No description available.

Analyses of the evolution and function of voltage-gated sodium channel proteins (Navs) have largely been limited to mutations from individual people with diagnosed neuromuscular disease. This project investigates the carboxyl-terminus of the Nav paralog (locus scn4aa 3’) that is preferentially expressed in electric organs of Neotropical weakly-electric fishes (Order Gymnotiformes). As a model system, I used the genus Gymnotus, a diverse clade of fishes that produce species-specific electric organ discharges (EODs). I clarified evolutionary relationships among Gymnotus species using mitochondrial (cytochrome b, and 16S ribosome) and nuclear (rag2, and scn4aa) gene sequences (3739 nucleotide positions from 28 Gymnotus species). I analyzed the molecular evolution of scn4aa 3’, and detected evidence for positive selection at eight amino acid sites in seven Gymnotus lineages. These eight amino acid sites are located in motifs that may be important for modulation of EOD frequencies.

Analyses of the evolution and function of voltage-gated sodium channel proteins (Navs) have largely been limited to mutations from individual people with diagnosed neuromuscular disease. This project investigates the carboxyl-terminus of the Nav paralog (locus scn4aa 3’) that is preferentially expressed in electric organs of Neotropical weakly-electric fishes (Order Gymnotiformes). As a model system, I used the genus Gymnotus, a diverse clade of fishes that produce species-specific electric organ discharges (EODs). I clarified evolutionary relationships among Gymnotus species using mitochondrial (cytochrome b, and 16S ribosome) and nuclear (rag2, and scn4aa) gene sequences (3739 nucleotide positions from 28 Gymnotus species). I analyzed the molecular evolution of scn4aa 3’, and detected evidence for positive selection at eight amino acid sites in seven Gymnotus lineages. These eight amino acid sites are located in motifs that may be important for modulation of EOD frequencies.

A síndrome de ardência bucal (SAB) é uma condição caracterizada pelo sintoma de ardência na mucosa oral, na ausência de qualquer sinal clínico. Sua etiologia é desconhecida e, até o momento, não dispõe de tratamento efetivo. Há entretanto características de doença neuropática que justificam investigações nesse sentido. O objetivo desse estudo foi mensurar a expressão gênica dos receptores de canais de sódio, Nav 1.7, Nav 1.8 e Nav 1.9, nos pacientes portadores de SAB. A casuística foi composta por dois grupos sendo o grupo de estudo composto por 12 pacientes portadores de SAB, selecionados através do critério estabelecido pela International Headache Society, em 2013 e o grupo controle composto por 4 pacientes não portadores de SAB. As amostras analisadas foram coletadas do dorso lingual, por meio de biópsia realizada com punch de 3 mm e profundidade de 3 mm, estas foram submetidas ao método de análise RT-PCR em tempo real. A expressividade dos genes de canais de sódio foi avaliada nos indivíduos portadores de SAB em relação aos do grupo controle, sendo esta calculada a partir da normalização dos dados da quantificação destes com os da expressão do gene constitutivo (GAPDH), pelo método de Cicle Threshold comparativo e analisados estatisticamente por meio do teste estatístico Mann-Whitnney. Observou-se o aumento da expressão gênica do Nav 1.7 (fold-change = 38.70) e diminuição da expressão gênica do Nav 1.9 (fold-change = 0.89), porém sem diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos analisados. O gene Nav 1.8 não foi expresso em nenhuma das amostras analisadas. O Nav 1.7 expressa-se tanto em neurônios nociceptivos quanto no sistema nervoso autônomo e mutações no Nav 1.9 tem sido associada a perda de percepção dolorosa. Os resultados obtidos embora não estatisticamente significativos são compatíveis com as características da doença, justificando a extensão dos estudos na linha expressão de genes codificadores dos canais de sódio em pacientes com SAB. / Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a condition characterized by symptoms of burning in the oral mucosa, in the absence of any clinical signs. Its etiology is unknown and so far, it has no effective treatment. It is important to mention that BMS exhibits some traits of a neuropathic disease, what justifies a thorough investigation of this subject.The objective of this study was to measure the gene expression of the sodium channel receptors, Nav 1.7, Nav 1.8 and Nav 1.9, in patients with BMS.The sample was composed of two groups, being the study group formed by 12 patients with SAB, selected according to the criteria established by the International Headache Society in 2013, while the compound control group had 4 patients without SAB. The analyzed samples were collected from the tongue, by the biopsy technique with a 3 mm punch and 3mm depth. These samples were processed in real time, following the guidelines set forth by the RT-PCR method. The expressiveness of the sodium channels was evaluated in the individuals with BMS in relation to control group, which was calculated from the normalization of these data with the quantification of the expression of a constitutive gene (GAPDH) by the Cycle Threshold comparative methods and statistically compared by Man-Whitnney test. We observed an increased gene expression of Nav 1.7 (fold-change = 38.70) and a decreased gene expression of Nav 1.9 (fold-change = 0.89), but no statistically significant differences between the groups. Nav 1.8 gene was not expressed in any of the samples. Nav 1.7 is expressed in both nociceptive neurons as the autonomic nervous system and changes in Nav 1.9 has been associated with loss of pain perception. The results although not statistically significant are consistent with the disease characteristics, justifying the extension line of the studies on the expression of genes encoding the sodium channel in patients with SAB.

Ion channels are fundamental molecules in the nervous system that catalyze the flux of ions across the cell membrane. There are mounting evidences suggesting that the kinetic properties of ion channels undergo activity-dependent changes in various pathophysiological conditions. Here such activity-dependent changes were studied in case of two different ion channels; the rat brain derived voltage-gated Na+ channel, rNav1.2 and the human background leak K+ channel, hTREK1 using the single channel patch-clamp technique. Our results on the voltage-gated Na+ channel (Chapter III) illustrated that sustained membrane depolarization, as seen in pathophysiological conditions like epilepsy, induced a defined non-linear variation in the unitary conductance, activation, inactivation and recovery kinetic properties of the channel. Signal processing tools attributed a pseudo-oscillatory nature to the non-linearity observed in the channel properties. Prolonged membrane depolarization also induced a “molecular memory” phenomenon, characterized by clustering of dwell time events and strong autocorrelation in the dwell time series. The persistence of such molecular memory was found to be dependent on the duration of depolarization. Similar plastic changes were observed in case of the hTREK1 channel in presence of saturating concentrations of agonist, trichloroethanol (TCE) (Chapter IV). TREK1 channel behaves similar to single enzyme molecules with a single binding site for the substrate K+ ion whereas TCE acts as an allosteric activator of the channel. We observed that with increasing concentration of TCE (10 M to 10 mM) the catalytic turnover rate exhibited progressive departure from monoexponential to multi-exponential distribution suggesting the presence of ‘dynamic disorder’ analogous to single enzyme molecules. In addition, we observed the induction of strong correlation in successive waiting times and flux intensities, exemplified by distinct mode switching between high and low flux activity, which implied the induction of memory in single ion channel. Our observation of such molecular memory in two different ion channels in different experimental conditions highlights the importance and generality of the phenomenon which is normally hidden under the ensemble behaviour of ion channels. In the final part of the work (chapter V) we observed strong negative cooperativity and half-of-sites saturation kinetics in the interaction of local anesthetic, lidocaine with hTREK1 channel. We also mapped the specific anesthetic binding site in the c-terminal domain of the channel. Further, single channel analysis and the heterodimer studies enabled us to propose a model for this interaction and provide a plausible paradigm for the inhibitory action of lidocaine on hTREK1.

Les canaux sodiques dépendants du voltage, ou canaux Nav, jouent un rôle capital dans l'excitabilité neuronale, dans la genèse et dans la propagation des potentiels d'action. Le canal Nav1.9 se distingue par une expression restreinte aux nocicepteurs et par des propriétés électrophysiologiques uniques qui, si elles excluent sa contribution à la phase dépolarisante du potentiel d'action, lui confèreraient un rôle dans la modulation de l'excitabilité des nocicepteurs. Ce travail de thèse vise à caractériser son implication dans la physiopathologie de la douleur par une approche comportementale, moléculaire et fonctionnelle. La première partie de ce travail consiste à étudier la contribution du canal Nav1.9 à la douleur inflammatoire. Nous avons donc réalisé différents tests comportementaux chez des souris knock-out (KO) et des rats traités par antisens (knock-down) modèles de douleur inflammatoire (aigu, subaigu, chronique). L'expression du canal ainsi que ses propriétés électrophysiologiques sont ensuite analysées chez ces mêmes modèles animaux. Notre premier constat est que le canal Nav1.9 n'est pas impliqué dans la réponse à une stimulation mécanique ou thermique chaude nociceptive chez des animaux sains. En revanche, l'hypersensibilité douloureuse thermique et mécanique induite par une inflammation subaiguë (carragénine intraplantaire) ou chronique (monoarthrite) est significativement réduite chez la souris KO Nav1.9. Un résultat similaire est obtenu par traitement antisens chez le rat, sur le modèle d'inflammation subaiguë. Chez la souris, suite à l'induction d'une inflammation subaiguë, une légère diminution suivie d'une forte augmentation de l'expression protéique du canal Nav1.9 est observée dans les ganglions rachidiens innervant la patte enflammée. Une augmentation de la quantité de canaux est également observée au niveau des troncs nerveux cutanés innervant cette même zone. Les canaux néosynthétisés ne contribuent pas au courant sodique enregistré en patch clamp dans les corps cellulaires des neurones des ganglions rachidiens, mais nos données suggèrent qu'ils sont exportés en direction des terminaisons nerveuses, où ils pourraient devenir fonctionnels et augmenter l'excitabilité cellulaire. La deuxième partie de ce travail de thèse consiste à caractériser l'implication de canal Nav1.9 dans la perception du froid et dans l'hypersensibilité au froid induite par l'oxaliplatine. Nous avons en effet observé de manière inattendue que les souris KO Nav1.9 présentent des seuils de douleur au froid (<10°C) plus élevés que les souris sauvages. Ce phénomène est confirmé par plusieurs tests comportementaux chez les souris KO et chez des rats traités par antisens anti-Nav1.9. L'oxaliplatine, prescrit dans le traitement des cancers colorectaux, est connu pour induire une hypersensibilité au froid invalidante chez la majorité des patients. Nous avons donc décidé d'étudier la contribution du canal Nav1.9 à ce symptôme. Suite à une injection unique d'oxaliplatine, une forte hypersensibilité au froid apparait chez les souris dès 20°C. Nous montrons que le KO Nav1.9 permet de supprimer l'hypersensibilité au froid aux températures normalement non douloureuses (20 et 15°C, allodynie), et de réduire l'hypersensibilité aux températures douloureuses (10 et 5°C, hyperalgie). Le même effet est observé chez le rat après traitement antisens. En conclusion, ce travail permet de mettre en évidence l'intérêt du canal Nav1.9 en tant que cible pharmacologique potentielle pour le traitement de douleurs inflammatoires et de l'hypersensibilité au froid induite par l'oxaliplatine. Il est de plus intéressant de constater que les seuils de réponse à des stimuli nociceptifs ne sont pas perturbés chez les souris KO Nav1.9 saines, à l'exception de la douleur provoquée par des températures froides extrêmes. Le blocage du canal Nav1.9 aurait donc des propriétés anti-hyperalgiques plutôt qu'antalgique, ce qui est conceptuellement intéressant.

A síndrome de ardência bucal (SAB) é uma condição caracterizada pelo sintoma de ardência na mucosa oral, na ausência de qualquer sinal clínico. Sua etiologia é desconhecida e, até o momento, não dispõe de tratamento efetivo. Há entretanto características de doença neuropática que justificam investigações nesse sentido. O objetivo desse estudo foi mensurar a expressão gênica dos receptores de canais de sódio, Nav 1.7, Nav 1.8 e Nav 1.9, nos pacientes portadores de SAB. A casuística foi composta por dois grupos sendo o grupo de estudo composto por 12 pacientes portadores de SAB, selecionados através do critério estabelecido pela International Headache Society, em 2013 e o grupo controle composto por 4 pacientes não portadores de SAB. As amostras analisadas foram coletadas do dorso lingual, por meio de biópsia realizada com punch de 3 mm e profundidade de 3 mm, estas foram submetidas ao método de análise RT-PCR em tempo real. A expressividade dos genes de canais de sódio foi avaliada nos indivíduos portadores de SAB em relação aos do grupo controle, sendo esta calculada a partir da normalização dos dados da quantificação destes com os da expressão do gene constitutivo (GAPDH), pelo método de Cicle Threshold comparativo e analisados estatisticamente por meio do teste estatístico Mann-Whitnney. Observou-se o aumento da expressão gênica do Nav 1.7 (fold-change = 38.70) e diminuição da expressão gênica do Nav 1.9 (fold-change = 0.89), porém sem diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos analisados. O gene Nav 1.8 não foi expresso em nenhuma das amostras analisadas. O Nav 1.7 expressa-se tanto em neurônios nociceptivos quanto no sistema nervoso autônomo e mutações no Nav 1.9 tem sido associada a perda de percepção dolorosa. Os resultados obtidos embora não estatisticamente significativos são compatíveis com as características da doença, justificando a extensão dos estudos na linha expressão de genes codificadores dos canais de sódio em pacientes com SAB. / Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a condition characterized by symptoms of burning in the oral mucosa, in the absence of any clinical signs. Its etiology is unknown and so far, it has no effective treatment. It is important to mention that BMS exhibits some traits of a neuropathic disease, what justifies a thorough investigation of this subject.The objective of this study was to measure the gene expression of the sodium channel receptors, Nav 1.7, Nav 1.8 and Nav 1.9, in patients with BMS.The sample was composed of two groups, being the study group formed by 12 patients with SAB, selected according to the criteria established by the International Headache Society in 2013, while the compound control group had 4 patients without SAB. The analyzed samples were collected from the tongue, by the biopsy technique with a 3 mm punch and 3mm depth. These samples were processed in real time, following the guidelines set forth by the RT-PCR method. The expressiveness of the sodium channels was evaluated in the individuals with BMS in relation to control group, which was calculated from the normalization of these data with the quantification of the expression of a constitutive gene (GAPDH) by the Cycle Threshold comparative methods and statistically compared by Man-Whitnney test. We observed an increased gene expression of Nav 1.7 (fold-change = 38.70) and a decreased gene expression of Nav 1.9 (fold-change = 0.89), but no statistically significant differences between the groups. Nav 1.8 gene was not expressed in any of the samples. Nav 1.7 is expressed in both nociceptive neurons as the autonomic nervous system and changes in Nav 1.9 has been associated with loss of pain perception. The results although not statistically significant are consistent with the disease characteristics, justifying the extension line of the studies on the expression of genes encoding the sodium channel in patients with SAB.

La spasticité est l’une des nombreuses complications motrices qui peuvent apparaître après une lésion de la moelle épinière. Elle est présente dans 75 % des patients médullo-lésés et se caractérise par une hypertonie musculaire en réponse à un réflexe d’étirement. Les traitements actuels, qui ciblent les symptômes et non les causes de la spasticité, sont peu efficaces. Bien que les mécanismes neurologiques qui sous-tendent la spasticité soient complexes et restent en grande partie méconnus, un certain consensus se dégage sur le fait qu’elle est associée à une hyperexcitabilité intrinsèque des motoneurones et à une levée de l’inhibition des réflexes spinaux. L’hyperexcitabilité motoneuronale se manifeste par une décharge soutenue de potentiels de plateau et résulte en partie d’une augmentation des courants entrants persistants sodiques (INaP). La désinhibition découle, en partie, d’une baisse de l’expression des cotransporteurs potassium-chlorure de type 2 (KCC2) à la membrane des motoneurones, modifiant ainsi le gradient électrochimique des ions Cl- et donnant un caractère excitateur aux deux principaux neurotransmetteurs inhibiteurs que sont le GABA et la glycine. Néanmoins, les mécanismes à l’origine des dérégulations du courant INaP et des co-transporteurs KCC2 ne sont toujours pas élucidés. / Spasticity is commonly caused by several pathologies and specifically after a spinal cord injury (SCI). Spasticity is usually associated with hypertonia, clonus, muscle spasm and pain. The present thesis aims to identify the upstream mechanism in the pathophysiology of spasticity Calpain, a calcium-activated cysteine protease, has been shown to participate in the development of the inflammatory processes after SCI. Of special interest, some determinants governing the inactivation of sodium (Na+) channels are sensitive to proteases and their proteolytic cleavage prevents inactivation of Na+ channels. As a result, INaP is strongly increased. It is worth mentioning that the C-terminal domain of KCC2 is also sensitive to proteases which alter KCC2 ability to extrude Cl- ions. Among the different proteases, calpains are able to truncate both Na+ channels and KCC2 transporters. This led us to consider the exciting possibility that a proteolytic cleavage of both Na+ channels and KCC2 by calpains could compose an upstream inflammatory mechanism contributing to the development of spasticity after SCI. My thesis demonstrates that the cleavage of Na+ channels and KCC2 by calpain after SCI, is responsible for the upregulation of INaP and disinhibition of motoneurons, that both act synergistically to generate spasticity. Calpain inhibition by MDL28170 reduced the cleavage of both Na+channels and KCC2 associated with a respective downregulation of INaP, hyperpolarizing shift of the EIPSP, and an alleviation of spasticity. The thesis represents a significant breakthrough by opening novel perspectives to develop therapies.

Microtransplantation of mammalian neurolemma into Xenopus laevis oocytes has been used to study ion channels in terms of their structure and function in the central nervous system. Use of microtransplanted neurolemma is advantageous in that tissue can be obtained from various sources, ion channels and receptors are present in their native configuration and they can be used to evaluate numerous channelpathies caused by environmental toxicants. Here we show that Xenopus oocytes injected with fragments of rat brain neurolemma successfully express functional native ion channels that are assembled in their own plasma membrane. Using a high throughput two electrode voltage clamp (TEVC) electrophysiological system, currents that were sensitive to tetrodotoxin (TTX), omega-conotoxin MVIIC, and tetraethylammonium (TEA) were detected, indicating the presence of multiple voltage-sensitive ion channels (voltage-sensitive sodium, calcium and potassium channels, respectively). In this current research, a “proof-of-principle” experiment was conducted where TTX-sensitive voltage-sensitive sodium channel (VSSC) currents were measured. VSSCs are a well-established site of action for 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-di(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) but not for its non-toxic metabolite 1,1-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethene (DDE). A differential sensitivity of DDT versus DDE on TTX-sensitive sodium current in neurolemma-injected oocytes was determined. DDT elicited an increase in depolarization-dependent, TTX-sensitive sodium current while DDE had no significant effect. Additionally, DDT resulted in a slowing of sodium channel inactivation kinetics whereas DDE has no similar effect. These results are consistent with the findings obtained using heterologous expression of single isoforms of rat brain VSSCs by injecting cRNA into Xenopus oocytes. By demonstrating the classic structural activity relationship of DDT and DDE on mammalian voltage-gated sodium channels isolated in rat brain neurolemma, this study supports the use of automated high-throughput electrophysiology to study the effects of various environmental toxicants on multiple mammalian cellular targets. More importantly, using rat brain neurolemma ensures that the proteins of interest have been transcribed and have undergone all the necessary post-translational modifications before they were injected and expressed in the Xenopus oocytes which is not the case for traditional heterologous expression.

[ES] El sistema nervioso forma una red de circuitos neuronales esenciales para la locomoción. El sistema nervioso central (cerebro y médula espinal) transmite información a los músculos. Mientras el sistema nervioso periférico puede regenerarse, el central tiene una capacidad regenerativa limitada. Por ello, las lesiones en el sistema nervioso central son críticas y a menudo carecen de cura. Una de ellas es la lesión de la médula espinal, una condición devastadora sin tratamiento eficaz. Una lesión interrumpe la entrada supraespinal en la médula espinal, conduciendo a disfunción locomotora debajo de la lesión. La relación alterada entre excitación e inhibición, con un aumento en la inhibición y la limitada regeneración de los tractos neuronales afectados, limitan la función locomotora. Como resultado, puede ocurrir parálisis completa incluso en pacientes con lesiones incompletas. Esta tesis doctoral define una terapia combinada para tratar la lesión de la médula espinal. Hipotetizamos que, para ayudar a la regeneración de los tractos, un trasplante neuronal periférico (ganglios de la raíz dorsal, DRG) que retiene la capacidad de regeneración puede ser efectivo. Para alterar la inhibición y mejorar la supervivencia del trasplante, se empleó la sobreexpresión del canal de sodio bacteriano, NaChBac. Finalmente, para mejorar la regeneración axonal, utilizamos medicamentos que modulan el citoesqueleto. En el Capítulo 1, validamos nuestra hipótesis con estudios in vitro. Observamos el efecto de Epothilone B y Blebbistatin en la longitud de las neuritas in vitro. Mientras Blebbistatin aumenta la longitud de las neuritas, la combinación con Epothilone la disminuye. Luego, describimos el efecto de NaChBac en los DRG y las células Neuro-2A. En las DRG, NaChBac aumenta la actividad y secreción de factores neurotróficos, promoviendo la señalización pro-supervivencia y anti-apoptótica en las Neuro-2A. Finalmente, describimos cómo la expresión de NaChBac y Blebbistatin mejora la longitud de las neuritas in vitro. En el Capítulo 2, evaluamos la supervivencia y eficacia del trasplante de DRG con el tracto corticoespinal, el más importante en la locomoción, en un estudio in vivo. Encontramos una adecuada integración del trasplante en el tejido huésped. La expresión de NaChBac aumenta la supervivencia de las células trasplantadas y mejora la preservación del tracto corticoespinal. En el Capítulo 3, evaluamos el tratamiento combinado en un escenario de lesión crónica y severa. La combinación del trasplante que expresa NaChBac y Blebbistatin limita la recuperación funcional, mientras que el trasplante que expresa NaChBac mejora significativamente la función locomotora en ratones. Los animales trasplantados con DRGs que expresan NaChBac tenían un aumento de fibras neuronales positivas para tubulina, con mayor preservación de mielina, aunque las fibras descendentes serotonérgicas y corticoespinales no mostraron cambios significativos entre los grupos. El trasplante de DRGs que expresan NaChBac aumentó significativamente el input excitatorio neto, determinado por el aumento de contactos de VGLUT2 y la disminución de VGAT en los somas de las neuronas inmediatamente caudales a las lesiones. Esta tesis sugiere que el trasplante de DRGs que expresan NaChBac rescata parte de la función motora perdida, manteniendo la actividad neuronal excitatoria caudal a la zona lesionada, destacando la relevancia del mantenimiento de la actividad neuronal como estrategia terapéutica para el rescate funcional de lesiones medulares severas. / [CA] El sistema nerviós forma una xarxa organitzada de circuits neuronals que són essencials per la locomoció. El sistema nerviós central (cervell i la medul·la espinal) rep i transmet informació de manera eficaç que és transmesa pel sistema nerviós perifèric als músculs, que comporta a moviment. El sistema nerviós perifèric té capacitat de regeneració, però el central té limitacions. Per això, les lesions en el sistema nerviós central sovint manquen de cura. Una d'elles és la lesió de la medul·la espinal, una condició debilitant que manca d'una cura eficaç. Una lesió resulta en una interrupció de l'entrada supraespinal en la medul·la espinal i conduïx a una disfunció locomotora. La relació alterada entre excitació i inhibició, un augment en la inhibició, juntament amb la capacitat limitada de regeneració endògena, limiten encara més la funció locomotora. Com a resultat, la paràlisi completa pot ocórrer fins i tot en pacients amb lesions anatòmicament incompletes. En esta tesi, ens centrem en estes idees principals per a definir una teràpia combinada. Hipotetizamos que, per a ajudar a la capacitat limitada de regeneració dels tractes, un trasplantament neuronal perifèric (ganglis de l'arrel dorsal, DRG) que reté la capacitat intrínseca de regeneració pot ser efectiva. Per a alterar la inhibició, millorar la supervivència i integració del trasplantament en els circuits, es va a emprar la sobreexpresió del canal de sodi, NaChBac. Finalment, per a dirigir i millorar la regeneració axonal, utilitzem medicaments que modulen el citoesquelet per a millorar la longitud axonal. Esta tesi estudia els efectes d'esta estratègia combinada. En el Capítol 1, estudiem l'efecte sinèrgic dels medicaments que modulen el citoesquelet Epothilone B i Blebbistatin en la longitud de les neurites in vitro i observem que el tractament individual amb Blebbistatin augmenta la longitud dels neurites, la combinació amb Epothilone conduïx a una morfologia del con de creixement alterada que resulta en disminució de la longitud dels neurites. Després, descrivim l'efecte de l'expressió de NaChBac en els DRG i les cèl·lules Neuro-2A. En les DRG, l'expressió de NaChBac conduïx a un augment en l'activitat intrínseca i la secreció de factors neurotrófics, promovent la senyalització pro-supervivència i la senyalització anti-apoptótic en les cèl·lules Neuro-2A. Finalment, descrivim com l'efecte combinat de l'expressió de NaChBac i Blebbistatin millora la longitud dels neurites. En el Capítol 2, avaluem la supervivència i interacció del trasplantament de DRG amb el tracte corticoespinal. Trobem una integració i supervivència adequada del trasplantament. A més, vam mostrar que l'expressió de NaChBac augmenta la supervivència del nombre total de cèl·lules trasplantades, així com millora la preservació del tracte corticoespinal després de la lesió. En el Capítol 3, avaluem l'efecte del tractament combinat en una lesió crònica i severa. Vam demostrar que la combinació del trasplantament que expressa NaChBac i Blebbistatin limita la recuperació funcional, mentres que el trasplantament que expressa NaChBac millora significativament la funció locomotora en ratolins. Per tant, descrivim que els animals trasplantats amb DRGs que expressen NaChBac tenien un augment en la fibra neuronal positiva per a tubulina i la preservació de la mielina, mentres que les fibres descendents serotonérgics i corticoespinales van romandre sense alteració. Trobem que el trasplantament de DRGs que expressen NaChBac va augmentar l'entrada neuronal excitatoria, com es va observar per l'augment en el nombre de contactes de VGLUT2 i la disminució en els contactes de VGAT cabals a les lesions. Així, la tesi suggereix que el trasplantament de DRGs amb NaChBac rescata la funció motora en lesions de la medul·la espinal en retindre una activitat de relé neuronal excitatoria cabal a les lesions en un model sever de lesió i destaca la importància del manteniment de l'activitat com a teràpia efectiva. / [EN] The nervous system forms specialized neuronal circuitry and organization that are essential for locomotion. The central nervous system (brain, spinal cord) receives and relays information, delivered by the peripheral nervous system to muscles to achieve locomotion. It is known that the peripheral nervous system retains its ability to regenerate, the central nervous system has little to no regenerative capacity in adult stages. Therefore, injuries to the central nervous system are critical and lack cure. One such is spinal cord injury; a debilitating condition that lacks an effective treatment. An injury results in severing of supraspinal input into the spinal cord, leading to locomotor dysfunction beneath the injury. Altered excitation inhibition ratio after an injury, increase in inhibition and limited endogenous regeneration capacity of the affected neuronal tracts limit locomotor function. As a result, complete paralysis may occur in patients with anatomically incomplete injuries. In this thesis, we focus on these points to devise a combinatory approach as an effective treatment strategy. We hypothesized that to aid the limited regeneration capacity of the tracts, a peripheral neuronal transplant (dorsal root ganglia, DRG) which retains the intrinsic ability to regenerate can be effective. To overcome inhibition, improve survival and integration of the transplant into circuits, the overexpression of NaChBac sodium channel was employed. Finally, to target and improve the axonal regeneration of endogenous and transplanted cells, we use cytoskeleton modulating drugs to enhance axonal length. This thesis studies the effects of this combinatory approach to treat spinal cord injury. In Chapter 1, we study the synergistic effect of cytoskeleton modulating drugs Epothilone B and Blebbistatin on neurite length and find that individual treatment with Blebbistatin increases neurite length, combination with Epothilone leads to an altered splayed morphology of the growth cone and decreased neurite length. Next, we describe the effect of NaChBac expression in DRGs and Neuro-2A cells. In DRGs, NaChBac expression leads to an increase in intrinsic activity and secretion of neurotrophic factors, promoting pro-survival signaling and anti-apoptotic signaling in Neuro-2A cells. Finally, we describe the combinatory effect of NaChBac expression and Blebbistatin further improves neurite length in vitro. In Chapter 2, we evaluate the survival, efficacy, and interaction of the DRG transplant with the corticospinal tract, the most important tract involved in locomotion in a short-term in vivo study. We report a satisfactory integration and survival of the transplant. We also show that NaChBac expression increases the survival of the total number of transplanted cells, as well as improves preservation of the corticospinal tract after the injury. In Chapter 3, we study the effect of the combinatory treatment in a chronic, severe injury scenario. We find that the combination of the transplant expressing NaChBac and Blebbistatin limits functional recovery, while that of transplant expressing NaChBac significantly improved locomotor function in mice. Therefore, focusing on this, we report that animals transplanted with NaChBac-expressing DRGs had increased tubulin-positive neuronal fiber and myelin preservation, while serotonergic and corticospinal descending fibers remained unaffected. We found that transplantation of NaChBac-expressing DRGs increased the neuronal excitatory input, seen by increased number of VGLUT2 contacts and decrease in VGAT contacts immediately caudal to the injuries. Together, the work in this thesis suggests that the transplantation of NaChBac-expressing dissociated DRGs rescues significant motor function by retaining an excitatory neuronal relay activity immediately caudal to injuries in a severe injury model and highlights the importance of maintenance of activity as an effective therapy for spinal cord injury. / Hingorani Jai Prakash, S. (2024). Genetically modified peripheral neurons transplant aided activity maintenance and secretome modulation: a novel strategy for spinal cord injury treatment [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/206738