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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

ParÃmetros microbiolÃgicos e enzimÃticos do solo sob diferentes culturas perenes e uma mata nativa no semi-arido do Cearà / Microbiological and enzymatic parameters soil under different perennial crops and a native forest in semi-arid region of CearÃ

EugÃnio Pacelli Nunes Brasil de Matos 17 March 2010 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Os microrganismos sÃo peÃas chave nos processos de transformaÃÃo da matÃria e interagem com todos os organismos vivos, respondem rapidamente as mudanÃas no ambiente e por isso sÃo considerados em avaliaÃÃes das condiÃÃes do meio, inclusive do solo. Tem-se por hipÃtese que a microbiota à afetada pela sazonalidade, e que os microrganismos sÃo bons indicadores das mudanÃas provocadas nÃo sà pela sazonalidade, mas pelo manejo adotado em diferentes culturas. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os parÃmetros microbiolÃgicos e enzimÃticos do solo sob diferentes culturas perenes e uma mata nativa no semi-Ãrido de Trairi, estado de Cearà (Brasil). Foram monitoradas as populaÃÃes de fungos, bactÃrias e actinomicetos, o teor de carbono orgÃnico, a biomassa microbiana, a respiraÃÃo basal, os quocientes metabÃlico e microbiano e a atividade das enzimas desidrogenase, fosfatase Ãcida e urease do solo. Amostras compostas do solo foram coletadas na profundidade de 0â10 cm em dois perÃodos: chuvoso (abril 2009) e seco (outubro 2009) em diferentes cultivos: cajueiros jovens (Ãrea A) e velhos (Ãrea B), coqueiros e gravioleiras, as quais foram comparadas com uma Ãrea de mata nativa. Verificou-se que o teor de carbono orgÃnico foi similar entre todas as Ãreas nos dois perÃodos, enquanto a biomassa microbiana apresentou algumas diferenÃas entre as Ãreas cultivadas. A respiraÃÃo basal teve padrÃo de variaÃÃo temporal semelhante entre as Ãreas avaliadas para um mesmo perÃodo, mas diferiu entre perÃodos para todas as Ãreas, confirmando a influÃncia da sazonalidade. O qCO2 nÃo apresentou variaÃÃes significativas entre as Ãreas cultivadas e entre os perÃodos estudados. Maiores valores de qMIC foram constatados na Ãrea de mata, em ambos os perÃodos, e na Ãrea com cajueiros velhos no perÃodo chuvoso, enquanto que um menor qMIC foi verificado para as Ãreas ocupadas pelas demais culturas em ambos os perÃodos. As densidades populacionais de microrganismos foram similares nas Ãreas ocupadas pelas fruteiras e na mata, bem como entre os perÃodos, onde as Ãreas apresentaram maiores quantidades de microrganismos com relaÃÃo à mata. A enzima desidrogenase juntamente com a fosfatase Ãcida e urease diferiram entre as Ãreas e os perÃodos avaliados, reforÃando a hipÃtese de que a sazonalidade altera as condiÃÃes microbiolÃgicas e enzimÃticas do solo. As atividades das enzimas fosfatase Ãcida e urease foram similares, detectando-se maior valor nas Ãreas cultivadas e menor atividade na mata. Por sua vez, a desidrogenase indicou comportamento inverso, apresentando maior atividade na mata. Pela anÃlise de similaridade da microbiota e da atividade de enzimas observou-se que a mata divergiu das demais Ãreas, sendo mais prÃxima da Ãrea com cajueiros jovens. Com base nos resultados deste estudo conclui-se: a) a sazonalidade influenciou os parÃmetros microbiolÃgicos e enzimÃticos avaliados; b) o manejo adotado nas Ãreas sob cultivo alterou a atividade da microbiota do solo; c) os quocientes metabÃlico e microbiano foram importantes para conferir relaÃÃes que nÃo podiam ser detectadas com anÃlises isoladas; d) as anÃlises isoladas nÃo conferiram bom indicador de qualidade do solo; e) o cultivo de microrganismos do solo refletiu as condiÃÃes microbiolÃgicas no que diz respeito à diversidade e abundÃncia e f) as atividades das enzimas foram boas indicadoras das condiÃÃes metabÃlicas do solo, sendo especÃficas / Microorganisms are key pieces in transformation of organic matter, interacting well with all living organisms, responding quickly to changes in environment, and therefore, being considered in many assessments of environmental conditions, including soil. As hypothesis microbiota is seasonally affected, and the microorganisms are good indicators of seasonable changes as well as for the management adopted in different crop systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological and enzymatic parameters of soil under different crops and native vegetation in a semi-arid area of Trairi, state of Cearà (Brazil). The populations of fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes, the content organic carbon, the microbial biomass, the basal respiration, the metabolic quotient, microbial quotient and the activity of enzymes dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and urease were monitored. Composite soil samples were collected at a depth of 0-10 cm in two periods: rainy season (April 2009) and dry season (October 2009) in different crop systems: young cashew crop (area A) and old cashew crop (area B), soursop trees and an area of native forest. It turned out that the organic carbon content of soil was similar in all areas in both periods, nevertheless the microbial biomass showed significant differences between cultivated areas. The basal soil respiration showed a pattern similar to temporal variation between the areas assessed at the same period, but differed between periods for all areas, confirming the influence of season. The qCO2 did not show significant variations between crops and between the periods studied. Higher values of qMIC were found in the forested area in both periods and in the area with old cashew trees in the rainy season, while a smaller qMIC was observed in areas with other crops in both periods. Population densities of microorganisms were similar in the soil under cultivation of fruit trees and in forest area, and between periods, where areas had higher amounts of microorganisms in relation to the forest. A dehydrogenase enzyme with acid phosphatase and urease differ between the areas and periods, reinforcing the idea that season changes the microbiological and enzymatic conditions of the soil. The activities of the enzymes acid phosphatase and urease were similar, detecting increased activity in cultivated areas and lower activity of enzymes in the native vegetation area. In turn, the dehydrogenase showed an opposite trend, with higher value in the forest. For the similarity analysis of the microflora and enzyme activity was observed that the forest has diverged from other areas, being closest to the area with young cashew trees. The results obtained allowed to conclude: a) the season influenced the enzymatic activity and microbiological parameters assessed; b) the management adopted in the cropped areas affected the activity of soil microbes; c) the microbial and metabolic quotients were important to check that relations what can not be detected on individual evaluations; d) the individual evaluations did not give a good indicator of soil quality; e) populations of soil microorganisms reflected on the microbiological conditions in respect of the diversity and abundance; f) and activities of enzymes were considered good indicators of the metabolic conditions of the soil, being specific
22

Identification des moteurs de l’activité de l’anhydrase carbonique dans les sols et son impact sur les échanges sol-atmosphère de CO18O et OCS, deux traceurs complémentaires du cycle du carbone / Identifying the drivers of carbonic anhydrase activity in soils and its impact on soil-atmosphere exchanges of CO18O and OCS, two complementary tracers of the global carbon cycle

Sauze, Joana 06 April 2017 (has links)
Les anhydrases carboniques (AC) sont des enzymes qui catalysent les réactions d'hydratation du CO2 et d'hydrolyse de l’OCS. L’AC présente dans les plantes et les microorganismes du sol influence le bilan atmosphérique d'OCS ainsi que celui du CO18O car les isotopes de l’oxygène sont échangés avec ceux des pools d'eau pendant l'hydratation duCO2. L’utilisation de l’OCS et du CO18O comme traceurs du cycle du C global ouvre une nouvelle voie pour estimer les contributions de la photosynthèse et de la respiration à grande échelle. Ceci requiert néanmoins une meilleure compréhension des facteurs contrôlant l'activité de l’AC des sols. Nous avons étudié le rôle du pH du sol et des communautés microbiennes sur l'activité de l’AC. Nous avons testé l’hypothèse que l'activité de l’AC serait (H1) inhibée dans les sols acides, et que (H2) les échanges isotopiques CO2-H2O seraient réduits dans les sols alcalins. Nous avons également présumé que l'activité de l’AC serait (H3) positivement corrélée à l'abondance des microorganismes phototrophes, et que (H4) la structure des communautés affecterait différemment les flux de CO18O et d’OCS. Nos résultats valident H1 et H2. Ils montrent aussi que les flux de CO2 dans le sol et l'activité d’AC associée sont positivement corrélés à l'abondance des microorganismes phototrophes (H3), tandis que le dépôt d'OCS dans les sols dépend de l'abondance des champignons (H4). Ces résultats sont en cours d’intégration dans un modèle de l'activité de l’AC des sols mondiaux, ce qui permettra une estimation robuste des flux globaux de photosynthèse et de respiration à partir de bilans atmosphériques de COS et CO18O. / Carbonic anhydrases (CA) are a group of enzymes that catalyse CO2 hydration and OCS hydrolysis. The presence of CA in plants and soil microorganisms is responsible for the largest atmosphere-biosphere exchange of OCS but also CO18O, because oxygen isotopes are exchanged with soil and plant water pools during CO2 hydration. Consequently, CO18O and OCS atmospheric mixing ratios have been proposed as complementary tracers of the global C cycle that could open avenues to estimate the contribution of photosynthesis and respiration at global scales. However, a mechanistic understanding of the drivers of CA activity is required. We investigated the role of soil pH and microbial community on soil CA activity. We hypothesised that CA activity should be(H1) inhibited in acidic soils but that (H2) the associated CO2-H2O exchange would also be reduced in alkaline soils. We further assumed that (H3) soil CA activity would be enhanced by an increase in soil phototrophs abundance, but that (H4) soil community structure would affect differently CO18O and OCS fluxes. Our results confirmed H1 and H2. We also confirmed that soil CO2 fluxes and the associated CA activity were positively correlated with phototrophic communities abundance (H3), while soil OCS uptake and the associated CA activity seemed driven by fungal abundance (H4). These findings are now being incorporated into a model of soil CA activity worldwide that will allow robust estimates of photosynthesis and respiration at large scales from the atmospheric budgets of OCS and CO18O.
23

Microbial Activity, Abundance and Diversity in Organic and Conventional Agricultural Soils Amended with Biochars

Perez-Guzman, Lumarie January 2017 (has links)
No description available.
24

Parâmetros microbiológicos no sistema de plantio direto e convencional em solos com diferentes teores de argila /

Rocha, Mariana de Melo, 1971- January 2002 (has links)
Orientador: Marli Teixeira de Almeida Minhoni / Resumo: O manejo agrícola altera, em muito, as características físicas, químicas e biológicas dos solos. A cultura e as condições climáticas, assim como o tipo de solo propriamente dito, afetam a decomposição da matéria orgânica do solo e, consequentemente, a biogeociclagem dos nutrientes. A matéria orgânica é uma característica importante em relação à fertilidade do solo, de modo que o impacto do uso do solo precisa ser avaliado principalmente em agroecossistemas. O conhecimento dos efeitos do uso da terra e das práticas agrícolas sobre a comunidade microbiana é de fundamental importância, em vista das importantes funções que os microorganismos desempenham no solo e que irão se refletir na produtividade agrícola. Neste sentido, uma avaliação da biomassa microbiana e de microorganismos do solo pode evidenciar diversas alterações no ecossistema do solo que estão associadas ao teor de argila e/ou sistemas de plantio. No presente estudo, caracterizou-se a camada superficial do perfil de solos sob plantio direto e plantio convencional em quatro fazendas no Brasil em relação a alguns de seus componentes microbiológicos. Para tanto, analisou-se, mensalmente, a respiração do solo, a biomassa microbiana e grupos de microorganismos. A avaliação da biomassa microbiana foi feita através da técnica da fumigação-incubação (FI), utilizando-se a Equação: [(C-CO2 liberado pelo solo fumigado, no período de 0-10 dias de incubação) - (C-CO2 liberado pelo solo não-fumigado, ao longo de 10-20 dias de incubação)]/0,45. Os cálculos indicaram um conteúdo de carbono da biomassa microbiana significativamente maior nos solos sob sistema de plantio direto em relação àqueles sob plantio convencional, na camada amostrada (0-10 cm de profundidade). Quantidades significativamente maiores ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The crop management changes greatly the physical, chemical and biological soil properties. Furthermore, the crop and soil types, and the climatic conditions would affect on soil organic matter decomposition and on nutrients biogeociclying. Soil organic matter is a important characteristic in relationship soil fertility. The knowledge about effects on soil using and agriculture practices on soil microbial communities is very important, due to the function that microorganisms have in soil and it was going to in soil fertility. In this sense, evaluation of the soil microbial biomass and micro-organisms greatly aids predictions several changes in the soil ecosystems are associated with reduced tillage as compared with conventional tillage. Surface soils from long-term no-till and conventional tillage plots at four Brazil farms were characterised for microbial components. Soil respiration, microbial biomass carbon and counts of microorganisms were measured at intervals monthly. The evaluation of microbial biomass carbon was done by fumigation-incubation technique (FI). For calculating the soil microbial biomass carbon, the equation used was: Equation = [(CO2-C evolved by fumigated soil, 0-10 days) - (CO2-C evolved by unfumigated soil, 10-20 days)]/0,45. Significantly greater amounts of CO2-C were released from no-till than from conventional tilled soils. qCO2 values were not significantly different between tillage systems. This observation confirms that the tillage affected biological activity in those soils, further that qCO2 values didn't have significantily different which two tillage systems, in studied soils. Number both fungi and bacteria were assayed by Most Probable Number (MPN) by the agar drop counting technique and the microorganisms groups were calculated using by traditional Most Probable Number (MPN) method...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below) / Doutor
25

Efeito de cultivares de batata e de agrot?xicos sobre os perfis de rDNA de comunidades bacterianas do solo / Effect of potato cultivars and pesticides application on the rDNA profiles of soil bacterial communities.

Ferreira, Enderson Petr?nio de Brito 22 February 2006 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:58:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006 - Enderson Petronio de Brito Ferreira.pdf: 2428366 bytes, checksum: b88b8d0ac0900dd9926cfea6e5e829c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-22 / Potato cropping shows great social and economical importance and, it is responsible by a very expressive part of the labor force of agricultural workers, besides being the forth product used as human food. Comercial potato cultivars show a great variety of characteristics related to maturation stage, accumulated dry matter content and disease resistance, which could be associated to specific microbial populations that colonize plant tissues, its surface or even the rhizospheric soil. An experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions in which 5 potato cultivars: Achat, Bintje, ?gata, Monalisa and Asterix were cultivated in pots filled with soil from an Agroecologial Integrated Production System (RJ, Brazil) aiming to determine the shifts on the rDNA profiles of bacterial communities associated to the cultivar rhizoplanes. It were performed 3 harvests at 15, 30 and 60 Days After Sowing (DAS). The analyses of the bacterial community associated to the potato rhizoplane were performed by PCR-DGGE method, using the gene 16S rRNA as molecular marker. The results showed that the variation of rhizoplane bacterial community was due to both, cultivar and plant age. Differences on the bacterial community associated to each cultivars seem to be a result from intrinsic physiological characteristics of the cultivar. Remarkable differences among rhizoplane bacterial community were found at the earliest plant age, tending to decrease at the later stages. / A agricultura mundial tem passado por grandes transforma??es ao longo dos anos em fun??o da necessidade de produzir quantidades crescentes de alimento, suprir as defici?ncias nutricionais e/ou condi??es de cultivo dos solos agr?colas, necessidade de agregar maior produtividade ?s cultivares, livrar as culturas de pragas e doen?as e promover maior sustentabilidade ? atividade agr?cola. As mudan?as ocorridas nas pr?ticas agr?colas t?m levado a uma queda na qualidade do solo e em mudan?as na comunidade microbiana do solo cuja manipula??o, atrav?s de pr?ticas de manejo do solo e das culturas, ? uma estrat?gia b?sica para o desenvolvimento da sustentabilidade dos sistemas agr?colas. No entanto, o uso intensivo do solo n?o necessariamente afeta negativamente algumas propriedades do solo, como biomassa e atividade microbiana, mas suas conseq??ncias dependem principalmente das pr?ticas agr?colas adotadas que alteram a qualidade e a quantidade dos res?duos vegetais adicionados ao sistema ou pelo uso de compostos org?nicos. Por outro, a aplica??o de agrot?xicos, como inseticidas e fungicidas, nem sempre tem recebido a devida aten??o em rela??o aos efeitos sobre a microbiota do solo. Esta tese teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos da aplica??o de agrot?xicos e o uso de diferentes cultivares sobre a comunidade bacteriana do solo. O uso de diferentes cultivares de batata mostrou que a estrutura da comunidade bacteriana associada ao rizoplano de diferentes cultivares de batata sofreu mudan?as, tanto entre as cultivares quanto em rela??o ?s ?pocas de coleta, em que as mudan?as observadas nesta comunidade foram fortemente influenciadas pelas caracter?sticas morfo-fisiol?gicas intr?nsecas das cultivares. Foi observada uma diminui??o na discrimina??o entre as comunidades bacterianas associadas ao rizoplano das diferentes cultivares ? medida que as plantas atingiram o final do ciclo. A aplica??o dos inseticidas e fungicidas resultou em uma sucess?o bacteriana pela qual as popula??es bacterianas foram mais homog?neas nas terceira quarta coletas, em compara??o com as 2 primeiras coletas, n?o tendo sido observados efeitos significativos para a aplica??o dos agrot?xicos. Por causa disto, foi observada mudan?as significativa na comunidade bacteriana apenas nas 2 primeiras coletas. O efeito dos inseticidas e fungicidas dentro de cada solo foi muito espec?fico, variando nas primeira e segunda coletas. Entretanto, a comunidade bacteriana do solo de ?rea de produ??o convencional mostrou a maior diferen?a para a comunidade bacteriana do controle. O efeito da aplica??o dos inseticidas na comunidade bacteriana dos diferentes solos foi muito similar, enquanto que o efeito dos fungicidas foi caracter?stico para cada um, provavelmente em fun??o de seus efeitos diretos sobre o grupo dos fungos que apresentam uma rela??o estreita com a comunidade bacteriana do solo. As comunidades bacterianas dos solos do sistema integrado de produ??o agroecol?gica e de ?rea de floresta secund?ria mostraram as menores varia??es em rela??o ? comunidade bacteriana do controle, indicando uma maior resist?ncia ? aplica??o dos agrot?xicos associada a estes solos. Contudo, a comunidade bacteriana do solo de ?rea de floresta secund?ria mostrou maior resist?ncia ? aplica??o dos agrot?xicos do que a comunidade bacteriana do solo do sistema integrado de produ??o agroecol?gica. A t?cnica de PCR-DGGE se mostrou bastante eficiente na determina??o dos efeitos de inseticidas e fungicidas sobre a comunidade bacteriana do solo.
26

Urban organic waste in agriculture : risk or resource? /

Johansson, Mats, January 1900 (has links) (PDF)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.
27

Anthropogenic heavy metals in organic forest soils : distribution, microbial risk assessment and Hg mobility /

Åkerblom, Staffan, January 2006 (has links) (PDF)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.
28

Ecosystem functioning and plant-soil interactions in forests : influences of quality and diversity of resources /

Dehlin, Helena, January 2006 (has links) (PDF)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.
29

Biofumigação do solo com Brassica rapa para o controle de fitonematóides / Soil biofumigation with Brassica rapa to control plant nematodes

Lima, André Oliveira 23 March 2006 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:37:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 238175 bytes, checksum: a9d67e9f3b8d66a6cab9291a15bd82d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The root knot nematodes, belonging to the genus Meloidogyne Goeldi, 1887, are economically most important group of plant nematodes in the agriculture, producing knobs or galls on the roots of host plants. The losses are greater when infection occurs at the seedling stage. In the botanical family there are species like that of wild mustard (Brassica rapa), that contain glucosinolates, which after enzymatic hydrolyses can generate toxic volatile compounds such as isothiocyanates. It is believed that the incorporation of mustard tissues controls plant nematodes present in the planting substrates used in nursery and seedling production and in the small areas destined for vegetable crops. Thus this can be a viable alternative to the synthetic soil fumigants such as methyl bromide that are harmful to the environment. To evaluate the biofumigant potential of mustard in the management of plant nematodes, dried leaves, seed meal and defatted seed meal were studied to find the efficient tissue and the dose to be incorporated to the substrate to control Meloidogyne incognita. After determining the ideal tissue and the dose they were also used to study the in vitro effect on the mortality of Heterodera glycines, M. javanica, M. exigua, M. mayaguensis and M. incognita. The biofumigant effect was evaluated on the general microbial population of soil. The amount of allyl isothiocyanate liberated in the soil was also determined. The leaves, seed meal and defatted seed meal efficiently controlled M. incognita, but the defatted seed meal proved to be most efficient. The nematicidal effect of mustered was attributed to the volatile compounds. The defatted seed meal efficient in causing the mortality of juveniles of all the nematode species tested. The dehydrated mustard leaves when incorporated into the soil increased the population of bacteria and actinomycetes. The maximum of allyl isothiocyanate was liberated by the defatted seed meal during the biofumigation process. It was concluded that the use of mustard as biofumigant is a viable alternative to control plant nematodes and has the potential to substitute the methyl bromide for seedling substrates treatment. / Os nematóides das galhas, pertencentes ao gênero Meloidogyne Goeldi, 1887, constituem o grupo de fitonematóides com maior importância econômica na agricultura, causando a formação de galhas em raízes hospedeiras. Os prejuízos são maiores quando a infecção ocorre ainda na fase de mudas. A família Brassicaceae tem representantes como a mostarda (Brassica rapa), que produzem glucosinolatos, que ao sofrerem hidrólise enzimática vão gerar produtos tóxicos como os isotiocianatos. Acredita-se que sua incorporação permitirá o controle de fitonematóides presentes em substratos para viveiros e em pequenas áreas destinadas ao cultivo de olerícolas. Assim, esta pode ser uma alternativa viável ao uso de fumigantes sintéticos, como o brometo de metila, prejudiciais ao meio ambiente. Para avaliar o potencial biofumigante da mostarda no manejo de fitonematóides, folha desidratada, farinha de sementes e farinha de sementes desengordurada foram estudados para determinar a melhor dose destes produtos a ser incorporada ao solo visando o controle de Meloidogyne incognita. Conhecidas as doses, estas foram utilizadas para avaliar o efeito in vitro sobre a mortalidade de Heterodera glycines, M. javanica, M. exigua, M. mayaguensis e M. incognita. A ação biofumigante da mostarda foi avaliada sobre populações microbianas do solo, assim como a quantificação de isotiocianato de alila liberado no solo durante o processo de biofumigação. Folha, farinha de sementes e farinha de sementes desengordurada foram eficientes no controle de M. incognita, sendo que a farinha de sementes desengordurada foi a que apresentou melhores resultados. Foi possível comprovar que o efeito nematicida da mostarda se deve aos seus subprodutos voláteis, e foi verificada a sua eficiência em causar a morte dos juvenis de todas as espécies de nematóides testadas. A folha de mostarda ao ser incorporada ao solo aumentou o número de ufc s de bactérias e actinomicetos. A farinha de sementes desengordurada apresentou as maiores quantidades de isotiocianato de alila liberadas durante a fumigação. Conclui-se que o uso da mostarda como biofumigante de solo é uma alternativa para o controle de fitonematóides e apresenta potencial para a substituição do brometo de metila no tratamento de solo e substratos.
30

Impacts de la qualité et quantité des résidus de culture sur la structure et le fonctionnement des communautés du sol. Application aux systèmes de grandes cultures du Nord-Est de la France / Crop residues quantity and quality impacts on soil communities’structure and functioning. Application to the arable crops from Northeastern France

Sauvadet, Marie 05 February 2016 (has links)
La décomposition des résidus de culture est un processus essentiel en sols de grandes cultures car elle représente la principale source carbone (C) exogène de ces systèmes. Bien que la dégradation des végétaux de diverses quantités et qualités soit bien connue, ses conséquences sur les communautés du sol et sur les fonctions qui en découlent sont moins maîtrisées. Pour mieux comprendre ces effets, nous avons suivi à des étapes clés de la décomposition l’évolution de composantes majeures de la diversité du sol (micro-organismes, nématodes, microarthropodes et macrofaune) en lien avec les principaux flux de C, d’azote (N) et les activités enzymatiques associées pour différentes quantités et qualités de litières. Les expériences ont été menées à différentes échelles spatiales et temporelles (champ, mésocosme et microcosme).La quantité et qualité de litières ont des effets distincts sur les communautés du sol. La quantité de litière impacte les détritivores, et la qualité de litière affecte plus généralement les principaux groupes fonctionnels. La litière labile affecte plus la voie bactérienne et les macro-détritivores en début de décomposition, et la litière récalcitrante la voie fongique et les méso-détritivores en fin de décomposition. Ces évolutions sont reflétées par les dynamiques enzymatiques. Plus spécifiquement, la régulation top-down de la faune (manipulations de L.terrestris et de nématodes) a montré de forts impacts sur les enzymes. De manière similaire, la composition initiale du micro-réseau trophique du sol a fortement conditionné les dynamiques enzymatiques. Au contraire, la minéralisation du C de la litière demeure principalement dictée par sa qualité initiale. Cette thèse démontre l'importance de la gestion des litières sur les fonctions biologiques des sols agricoles. Faire varier la qualité et quantité des litières apparaît comme un levier pour moduler la santé des sols et certains services écosystémiques à long terme. / Crop residues decomposition is an essential process in cultivated lands since it constitutes the main source of organic matter in these systems. Although the underlying mechanisms of residues degradation of varying qualities and quantities are well-known, their consequences on soil biota and the related functions are less understood. To better understand this process, we chose to follow at key steps of decomposition the evolution of major components of soil diversity (microorganisms, nematodes, micro-arthropods and macrofauna), the evolution of litter quality, the main carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) fluxes and enzyme activities associated, for different quantities and qualities of litter added. The experiments were set up at different spatial and temporal scales (field, mesocosm and microcosm experiments) in function of our objectives.Litter quantity and quality have distinct effects on soil biota. Litter quantity influences the detritivores, and litter quality influences more generally the main functional groups. Labile litter impacts more the bacterial energy channel and the macrodetritivores at the first stages of decomposition, and recalcitrant litter impacts more the fungal energy channel and the mesodetritivores at the latter stage of decomposition. These evolutions are mirrored by the enzymatic dynamics. More specifically, fauna top-down regulations (L.terrestris and nematodes manipulations) exhibit high effects on soil enzymes. Similarly, soil micro-food web initial composition drives enzymatic dynamics. Contrastingly, litter C mineralization depends mainly on its initial quality. This PhD shows the importance of litter management on the biological functions of cultivated soils. Varying litter quality and quantity appear as a mean to influence soil health and some ecosystem services on the long term.

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