den ökade segregationen kan motverkas och förebyggas. Den förstärkta segregationen innebär ett utökat avstånd mellan individer, bostäder och samhällsservice som vidare leder till ökade ojämlikheter mellan individer, och kan ses som ett resultat av hur våra samhällen är gestaltade. Studien utgår från Motala kommun och syftar till att undersöka hur boendesegregation kommer till uttryck i nationella respektive kommunala strategier, samt vilka möjligheter och utmaningar som identifieras med aktuella insatser utifrån ett socialt hållbarhetsperspektiv. Detta görs med utgångspunkt från följande begrepp som alla är centrala för att en hållbar stadsutveckling ska uppnås: helhetssyn, samband, variation, identitet, inflytande. Med hjälp av dokumentanalyser och intervjuer framgår det att de kommunala strategierna i stor utsträckning speglar de nationella strategierna. Det framgår även att kommunen saknar ett helhetsperspektiv i sitt segregationsarbete och att en socialt hållbar stadsutveckling därmed blir svår att åstadkomma i flera avseenden. / One of society's biggest questions is how the growing segregation can be countered and prevented. The reinforced segregation implicates an increased distance between individuals, housing and community services which further reinforce inequalities between individuals and can be seen as a result of the way our societies are shaped. This study is based on the municipality of Moala and aims to investigate how residential segregation is expressed in both national and municipal strategies, as well as what opportunities and challenges that are identified with current efforts from a social sustainability perspective. This is done on the basis of the following concepts which are central to achieving a sustainable urban development: holistic view, connection, variation, influence, identity. By using document analysis and interviews it appears that the municipal strategies largely reflect the national approach. It also appears that the municipality lacks an overall perspective in their segregation work and that a socially sustainable urban development therefore is difficult to achieve in several respects.

This thesis aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of neighbourhood changes spurred by urban renewal associated with the Paris 2024 Olympic games in the Pleyel neighbourhood, located in the Northern suburbs of Paris. Drawing upon a theoretical framework that emphasizes the complexities of mega-events and urban transformations, the study addresses two key research questions: (1) How do urban renewal stakeholders envision neighbourhood changes, and (2) What are the perceptions of residents and activists towards ongoing and envisioned neighbourhood transformations? Data was collected through qualitative research, including semi-structured interviews (n=10) and observations, capturing the perspectives of urban renewal stakeholders, residents, and activists. The study contributes to renewal and mega-event literature and explores themes related to Olympic-induced urban renewal, participatory processes, social equity, and sustainability. The findings reveal that the employment of social and environmental discourses by urban renewal stakeholders can lead to depoliticization and the understatement of local agonisms. Divergent perceptions among and within groups highlight the role of individual implications and sense of place. The study also identifies limited participatory practices and potential gentrifying tendencies resulting from state-led housing provisions. The conclusions emphasize the need for meaningful citizen participation, policy improvements, and the critical examination of large-scale urban renewal outcomes.

This dissertation focuses on studying various network formation games in Economics. We explore a different model in each chapter to capture various aspects of networks. Chapter 1provides an overview of this dissertation. Chapter 2 studies the possible Nash equilibrium configurations in a model of signed network formation as proposed by Hiller (2017). We specify the Nash equilibria in the case of heterogeneous agents. We find 3 possible Nash equilibrium configurations: Utopia network, positive assortative matching, and disassortative matching. We derive the specific conditions under which they arise in a Nash equilibrium. In Chapter 3, we study a generalized model of signed network formation game where the players can choose not only positive and negative links but also neutral links. We check whether the results of the signed network formation model in the literature still hold in our generalized framework using the notion of pairwise Nash equilibrium. Chapter 4 studies inequality in a weighted network formation model using the notion of Nash equilibrium. As a factor of inequality, there are two types of players: Rich players and poor players. We show that both rich and poor players designate other rich players as their best friends. As a result, We present that nested split graphs are drawn from survey data because researchers tend to ask respondents to list only a few friends. / Doctor of Philosophy / This dissertation focuses on studying various network formation games in Economics. We explore a different model in each chapter to capture various aspects of networks. Chapter 1 provides an overview of this dissertation. Chapter 2 studies the possible singed network configurations in equilibrium. In the signed network, players can choose a positive (+) relationship or a negative (-) relationship toward each other player. We study the case that the players are heterogeneous. We find 3 possible categories of networks in equilibrium: Utopia network, positive assortative matching, and disassortative matching. We derive the specific conditions under which they arise in equilibrium. In Chapter 3, we study a generalized model of signed network formation game where the players can choose not only positive and negative links but also neutral links. We check whether the results of the signed network formation model in the literature still hold in our generalized framework. Chapter 4 studies inequality in a weighted network formation model using the notion of Nash equilibrium. In this weighted network model, each player can choose the level of relationship. As a factor of inequality, there are two types of players: rich players and poor players. We show that both rich and poor players choose other rich players as their best friends. As a result, we present that nested split graphs are drawn from survey data because these social network data are censored due to the limit of the number of responses.

La revitalisation urbaine est une politique publique qui vise principalement les quartiers les plus défavorisés en s’attaquant en priorité à la pauvreté locale, à l’exclusion sociale et au cadre bâti dégradé. L’objectif de cette politique est de faire en sorte que les quartiers visés puissent jouir d’un environnement sain et moins contrasté avec le reste de l’agglomération. Ce type d’intervention connait un succès varié, car il existe une grande variété de programmes de revitalisation urbaine, dont celle que nous allons traiter dans ce mémoire. La revitalisation urbaine intégrée est un programme de lutte contre la pauvreté territorialisée, d’initiative locale, qui s’attaque aux îlots de pauvreté sur l’île de Montréal. Ce programme dispose de plusieurs démarches à Montréal, toutes fonctionnant sur le même modèle décentralisé de participation citoyenne, de concertation, et d’autonomie, dans le but de lutter contre la pauvreté et l’exclusion grâce à des initiatives locales. Ce mémoire propose d’interroger la contribution du programme RUI à la revitalisation urbaine dans le cadre de la démarche développée dans le quartier d’Hochelaga-Maisonneuve. L’intérêt de cette recherche est multiple, 1) la transformation d’un espace soumis à une spatialité avec laquelle il ne partage pas les mêmes valeurs 2) le risque que le programme RUI participe au développement de la gentrification malgré lui, 3) le rôle de la participation citoyenne dans l’exercice de concertation 4) la contribution du programme RUI à la revitalisation d’Hochelaga. L’analyse de la démarche RUI d’Hochelaga porte principalement sur les entrevues semi-directives recueillies auprès des membres du comité local de revitalisation et d’habitants du quartier. Leurs discours révèlent un manque de consensus dû à la diversité des acteurs, des lacunes dans l’exercice de la participation citoyenne, et un financement très limité. Certains regrettent même un manque d’actions concrètes contre la pauvreté. Mais dans l’ensemble, l’initiative est saluée par tous, car à défaut de lutter contre la dimension économique de la pauvreté, elle permet d’améliorer la qualité de vie et d’accroitre la capacité d’agir des habitants. / Urban revitalization is a public policy which focuses on poor neighborhood and fights local poverty, social exclusion and degraded environments. The goal of this policy is to put the poor neighboorhoods on the same scale as the rest of the agglomeration. This type of intervention has varying degrees of success because there are a wide range of urban revitalization programs, including the one we will be talking about in this thesis. Integrated Urban Revitalization (RUI) is a program fighting territorial poverty which targets impoverished areas on the island of Montreal. This program has taken several actions throughout Montreal, and each of them operate on the same decentralized model of citizen participation, concertation and autonomy in order to fight poverty and exclusion via local initiatives. This dissertation proposes a questioning of RUI’s contribution on urban revitalization within the framework of procedures developed in the Hochelaga- Maisonneuve neighborhood of Montreal. There are many areas of interest in this study, specifically (1) the contrast between the transformation of this space and the extant values in the area, (2) the risks posed by the RUI program and its participation in the development of a gentrification program in spite of its original goals, (3) the role of the citizen participation in consultation, and (4) The contribution of the RUI program on urban revitalization in Hochelaga-Maisonneuve. The analysis of the RUI program is mainly based on interviews collected with members of a local revitalization committee and citizens of the neighborhood. Their discourses reveal a lack of consensus ascribed to the wide variety of actors, gaps in the process of participation and limited funding. Some citizens resent the lack of concrete actions taken against poverty. Overall, the initiative is praised by all participants, because while fighting economic dimensions of poverty, it allows for the improvement of living conditions and the ability to take action.