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A Thermometric Titration Study of Acetaminophen and Sodium HypochloriteRelli-Dempsey, Vincent M.T., Relli-Dempsey 14 May 2018 (has links)
No description available.
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Nanopartikel und Ultraschall als Hilfsmittel zur Wurzelkanalreinigung / Nanoparticles and ultrasonic irrigation as adjuvants for root canal disinfectionBeckmann, Christoph 10 November 2016 (has links)
Ziel der Studie: Untersucht wurde die Entfernung von Debris aus präparierten Vertiefungen in der Wurzelkanalwand extrahierter Zähne mit ultraschall- und schallaktivierter Spülung. Als Spüllösungen wurden Natriumhypochlorit und Nanopartikel verwendet.
Material und Methode: Es wurden 74 extrahierte, einwurzelige Zähne in sechs Gruppen (4 Hauptgruppen mit je 15 Zähnen und 2 Kontrollgruppen mit je 7 Zähnen) aufgeteilt. Die Zähne gekürzt und mit Nickel-Titan-Instrumenten maschinell auf eine Größe von ISO 40/.04 präpariert und zwischen den Instrumenten wurde mit jeweils 2 ml 3%igem Natriumhypochlorit mit einer Handspritze gespült. Die Abschlussspülung erfolgte mit 5 ml EDTA (17%) und 5 ml NaOCl (3%). Mit einer Trennscheibe wurden die Zähne eingekerbt und longitudinal in zwei Zahnwurzelhälften gespalten. Anschließend wurde in jede Wurzelhälfte entweder eine Grube von 4 mm Länge oder 3 Löcher von 0,3 mm Durchmesser in die apikalen Anteile der Wurzelkanäle präpariert. Die Vertiefungen wurden mit Debris gefüllt und wieder zusammengesetzt. Die anschließende Spülung erfolgte mit der schallaktivierten Komet SF65-Spülfeile und der ultraschallaktivierten Acteon IrriSafe-Spülnadel der Größe ISO 20 jeweils mit Natriumhypochlorit und Nanopartikeln. Die Handspülung mit Spritze und Kanüle der Größe 30 diente als Spültechnik für die Kontrollgruppen. Die Zähne wurden anschließend wieder getrennt und anhand von Fotografien von zwei Untersuchern anhand eines vierstufigen Score-Systems bewertet. Die statistische Auswertung erfolgte mit einem nichtparametrischen Analyseverfahren.
Ergebnis: Sowohl die ultraschall- als auch die schallaktivierte Spülspitze war in der Lage, mit Natriumhypochlorit alle oder fast alle Vertiefungen sehr gut zu reinigen. Die Nanopartikel reinigten lediglich in der Gruppe der schallbasierten Spülung die Vertiefungen ausreichend gut. Die Handspülung lieferte keine zufriedenstellenden Ergebnisse.
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Análise química do precipitado formado na reação entre hipoclorito de sódio e digluconato de clorexidina / Chemical analysis of the precipitate formed by mixing sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine digluconateBrum, Thiago Cardoso Bulhões 14 August 2012 (has links)
O digluconato de clorexidina reage com o hipoclorito de sódio formando um precipitado, que segundo a literatura, é composto por para-cloroanilina (PCA), ou por para-clorofenil uréia (PCU) e para-clorofenilguanidil-1,6-diguanidil-hexano (PCGH). Este estudo visou analisar quimicamente os produtos formados e a presença de PCA no precipitado. Para isso, foi realizada a reação de 50 mL de solução de hipoclorito de sódio a 5% (NaOCl) e de 50 mL de solução de digluconato de clorexidina a 2% (CLX) em proporções iguais (1:1). O precipitado foi separado do sobrenadante e desidratado. A CLX pura, uma amostra do precipitado puro e outra amostra de precipitado com adição de PCA foram diluídas em dimetilsulfóxido deuterado e analisados em ressonância magnética nuclear 1D 1H (RMN) para verificar, por comparação, a presença da PCA no precipitado e para obtenção dos deslocamentos químicos dos produtos presentes no precipitado. Outra amostra do precipitado, de solução de CLX e de PCA foram separadas em cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência e analisadas em espectrômetro de massa (HPLC-ESI-MS) para identificação dos pesos moleculares dos compostos. A comparação do espectro do precipitado puro e do espectro do precipitado com adição de PCA permitiu analisar que o dubleto presente na região dos compostos aromáticos, referente à PCA, não está presente no espectro do precipitado puro demonstrando que não há PCA no precipitado. A análise do espectro de RMN do precipitado puro sugere que há formação de compostos com um e dois anéis aromáticos. Os espectros de massa permitem sugerir que há quebra da molécula de CLX, pelo hipoclorito de sódio, em sítios específicos (grupo biguanidil) que resultam na formação de fragmentos da molécula de clorexidina que se reorganizam formando oligômeros, ou seja, moléculas em que algumas unidades se repetem e, uma vez formadas, são estáveis e insolúveis em água. É possível concluir que no precipitado não há presença de PCA, sugerindo-se que haja PCGH e outros compostos com pesos moleculares maiores que o da clorexidina, denominados, neste estudo, C3, C4, C5, C6 e C7. / The reaction between chlorhexidine digluconate and sodium hypochlorite result in a precipitate, which according to the literature, is composed of para-chloroaniline (PCA), or para-chlorophenylurea (PCU) and para-chlorophenylguanidyl-1,6- diguanidyl-hexane (PCGH). The purpose of this study was to determine the chemical composition, the relative molecular weight of the compounds and whether PCA is formed in the precipitate. A 2% chlorhexidine digluconate solution was mixed in a 1:1 ratio with 5% NaOCl solution producing the precipitate. It was centrifuged, separed from the supernatant and dried. Pure CHX, the precipitate, as well as a mixture of precipitate and pure PCA were dissolved in deuterated dimetilsulfoxide and then analyzed using one-dimensional 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (MNR) to determine whether PCA was formed and to obtain precipitates chemical shifts. Other precipitate, CHX digluconate solution and PCA samples were analized using high performance liquid chromatography - electrospray ionization - mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS). Comparing the spectrum of the precipitate alone and precipitate with PCA allow to identify that PCA doublet peaks are not present in the spectrum of the precipitate alone, demonstrating that there are no PCA in the precipitate. NMR spectrum of the precipitate alone suggests that there is compounds with one and two aromatic rings. Mass spectra suggests that breaks in chlorhexidine molecule on specific sites (biguanidil groups), by sodium hypochlorite, results in fragments that forms oligomers molecules in wich some units are repeated and, once formed, are stable and insoluble in water. On the basis of this study, there is no PCA in the precipitate and suggesting that there may be other compounds like PCGH and others compounds, all of which are bigger in size than CHX, called, in this study, C3, C4, C5, C6 and C7.
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Analytical measurements and predictions of perchlorate ion concentration in sodium hypochlorite solutions and drinking water kinetics of perchlorate ion formation and effects of associated contaminants /Pisarenko, Aleksey N. January 2009 (has links)
Title from second page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 144-152).
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Análise química do precipitado formado na reação entre hipoclorito de sódio e digluconato de clorexidina / Chemical analysis of the precipitate formed by mixing sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine digluconateThiago Cardoso Bulhões Brum 14 August 2012 (has links)
O digluconato de clorexidina reage com o hipoclorito de sódio formando um precipitado, que segundo a literatura, é composto por para-cloroanilina (PCA), ou por para-clorofenil uréia (PCU) e para-clorofenilguanidil-1,6-diguanidil-hexano (PCGH). Este estudo visou analisar quimicamente os produtos formados e a presença de PCA no precipitado. Para isso, foi realizada a reação de 50 mL de solução de hipoclorito de sódio a 5% (NaOCl) e de 50 mL de solução de digluconato de clorexidina a 2% (CLX) em proporções iguais (1:1). O precipitado foi separado do sobrenadante e desidratado. A CLX pura, uma amostra do precipitado puro e outra amostra de precipitado com adição de PCA foram diluídas em dimetilsulfóxido deuterado e analisados em ressonância magnética nuclear 1D 1H (RMN) para verificar, por comparação, a presença da PCA no precipitado e para obtenção dos deslocamentos químicos dos produtos presentes no precipitado. Outra amostra do precipitado, de solução de CLX e de PCA foram separadas em cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência e analisadas em espectrômetro de massa (HPLC-ESI-MS) para identificação dos pesos moleculares dos compostos. A comparação do espectro do precipitado puro e do espectro do precipitado com adição de PCA permitiu analisar que o dubleto presente na região dos compostos aromáticos, referente à PCA, não está presente no espectro do precipitado puro demonstrando que não há PCA no precipitado. A análise do espectro de RMN do precipitado puro sugere que há formação de compostos com um e dois anéis aromáticos. Os espectros de massa permitem sugerir que há quebra da molécula de CLX, pelo hipoclorito de sódio, em sítios específicos (grupo biguanidil) que resultam na formação de fragmentos da molécula de clorexidina que se reorganizam formando oligômeros, ou seja, moléculas em que algumas unidades se repetem e, uma vez formadas, são estáveis e insolúveis em água. É possível concluir que no precipitado não há presença de PCA, sugerindo-se que haja PCGH e outros compostos com pesos moleculares maiores que o da clorexidina, denominados, neste estudo, C3, C4, C5, C6 e C7. / The reaction between chlorhexidine digluconate and sodium hypochlorite result in a precipitate, which according to the literature, is composed of para-chloroaniline (PCA), or para-chlorophenylurea (PCU) and para-chlorophenylguanidyl-1,6- diguanidyl-hexane (PCGH). The purpose of this study was to determine the chemical composition, the relative molecular weight of the compounds and whether PCA is formed in the precipitate. A 2% chlorhexidine digluconate solution was mixed in a 1:1 ratio with 5% NaOCl solution producing the precipitate. It was centrifuged, separed from the supernatant and dried. Pure CHX, the precipitate, as well as a mixture of precipitate and pure PCA were dissolved in deuterated dimetilsulfoxide and then analyzed using one-dimensional 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (MNR) to determine whether PCA was formed and to obtain precipitates chemical shifts. Other precipitate, CHX digluconate solution and PCA samples were analized using high performance liquid chromatography - electrospray ionization - mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS). Comparing the spectrum of the precipitate alone and precipitate with PCA allow to identify that PCA doublet peaks are not present in the spectrum of the precipitate alone, demonstrating that there are no PCA in the precipitate. NMR spectrum of the precipitate alone suggests that there is compounds with one and two aromatic rings. Mass spectra suggests that breaks in chlorhexidine molecule on specific sites (biguanidil groups), by sodium hypochlorite, results in fragments that forms oligomers molecules in wich some units are repeated and, once formed, are stable and insoluble in water. On the basis of this study, there is no PCA in the precipitate and suggesting that there may be other compounds like PCGH and others compounds, all of which are bigger in size than CHX, called, in this study, C3, C4, C5, C6 and C7.
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Estudos de remoção de 17 'alfa'-etinilestradiol de aguas para abastecimento, utilizando dioxido de cloro, hipoclorito de sodio, carvão ativado em po (cap) e tratamento fisico-quimico / Studies of 17 'alfa'-etinilestradiol removal from supplying water, using chorine dioxide, sodium hipoclorite, powder activated carbon (cap) and physicist-chemistry treatmentFernandes, Roberto, 1972- 30 August 2007 (has links)
Orientador: Ruben Bresaola Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T06:31:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O 17'alfa'-Etinilestradiol é um princípio-ativo sintético presente na formulação dos contraceptivos utilizados por parcela expressiva da população feminina. Por ser um composto persistente, o 17'alfa'-Etinilestradiol não absorvido pelo organismo da mulher, fração que pode chegar a 80%, é eliminado pela usuária, principalmente pela urina. Na rede de esgotos, mesmo sobre a existência de tratamento, este não é removido completamente, alcançando, posteriormente, mananciais que podem ser utilizados para abastecimento público. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo estudar as eficiências de remoção do 17'alfa'-Etinilestradiol de águas para abastecimento, quando empregadas as tecnologias: pré-oxidação com Hipoclorito de Sódio ou Dióxido de Cloro, adsorção em carvão ativado em pó (CAP) e tratamento físico-químico composto de coagulação, floculação, sedimentação e filtração rápida. A metodologia empregada para as determinações do estrogênio foi a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE), aplicada após processo de extração em fase sólida (EFS) do analito presente na água. O cromatógrafo HPLC utilizado, possuía coluna cromatográfica modelo C18, de fase reversa e detector de arranjo de diodos com UV. O trabalho mostrou que o Hipoclorito de Sódio foi mais efetivo que o Dióxido de Cloro, na oxidação do 17'alfa'- Etinilestradiol. Sua maior ação foi observada sob dosagens de 5 e 10 mg/L e tempos de oxidação entre 3 e 5 horas. Esta combinação de parâmetros experimentais impactou na redução da concentração do estrogênio na água, em níveis superiores a 97,5%. Este nível de remoção também foi observado, quando aplicado carvão ativado em pó, sob dosagens a partir de 50 mg/L e tempo de contato de 60 minutos. O tratamento físico-químico apresentou melhores resultados quando aumentada a dosagem de carvão para 5 mg/L. Os resultados alcançados constituem-se de fundamental importância na formação de base para futuras soluções dedicadas ao problema, dada a escassez de estudos de remoção de fármacos contaminantes da água / Abstract: The 17'alfa'-Etinilestradiol is a synthetic active pharmaceutical ingredient presents in the formulation of contraceptives used by a large amount of the female population. As a bioaccumulative molecule, the 17'alfa'-Etinilestradiol is not completely absorbed by woman organism; up to 80% can be eliminated by user, mainly by urine. Even after sewage treatment, the residual of 17'alfa'-Etinilestradiol it is not totally removed reaching, later, water sources that can be used for public supplying. In this direction, the present work has for objective the study of 17'alfa'-Etinilestradiol removal efficiency in waters supplies, using different technologies such as: pre-oxidizing with Sodium Hypochlorite or Chlorine Dioxide, adsorption in powder activated carbon (CAP) and physic-chemical treatment composed by coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation and fast filtration. The methodology used for the estrogen determination was the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), applied after solid phase extraction process (SFE) of the hormone present in water. The HPLC equipment used was composed by a model C18 chromatographic column with reverse phase, and diodes arrangement detector, with UV. The work showed that the Sodium Hypochlorite was more effective than the Chlorine Dioxide, to the 17'alfa'-Etinilestradiol oxidizing. Its higher action was observed when applying 5 and 10 mg/L of oxidants in a time of reaction between 3 and 5 hours. This interaction between concentration of oxidant and time of reaction provided estrogen concentration reduction in water, in levels upper to 97.5%. This same removal level also was observed when applied powder activated carbon, mainly when 50 mg/L in a contact time of 60 minutes was performed. The physic-chemical treatment presented better results when 5 mg/L of activated carbon was applied. The present results consist of fundamental importance in the base formation for future solutions dedicated to the problem, due to lack of studies present now a days in pharmaceutical products removal from water / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil
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Detecção de resíduos de soluções sanitizantes empregadas em pedilúvio para bovinos no leite e solo / Residues detection of sanization solution used in foot bath for bovines in milk and soilGOULART, Daniel Silva 04 July 2011 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2011-07-04 / Copper sulfate and sodium hypochlorite are used in the preparation of cattle
footbath solutions, aimed at treating and preventing digital diseases, but little is
known about the residues that these substances leave in animal products. The
purpose of this study was to evaluate, on soil and milk, residues left by chemicals
used in cattle foot bath. The study was developed in two stages. In the first stage,
the residual of chlorine and copper in the milk of healthy cows after successive
passages in footbath solutions containing these substances was analyzed and the
costs of the solutions were estimated. The presence of copper residues was
evaluated using atomic absorption spectrophotometry and chlorine residues were
evaluated by dosing total chloride in milk using a commercial kit. In the
experiment, 14 healthy cows were divided into two groups (GI and GII) of seven
animals each. In GI a solution of sodium hypochlorite 1% was used and in GII
copper sulphate 5% was used. The milk samples were collected before the
passage through the footbath (M0) after 24 (M1), 48 (M2) and 72 hours (M3) and
15 days (M15), following the last passage. Statistical analysis comparing the
moments of each sample and the substances evaluated was performed using
Friedman test followed by Dunn's test (p <0.05). It was concluded that the values
of total chloride and copper in the milk of healthy cattle, after daily passage in
footbath for a period of seven days, showed some variations considered
insufficient to cause harm to human health and the solutions did not show
exorbitant costs. In the second stage, copper residues were evaluated in soil
treated with a mixture of cattle feces and urine, simulating cattle liquid manure,
containing or not copper sulfate solution. Initially samples were collected from soil
in pastures of EVZ / UFG, which were placed in PVC columns divided into four
layers. The columns were divided into three treatments (CI, CII and CIII). The CI
treatment received only cattle liquid manure and the CII and CIII treatments
received the same material added of different amounts of copper sulfate solution.
During 120 days, rain was simulated on the PVC columns. In the statistical
analysis, analysis of variance followed by the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability
were used. It was observed that copper levels were significantly higher in CIII
treatment than in CI and CII. The same is true regarding the treatments CII for CI.
In treatments CII and CIII copper levels were significantly higher in the superficial
layer of soil throughout the experimental period. It was concluded that copper
residues available to plants in soil treated with a mixture containing bovine feces
and urine associated with copper sulfate solution and water are higher in the upper
layers of the soil showing no significant changes in the deeper layers after
consecutive rains. / Apesar do hipoclorito de sódio e o sulfato de cobre serem compostos químicos
utilizados na preparação de soluções empregadas em pedilúvio para bovinos,
visando o tratamento e prevenção de enfermidades digitais, são escassas as
informações técnicas com relação à produção de resíduos por estas substâncias
nos produtos de origem animal. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi detectar, no leite e
solo, os resíduos de produtos químicos empregados em pedilúvio para bovinos,
desenvolvendo o trabalho em duas etapas. Na primeira estudou-se o resíduo de
cloro e cobre no leite de vacas saudáveis após passagens sucessivas em
pedilúvio contendo soluções formuladas com estas substâncias e estimou-se os
custos das soluções. A presença de resíduos de cobre foi avaliada empregando
espectrofotometria de absorção atômica e a de cloro por meio de dosagem de
cloretos totais no leite empregando kit comercial. No experimento, utilizou-se 14
vacas saudáveis distribuídas em dois grupos (GI e GII) de sete animais cada. Em
GI empregou-se solução de hipoclorito de sódio a 1% e em GII sulfato de cobre a
5%. As amostras de leite foram colhidas antes da passagem pelo pedilúvio (M0),
após 24 (M1), 48 (M2) e 72 (M3) horas e 15 dias (M15), subsequentes a última
passagem. Na análise estatística a comparação entre momentos de cada amostra
das substâncias avaliadas foi realizada empregando o teste de Friedman, seguido
pelo teste de Dunn s (p<0,05). Concluiu-se que os valores de cloretos totais e de
cobre no leite de bovinos saudáveis, após passagens diárias dos animais em
pedilúvio por um período de sete dias, apresentaram algumas variações
consideradas insuficientes para provocarem danos à saúde humana e as
soluções medicamentosas não apresentaram custos exorbitantes. Na segunda
etapa avaliou-se os resíduos de cobre em solo tratado com uma mistura de fezes
e urina bovinas, simulando efluentes de esterqueira usada na bovinocultura,
contendo ou não solução de sulfato de cobre. Inicialmente foram colhidas
amostras de solo nas pastagens da EVZ/UFG, que foram acondicionadas em
colunas de PVC subdivididas em quatro camadas. As colunas foram divididas em
três tratamentos (CI, CII e CIII). O tratamento CI recebeu somente dejetos líquidos
de bovinos e os tratamentos CII e CIII receberam este mesmo material adicionado
de diferentes quantidades de solução de sulfato de cobre. Durante 120 dias foram
simuladas chuvas sobre as colunas de PVC. Na análise estatística empregou-se a
análise de variância seguida pelo teste de Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade.
Observou-se que no tratamento CIII os níveis de cobre foram significativamente
maior que em CI e CII. O mesmo ocorre em relação ao tratamento CII ao CI. Nos
tratamentos CII e CIII observou-se que os níveis de cobre foram
significativamente maiores na camada mais superficial do solo durante todo o
período experimental. Conclui-se que os resíduos de cobre disponíveis para as
plantas, em solo tratado com uma mistura contendo fezes e urina bovina
associadas à solução de sulfato de cobre e água são maiores nas camadas mais
superficiais do solo, não apresentaram alterações expressivas nas camadas mais
profundas após chuvas consecutivas.
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Vulnérabilité du procédé couplant charbon actif en poudre et ultrafiltration : vieillissement des membranes et rétention de composés organiques polaires / Vulnerability of the process coupling powdered activated carbon and ultrafiltration : Membrane aging and rejection of polar organic compoundsChokki, Jeannette 02 April 2019 (has links)
La dégradation des ressources en eaux par la présence de matières organiques (MO) et de micropolluants nécessite la mise en œuvre de procédés de production d’eau potable robustes. Dans ce contexte, de nombreuses municipalités françaises comme Saint Cloud et Angers ont décidé d’implanter un procédé d’adsorption sur charbon actif en poudre couplé à l’ultrafiltration (CAP/UF). Le CAP est utilisé en amont des membranes afin d’éliminer les traces de micropolluants tandis que les membranes d’UF assurent une qualité d’eau produite excellente et constante au cours du temps. Cependant, les retours d’expérience montrent une dégradation des performances de séparation liée notamment à un vieillissement des matériaux membranaires ainsi qu’une vulnérabilité du procédé vis-à-vis de certains micropolluants émergents tels que les composés organiques polaires (PMOCs). Les travaux réalisés au cours de cette thèse visent à mieux comprendre les conséquences du vieillissement chimique des membranes utilisées dans ces procédés et d’évaluer l’efficacité d’élimination de micropolluants afin de proposer des voies d’optimisation. Plus particulièrement il a été montré que la cause principale de vieillissement est l’exposition au chlore des membranes durant les phases de lavage modifiant les propriétés des matériaux. En effet, les nombreux outils de caractérisation utilisés ont permis de mettre en évidence une corrélation entre la dégradation de l’agent hydrophile des membranes et l'augmentation de la perméabilité lors de l'exposition au chlore. L’étude des performances membranaires a mis en évidence une altération de la résistance au colmatage vis-à-vis de la MO pour les membranes exposées au chlore. Cependant les résultats obtenus pour évaluer les performances de sélectivité des membranes vis-à-vis de virus n’ont pas souligné d’altérations majeures. Les essais d’adsorption ont démontré l’efficacité limitée du CAP pour la rétention des PMOCs. En effet, parmi les molécules testées, les molécules aromatiques les plus hydrophobes sont efficacement adsorbées par le CAP tandis que les plus polaires sont peu éliminées. Finalement, l’utilisation de la nanofiltration ou l’osmose basse pression, présentant des taux de rétention en moyenne supérieurs à 90%, en font des solutions techniques de choix pour l’élimination des PMOCs. / The degradation of water resources by the presence of organic matter (OM) and micropollutants requires the implementation of robust drinking water production processes. In this context, many French municipalities such as Saint Cloud and Angers have decided to set up a powdered activated carbon adsorption process coupled to ultrafiltration (PAC/UF). PAC is used upstream of membranes to remove traces of micropollutants while UF membranes provide excellent and constant water quality over time. However, the feedback reveals a degradation of the separation performances related in particular to an aging of the membrane materials and a vulnerability of the process towards some emerging micropollutants such as polar organic compounds (PMOCs).The work carried out during this thesis aims to better understand the consequences of the chemical aging of the membranes used in these processes and to evaluate the micropollutants removal efficiency in order to propose optimization ways. More particularly it has been shown that the main cause of aging is the chlorine exposure of the membranes during washing phases modifying the properties of the materials. In fact, the numerous characterization tools used have made it possible to demonstrate a correlation between the degradation of the hydrophilic agent of the membranes and the increase in the permeability during exposure to chlorine. The study of the membrane performances revealed an alteration of the resistance to fouling towards OM for membranes exposed to chlorine. However, the results obtained to evaluate the selectivity performance of the membranes with respect to viruses have not underlined any major alterations. Adsorption tests have demonstrated the limited efficiency of PAC for PMOCs removal. Indeed, among the molecules tested, the most hydrophobic and aromatic molecules are effectively adsorbed on PAC while the more polar ones are slightly adsorbed. Finally, the use of nanofiltration or low-pressure reverse osmosis, with average rejection rates over 90%, makes them the technological solutions of choice for the removal of PMOCs.
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An in-vitro study evaluating the efficacy of the ultrasonic bypass system™, using different intracanal irrigating solutionsBarney, Jason Phillip, 1975- January 2010 (has links)
Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This in-vitro, prospective, randomized study microscopically compared the debridement efficacy of passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) using the Ultrasonic Bypass System and different irrigating protocols. Eighty extracted maxillary anterior teeth were randomly assigned to four groups. Teeth were instrumented using EndoSequence rotary instrument system and treated with passive ultrasonic irrigation with different irrigating regimens for one minute. Group one (control) was treated with hand/rotary instrumentation. Group two was treated with hand/rotary instrumentation followed by a one-minute PUI using the Ultrasonic Bypass System with 6.0-percent NaOCl. Group three was treated with hand/rotary instrumentation followed by a one-minute PUI using the Ultrasonic Bypass System with 17-percent EDTA. Group four was treated with hand/rotary instrumentation followed by a one-minute PUI using the Ultrasonic Bypass System with 30 seconds of 6.0-percent NaOCl and 30 seconds of 17-percent EDTA. Teeth were sectioned longitudinally and each half was divided into three equal parts from the anatomic apex. The half with the most visible part of the apex was used for SEM evaluation. A scoring system for debris and smear layer removal was used. Statistical analysis was performed using a Kruskal-Wallis test, which determines if there are any differences among the four groups. Following this test, a Wilcoxon Rank Sum test was used to compare each pair of groups. The addition of a one-minute PUI with the Ultrasonic Bypass System significantly enhanced the removal of smear layer when compared with the hand/rotary instrumentation with conventional irrigating solutions. The Ultrasonic Bypass System when used with the combination of 6.0-percent NaOCl and 17-percent EDTA after hand/rotary instrumentation significantly removed smear layer at the coronal, middle, and apical areas of a tooth when compared with all other groups. A one-minute PUI with the Ultrasonic Bypass System combined with NaOCl and EDTA is significantly better in smear removal and ultimately will result cleaner canal wall.
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