É muito importante que se reconheça os fatores relacionados com à má oclusão que ocorrem em uma determinada população à fim de que medidas preventivas e tratamentos ortodônticos possam ser conduzidos. O objetivo do presente estudo epidemiológico foi obter dados representativos sobre fatores relacionados com as más oclusões na dentição decídua e mista no Equador. Os responsáveis por 400 crianças, de 3 a 9 anos, em atendimento na Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Central do Equador foram questionados, incialmente, quanto aos dados pessoais, histórico familiar e saúde. Em sequência as crianças foram examinadas, clinicamente, extra e intra oralmente. O exame funcional, avaliação de hábitos e nível socioeconômico também foram conduzidos por um único avaliador. Os dados obtidos foram tabulados para se obter tabelas de frequência e porcentagem. Foi aplicado o Teste Qui quadrado ou Teste de Fisher (p<0,05). Um número maior de crianças com má oclusão (77%) foi encontrado do que crianças com oclusão adequada (p=0,00001). Não se pode afirmar que houve correlação significativa entre classe socioeconômica e má oclusão (p=0,12). Houve predomínio do hábito de morder objetos estranhos e onicofagia. 33,33% das crianças com mordida aberta apresentavam respiração bucal, no entanto, entre as crianças que apresentaram outros tipos de oclusão, 32,47% tinham respiração bucal. A sucção digital foi encontrada em 14% das crianças. Conclui-se que existe um número significante de má oclusão; há correlação entre interferências oclusais e a presença de mordida cruzada; a atrição fisiológica desenvolve-se com o avanço da idade; não houve associação significativa entre respiração bucal e mordida aberta e o nível sócio econômico não interfere nas características de oclusão. / It is very important to recognize the factors related to bad occlusion that occur in a certain population so that the measures Preventive and orthodontic treatments can be carried out. The objective of the present epidemiological study was to obtain representative data on factors related to malocclusions in deciduous and mixed dentition in Ecuador. Those responsible for 400 children, from 3 to 9 years old, in care in School of Dentistry of the Central University of Ecuador were respondents, in terms of personal data, family history and Health. In sequence the children were examined, clinically, extra and intra orally. Functional examination, evaluation of habits and socioeconomic status They were conducted by a single researcher. The data They were tabulated to obtain frequency and percentage tables. The application was applied Chi square test or Fisher\'s test (p <0.05). A greater number of Children with malocclusion (77%) were found to be children with correct occlusion (p = 0.00001). It cannot be said that there was significant correlation between socioeconomic class and bad occlusion (p = 0.12). A predominance was observed the habit of biting foreign objects and Onychophagia. 33.33% of children with open bite had mouth breathing, however, among children who presented other types of occlusion, 32.47% had mouth breathing. The digital suction 14% of children were found. It is concluded that there is a significant number of malocclusion; there is correlation between occlusal interferences and the presence of a crossbite; Physiological attrition develops as Age advances; there was no significant association between mouth breathing and open bite and socioeconomic status does not interfere with the characteristics of occlusion.

El presente trabajo de investigación está orientado a desarrollar un proyecto inmobiliario de una urbanización conformada por módulos de vivienda unifamiliares, ubicada en una zona periurbana del distrito de La Joya, provincia de Arequipa. El predio se caracteriza por tener un gran potencial debido al costo oportunidad del precio del terreno, que permite realizar un proyecto de este tipo. En años recientes, en el sector, se ha venido dando habilitaciones urbanas destinadas, en su totalidad, a casas de campo para los niveles socioeconómicos A y B, soslayando a familias del nivel socioeconómico D; por esta razón el proyecto representa una interesante propuesta al no contar con competencia en la oferta del sector. Este se iniciará con la habilitación urbana de un terreno de 40 896.00 m², teniendo como resultado un área útil de 25 056.00 m², distribuidos en 261 lotes de 96.00 m². En cada uno de estos lotes se edificará un módulo de vivienda unifamiliar básico de 38.29 m² de área techada. Asimismo, comprende un estudio de mercado que marcará las pautas para la definición del producto adecuado a las preferencias y necesidades del cliente objetivo. El estudio de mercado, incluso, presenta un interesante déficit entre la oferta y demanda de este tipo de vivienda en la población de la ciudad de Arequipa, el cual es redituado por el proyecto. El trabajo incluye, además, un análisis de diferentes sistemas constructivos teniendo en cuenta los siguientes indicadores: eficiencia, eficacia, mercado y normatividad. El planeamiento del proyecto se realiza tomando herramientas de Lean Construction para asegurar el cumplimiento de plazos. El trabajo culmina con un flujo de caja, el cual refleja, en sus indicadores, el atractivo académico del proyecto para potenciales inversionistas. / This research work is aimed at developing a real estate project of an urbanization formed by single-family housing modules, located in a peri-urban area of the district of La Joya, province and region Arequipa. The property is characterized by having great potential due to the opportunity cost of the land price, which allows to carry out a project of this type. In recent years, in the sector, it has been giving urban habilitations destined, in its entirety, to houses of country for the socioeconomic levels A and B, bypassing to families of the socioeconomic level D; For this reason the project represents an interesting proposal by not having competition in the supply of the sector. This will begin with the urban habilitation of a field of 40896.00 m², resulting in a useful area of 25056.00 m², distributed in 261 lots of 96.00 m². In each of these lots a basic single-family housing module of 38.29 m² of covered area will be built. It also includes a market study that will mark the guidelines for the definition of the product appropriate to the preferences and needs of the target customer. The market study, even, presents an interesting deficit between the supply and demand of this type of housing in the population of the city of Arequipa, which is hoax by the project. The work also includes an analysis of different constructive systems taking into account the following indicators: efficiency, efficiency, market and regulation. Project planning is done by taking Lean Construction tools to ensure deadlines. The work culminates in a cash flow, which reflects, in its indicators, the academic appeal of the project for potential investors. / Trabajo de investigación

This study analyzes the kind of personal goals and life satisfaction levels amongst Spanish andPeruvian adolescents according to their sex and socioeconomic leve!. 389 Spanish and 285 Pe­ ruvian adolescents of both sexes from different socioeconomic leve! participated in this study. For the Spanish sample Palys and Little's (1983) Personal  Goals Analysis and Andrews and Withey's (1976) D-T Scale (Delight-Terrible) were used; for the Peruvian sample the measure­ ment instruments were Nuttin's (1985) Motivational lnduction Method along with Pavot and Diener's (1993) Life Satisfaction Scale. Results show significant similarities in the goals des­ cribed by both samples, as well as sex differences and socioeconomic differences. / El presente estudio analiza el tipo de metas personales y la satisfacción vital en adolescentes españoles y peruanos según sexo y nivel socioeconómico. Se trabajó con 389 adolescentes españoles y con 285 peruanos, de ambos sexos y de diferentes niveles socioeconómicos. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron el Análisis de Metas Personales de Palys y Little (1983) y la Escala D-T (Delight-Terrible) de Andrews y Withey (1976) para la muestra española, y el Método de Inducción Motivacional de Nuttin (1985) junto con la Escala de Satisfacción con la vida de Pavot y Diener (1993) para la muestra peruana, que aunque no son equivalentes, permiten una comparación general. Los resultados muestran importantes semejanzas en las metas descritas  por los adolescentes de ambos estudios, así como en la influencia de la variable sexo. Las principales diferencias entre los adolescentes españoles y peruanos se encuentran en la variable nivel socioeconómico.

Introduction: Chronic malnutrition (Stunting) is one of the main problems in developing countries. On the other hand, the health of the mother and her timely access to a health service is a relevant aspect, but the relationship that the fact of being born in a non-institutional environment has on chronic malnutrition in children under 5 is not yet known. Objectives: Our analysis aims at evaluating the association between institutional delivery and chronic malnutrition in the first 5 years of life using the ENDES-2017 database in low and very low socioeconomic levels. Methods: Analytical cross-sectional observational study with data from the Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES). All the analyses were carried out considering the complex sample design (svy), considering that the database comes from a survey at the time of analysis. Chi square was used for bivariate analysis for categorical variables. Crude prevalence ratios (RPc) and adjusted (RPa) were obtained through the construction of generalized linear models, using the Poisson family and the log link function. A confidence level of 95% was considered, significant p <0.05. Results: A total of 11,734 records were analyzed. The prevalence of chronic malnutrition in children under 5 years of age was 20.50% and the prevalence of non-institutional delivery was 15.53%. 92.47% of the children who received their complete vaccinations up to one year of life had institutional delivery in urban areas, while only 85.71% in rural areas. The multivariate analysis shows that not having an institutional delivery increases the probability of developing chronic malnutrition by 1.42 times. The higher the mother’s educational level, the less likely the minor is to develop chronic malnutrition. The greater the number of children under 5 years of age, the greater the risk of developing chronic malnutrition (PR: 1.39 and 1.67). Conclusion: It cannot be concluded that there is an association between non-institutional childbirth and chronic malnutrition in children under 5 years of age from low and extremely low socioeconomic levels in Peru. / Introducción: La desnutrición crónica es uno de los principales problemas en los países en vías de desarrollo. La salud de la madre y su acceso oportuno a un servicio de salud es un aspecto relevante, pero aún no se conoce la relación que tiene el hecho de nacer en un ambiente no institucional sobre la desnutrición crónica en niños menores de 5 años. Objetivos: Nuestro análisis, está orientado a evaluar la asociación entre parto institucional y la desnutrición crónica en los primeros 5 años de vida usando la base de datos ENDES-2017 en los niveles socioeconómicos bajo y muy bajo. Métodos: Estudio observacional transversal analítico con datos de la Encuesta de Demográfica y Salud Familiar (ENDES). Los análisis fueron realizados considerando el diseño de muestras complejas (svy). Se usó chi cuadrado para el análisis bivariado para variables categóricas. Se obtuvieron las razones de prevalencias crudas (RPc) y ajustadas (RPa), a través de la construcción de los modelos lineales generalizados, usando familia Poisson y la función de enlace log. Nivel de confianza del 95%, p significativa <0,05. Resultados: Un total de 11734 registros fueron analizados. La prevalencia de desnutrición crónica en niños menores de 5 años fue de 20,50% y la prevalencia de parto no institucional fue de 15,53%. El 92,47% de los niños que recibieron sus vacunas completas hasta el año de vida si tuvieron parto institucional en área urbana mientras que en el rural solamente 85,71%. El análisis multivariado muestra que no haber tenido un parto institucional incrementa en 1,42 veces la probabilidad de desarrollar desnutrición crónica. A mayor nivel educativo de la madre, menores probabilidades tiene el menor de desarrollar desnutrición crónica. A mayor número de hijos menores de 5 años, mayor es el riesgo de desarrollo de desnutrición crónica (RP: 1,39 y 1,67). Conclusión: No se puede concluir que exista una asociación entre el parto no institucional y la desnutrición crónica en niños menores de 5 años en niveles socioeconómicos bajos y muy bajos en el Perú. / Tesis