Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / No atual cenÃrio da construÃÃo civil, apresentam-se como desafio o atendimento da demanda por habitaÃÃes e a superaÃÃo das caracterÃsticas do setor que o tornam ineficiente em relaÃÃo à produtividade e confiabilidade dos produtos. Diante dessa problemÃtica, encontram-se como alternativas o resgate dos conceitos da CoordenaÃÃo Modular e a implementaÃÃo do Building Information Modeling (BIM). A escolha dos temas parte da percepÃÃo de que ambos atuam em objetivos comuns no que diz respeito à integraÃÃo e otimizaÃÃo de informaÃÃes, racionalizando os processos projetuais e construtivos, enquanto permitem uma flexibilidade de combinaÃÃo de elementos, facilitando a geraÃÃo de novas soluÃÃes. A partir de levantamento bibliogrÃfico, confirmou-se a existÃncia de lacunas de conhecimento, principalmente no que diz respeito à integraÃÃo dos assuntos abordados. Assim, o trabalho visa investigar o potencial de associaÃÃo entre BIM e CoordenaÃÃo Modular, atravÃs do desenvolvimento de uma aplicaÃÃo para fins demonstrativos, alÃm do registro da sua metodologia. Trata-se da interposiÃÃo de duas temÃticas com arcabouÃo teÃrico consolidado para a geraÃÃo de novos conhecimentos (metodologia) e um produto final que garanta sua aplicabilidade: um plug-in. O trabalho foi dividido em trÃs etapas: CompreensÃo, Desenvolvimento e ValidaÃÃo. A CompreensÃo incluiu a descoberta do problema inicial, considerando sua relevÃncia prÃtica e teÃrica; e um primeiro estudo dos principais temas envolvidos. O Desenvolvimento consistiu na investigaÃÃo de uma metodologia para a traduÃÃo dos princÃpios da CoordenaÃÃo Modular em parÃmetros aplicÃveis ao BIM, visando à representaÃÃo de um primeiro sistema construtivo: a alvenaria racionalizada em blocos cerÃmicos. A ValidaÃÃo incluiu a programaÃÃo do plug-in com os parÃmetros gerados na etapa anterior; sua aplicaÃÃo em situaÃÃo real e a aplicaÃÃo da metodologia desenvolvida em um segundo sistema construtivo (light steel framing). Os resultados incluem a criaÃÃo da versÃo inicial de um plug-in, com a funÃÃo de gerar automaticamente as paginaÃÃes de blocos cerÃmicos para a alvenaria racionalizada; a proposiÃÃo de uma metodologia para o reconhecimento de regras de construÃÃo para objetos modulados, no caso, sistemas construtivos; e a verificaÃÃo que BIM e CoordenaÃÃo Modular utilizados em conjunto podem potencializar aspectos jà positivos de cada uma separadamente. A referÃncia dimensional Ãnica da CoordenaÃÃo Modular facilita o processo de criaÃÃo de parÃmetros para a alimentaÃÃo do sistema BIM, possibilitando a geraÃÃo de novas funÃÃes, alÃm da melhoria na comunicaÃÃo entre profissionais de especialidades diferentes. Por outro lado, o BIM disponibiliza ferramentas associadas a novos conceitos que permitem um ambiente virtual integrado, uma melhor visualizaÃÃo de informaÃÃes e automatizaÃÃo de funÃÃes, onde os princÃpios da CoordenaÃÃo Modular podem ser aplicados e compreendidos. / Due to changes occurring in the Civil Construction scenario, it is important to emphasize the challenge to achieve the growing demand for housing and overcome deficiencies of the sector related to productivity and the reliability of the products, from design to construction. In this context, Modular Coordination and Building Information Modeling (BIM) emerge as potential strategies to improve communication and integration among the different professionals involved in the project, as rationalizes the processes and allows a flexible combination of elements, which facilitates the generation of new solutions. The literature review confirmed the existence of knowledge gaps, particularly concerning to the integration of both subjects. Thus, this study presents the customization of a BIM tool, according to Modular Coordination rules, in order to investigate possibilities of association between them. As a result, is proposed a methodology for translating the Modular Coordination rules in parameters that feed into a BIM application, developed over the creation of a plug-in. The study is divided into three stages: understanding, development and validation. The understanding stage included the discovery of the research problem, considering its practical and theoretical relevancies, and a first study about the major issues, in order to obtain the knowledge to begin the investigation. It also included the selection of the object to be represented through the plug-in application and the programming strategy for the customization of the tool. The development consists of an exploratory study that starts the proposed construction (plug-in) and generates the parameters to represent an object, previously chosen: rationalized ceramic blocks masonry. Finally, the validation includes programming an initial version of the plug-in with the parameters generated in the previous step, its application in a real situation and the methodology application in a second constructive system (light steel framing). The results include creating an early version of a plug-in, with the function to automatically generate layouts of ceramic blocks for rationalized masonry; proposing a methodology for the recognition of rules of construction for modulated objects, in this case, constructive systems; and verifying that BIM and Modular Coordination used together may enhance their positive individual aspects. The dimensional reference of Modular Coordination facilitates the process of creating parameters for BIM applications, which facilitates the generation of new functions, in addition to improving communication between professionals of different specialties. Furthermore, BIM has features related to new concepts that enhance the visualization of information, automates functions and allow an integrated virtual environment, where the principles of modular coordination may be better used and understood.

Web services provide a standardized means of publishing diverse, distributed applications. Increasingly, corporations are providing services or programs within and between organizations either on corporate intranets or on the cloud. Many of these services can be composed together, ideally automatically, to provide value-added service. Automated Web service composition is an example of such automation where given a specification of an objective to be realized and some knowledge of the state of the world, the problem is to automatically select, integrate, and invoke multiple services to achieve the specified objective. A popular approach to the Web service composition problem is to conceive it as an Artificial Intelligence planning task. This enables us to bring to bear many of the theoretical and computational advances in reasoning about actions to the task of Web service composition. However, Web service composition goes far beyond the reaches of classical planning, presenting a number of interesting challenges relevant to a large body of problems related to the composition of actions, programs, and services. Among these, an important challenge is generating not only a composition, but a high-quality composition tailored to user preferences. In this thesis, we present an approach to the Web service composition problem with a particular focus on the customization of compositions. We claim that there is a correspondence between generating a customized composition of Web services and non-classical Artificial Intelligence planning where the objective of the planning problem is specified as a form of control knowledge, such as a workflow or template, together with a set of constraints to be optimized or enforced. We further claim that techniques in (preference-based) planning can provide a computational basis for the development of effective, state-of-the-art techniques for generating customized compositions of Web services. To evaluate our claim, we characterize the Web service composition problem with customization as a non-classical planning problem, exploit and advance preference specification languages and preference-based planning, develop algorithms tailored to the Web service composition problem, prove formal properties of these algorithms, implement proof-of-concept systems, and evaluate these systems experimentally. While our research has been motivated by Web services, the theory and techniques we have developed are amenable to analogous problems in such diverse sectors as multi-agent systems, business process modeling, component software composition, and social and computational behaviour modeling and verification.

Web services provide a standardized means of publishing diverse, distributed applications. Increasingly, corporations are providing services or programs within and between organizations either on corporate intranets or on the cloud. Many of these services can be composed together, ideally automatically, to provide value-added service. Automated Web service composition is an example of such automation where given a specification of an objective to be realized and some knowledge of the state of the world, the problem is to automatically select, integrate, and invoke multiple services to achieve the specified objective. A popular approach to the Web service composition problem is to conceive it as an Artificial Intelligence planning task. This enables us to bring to bear many of the theoretical and computational advances in reasoning about actions to the task of Web service composition. However, Web service composition goes far beyond the reaches of classical planning, presenting a number of interesting challenges relevant to a large body of problems related to the composition of actions, programs, and services. Among these, an important challenge is generating not only a composition, but a high-quality composition tailored to user preferences. In this thesis, we present an approach to the Web service composition problem with a particular focus on the customization of compositions. We claim that there is a correspondence between generating a customized composition of Web services and non-classical Artificial Intelligence planning where the objective of the planning problem is specified as a form of control knowledge, such as a workflow or template, together with a set of constraints to be optimized or enforced. We further claim that techniques in (preference-based) planning can provide a computational basis for the development of effective, state-of-the-art techniques for generating customized compositions of Web services. To evaluate our claim, we characterize the Web service composition problem with customization as a non-classical planning problem, exploit and advance preference specification languages and preference-based planning, develop algorithms tailored to the Web service composition problem, prove formal properties of these algorithms, implement proof-of-concept systems, and evaluate these systems experimentally. While our research has been motivated by Web services, the theory and techniques we have developed are amenable to analogous problems in such diverse sectors as multi-agent systems, business process modeling, component software composition, and social and computational behaviour modeling and verification.

Customization of open source software systems, such as the development of specific artifacts that meet their functional and non-functional requirements, can be licensed to acquiring organizations. However, it brings future problems to system maintenance, which in parallel is in constant evolution by their creators. The biggest challenge on this scenery is handling the evolutions of the original system made by their creators, which usually impact the acquiring organizations artifacts. In this context, the application of Software Product Lines (SPL) techniques emerges as a proposal to provide support in customizing acquired software. This study aims to evaluate in a real context and through controlled experiments the process of adaptation and maintenance of customized systems by comparing the approach currently used in the customizations, performed directly on the base code of the original system with the LPS techniques AspectJ, FeatureHouse and XVCL. The selection of those techniques for evaluation was based on a comparative analysis of the techniques raised on a systematic study that was realized, taking as a premise the possibility of creating customizable artifacts and the implementation of the variations apart of the base code, keeping it intact. Finally, after the experiment proposed in this study, quantitative and qualitative results regarding the usage of the SPL techniques AspectJ, FeatureHouse and XVCL in the adaptation and maintenance of customizable systems were obtained. These results show that FeatureHouse and XVCL were considered equivalent to each other and to the current approach. AspectJ, though it proved feasible, requires a steep learning curve. However, the adoption of one of those SPL techniques brings qualitative gains due to the possibility of creating customizable software artifacts and to the separation of the variations from the system base code. / Customizações em sistema de software open-source, tais como o desenvolvimento de artefatos específicos que atendam seus requisitos funcionais e não funcionais, pode ser licenciada às organizações adquirentes. Contudo, traz problemas futuros à manutenção do sistema, o qual paralelamente está em constante evolução pelos seus criadores. O maior desafio neste cenário é lidar com as evoluções do sistema original realizadas pelos criadores, que normalmente impactam os artefatos das organizações adquirentes. Neste contexto, a aplicação de técnicas de Linha de Produto de Software (LPS) surge como uma proposta para prover suporte na customização de software adquirido. Este estudo objetiva avaliar em um contexto real e através de experimentos controlados, o processo de adaptação e manutenção de sistemas customizados, comparando a abordagem atualmente usada nas customizações realizadas diretamente no código base do sistema original com as técnicas LPS AspectJ, FeatureHouse e XVCL. A seleção dessas técnicas para avaliação foi baseada em uma análise comparativa das técnicas levantadas no estudo sistemático realizado, tomando como premissa a possibilidade de criação de artefatos customizáveis e a implementação das variações separada do código base, mantendo-o intacto. Finalmente, após o experimento proposto neste estudo, resultados quantitativos e qualitativos sobre o uso das técnicas de LPS AspectJ, FeatureHouse e XVCL na adaptação e manutenção de sistemas customizáveis foram obtidos. Estes resultados mostram que FeatureHouse e XVCL foram consideradas equivalentes entre si e à abordagem atual. AspectJ, embora tenha se provado viável, demanda uma acentuada curva de aprendizado. Entretanto, a adoção de uma destas técnicas de LPS traz ganhos qualitativos devido à possibilidade de criar artefatos de software customizáveis e a separação das variações do código base do sistema.

The complexity of maintenance and evolution of systems is increased whenever it is necessary to meet different customers and to include diverse requirements, involving customization and adaptation tasks to fix problems and add new features. Currently the development team of the Federal University of Sergipe is working with the customization and maintenance of Integrated Management Systems that automate fundamental operations for the academic and administrative management. Constant changes in the original system source code to meet the requirements of the university are needed. Because of that, it was required the creation and adoption of a process to manage this activity. However, this current approach is not showing to be adequate, since the changes made by the development team are tangled and also crosscutting the original code, complicating the identification and reaplication of the customizations in newer system versions, causing delays in the implementation of new features and maintenance of which are in production. This research presents a case study that evaluates the adoption of Aspect-Oriented Programming in adaptation, maintenance and evolution of customized systems in comparison to the process currently adopted by UFS. As a result, it was observed that it was possible to implement 99.68% of the types of variations using AOP, and a small number of errors were detected after the module update using AOP. However, these errors need to be carefully evaluated due to the occurrence of version conflicts. The results of the study indicate that there are benefits with the adoption of the AOP, but developers confirmed the existence of some obstacles that need to be addressed before the adoption of the POA in this cenario. / A necessidade de atender a diferentes clientes e incluir diferentes requisitos aumentam a complexidade da manutenção e evolução de sistemas, envolvendo tarefas de customização e adaptação para corrigir problemas e incluir novas funcionalidades. Atualmente a equipe de desenvolvimento da Universidade Federal de Sergipe vem trabalhando com a customização e manutenção de Sistemas Integrados de Gestão que informatizam operações fundamentais para a gestão acadêmica e administrativa. Para atender aos requisitos da universidade, são necessárias modificações constantes no código fonte original do sistema, isso demandou a criação de um processo adotado atualmente para gerenciar essa atividade. No entanto, a abordagem atual adotada pela UFS não vem se mostrando adequada, pois as adaptações introduzidas pela equipe de desenvolvimento estão espalhadas e entrelaçadas com o código original, dificultando as tarefas de identificar e reaplicar as customizações em novas versões, causando atrasos na implantação de novos recursos e na manutenção dos que estão em produção. Nesta pesquisa é apresentado um estudo de caso que avalia a adoção da Programação Orientada a Aspectos na adaptação, manutenção e evolução de sistemas customizados em comparação ao processo adotado atualmente na UFS. Como resultado, observou-se que foi possível implementar 99,68% dos tipos de variações utilizando a POA e um pequeno número de erros foi detectado após a reintrodução das variações com a POA. Contudo, esses erros precisam ser avaliados cuidadosamente devido à ocorrência de conflitos de versão. Os resultados obtidos com a avaliação do estudo indicam que há benefícios com a adoção da POA, porém os desenvolvedores confirmaram a existência de alguns obstáculos que precisam ser mitigados para adoção da POA no contexto avaliado.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:06:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6616.pdf: 3224245 bytes, checksum: 3bea5c064e483543e0961a78c51613d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-20 / Software as a Service (SaaS) represent a form of software distribution on demand and accessible via the Internet. The development of SaaS enables service users (tenants) to benefit from the low cost of deployment and maintenance. The Multi-Tenant (MT) architecture is often used in the development of SaaS, it allows the sharing of software and hardware resources, providing cost savings to the costumers and the service provider. A challenge that the SaaS developer has is to keep sharing the instance of the software in scenarios with tenants who have differing needs. In this project, to address the variability of tenants in SaaS MT were set some patterns, based on Software Product Lines techniques for customizing user interfaces, data, processes and permissions. A framework called FoSaaS (Framework of Software as a Service) has also been developed to support the use of patterns, providing support to developers in SaaS MT coding. In addition to allowing the customization of SaaS MT, experiments in this project indicated that patterns improve reuse, quality and productivity in developed SaaS MT. The applicability of the patterns was evidenced through real projects in developing commercial applications. / Softwares como um Serviço (SaaS) representam uma forma de distribuição de software sob demanda e acessíveis via Internet. O desenvolvimento de SaaS possibilita aos consumidores do serviço (tenants) se beneficiarem do baixo custo de implantação e manutenção. A arquitetura Multi-Tenant (MT) é frequentemente utilizada no desenvolvimento de SaaS, pois permite o compartilhamento de recursos de software e hardware, proporcionando a redução de custos ao consumidor e ao fornecedor do serviço. Um desafio que o desenvolvedor de SaaS tem é o de manter o compartilhamento da instância do software em cenários com tenants que possuem necessidades divergentes. Neste projeto, para tratar a variabilidade dos tenants em SaaS MT foram criados alguns padrões, com base em técnicas de linhas de produtos de software, para customização de interfaces de usuários, dados, processos e permissões. Um framework denominado FoSaaS (Framework of Software as a Service) também foi desenvolvido para apoiar o uso dos padrões criados fornecendo apoio aos desenvolvedores na codificação de SaaS MT. Além de permitir a customização de SaaS MT, experimentos realizados neste projeto indicaram que os padrões melhoram o reúso, a qualidade e a produtividade dos SaaS MT desenvolvidos. A aplicabilidade dos padrões foi evidenciada por meio da realização de projetos reais no desenvolvimento de aplicações comerciais.