Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2017-06-23T17:11:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 570593 bytes, checksum: 26e088d152e90872585fd3e758d48c4a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-23T17:11:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 570593 bytes, checksum: 26e088d152e90872585fd3e758d48c4a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-08-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Objetivando avaliar o efeito de doses de nitrogênio aplicadas em substrato sobre a produção de mini-tubérculos de sementes de batata (Solanum tuberosum L.) a partir de plântulas advindas de cultura de tecido, de brotos de tubérculos e de mini-tubérculos, da cultivar Monalisa, foram realizados três experimentos, simultaneamente, em ambiente protegido no Departamento de Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Nos experimentos 1, 2 e 3, o material propagativo foi plântula micropropagada, broto de tubérculos-semente e mini- tubérculo, respectivamente, plantado em vaso de 3 L contendo substrato. Nos experimentos 1 e 2 foram utilizadas duas plantas por vaso e no experimento 3 foi plantado um mini-tubérculo por vaso. Em cada experimento foram avaliadas cinco doses de nitrogênio: 0; 50; 100; 200 e 400 mg kg-1 de N, na forma de NH4NO3, dispostos em blocos ao acaso e cinco. O índice SPAD, medido na quarta folha (LQ), aumentou com o aumento da dose de N e diminuiu com a idade da planta. O teor de N-NO ̄3 na matéria seca da LQ, associado à máxima produção de mini- tubérculos, foi 0,015; 1,370 e 2,090 dag kg-1, nos experimentos 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. No experimento 1, as máximas massa seca dos mini-tubérculos (MSTB), massa seca total da planta (MST) e produção de mini-tubérculos (PT) foram 25,74; 31,93 e 138,8 g vaso-1, respectivamente, com a dose de 0 mg kg-1 de N. No experimento 2, com 177 mg kg-1 de N, que propiciou a máxima PT (178 g vaso-1), as massas secas de folha (MSF), caule (MSC) e raízes (MSR) foram 5,03; 1,40 e 0,44, respectivamente. No experimento 3, com 225 mg kg-1 de N, que propiciou a máxima PT (194,8 g vaso-1) , as massas secas de folha (MSF), caule (MSC), tubérculos (MSTB) e massa seca total da planta (MST) foram 6,18; 1,96; 37,15 e 46,10, respectivamente. / In order to evaluate the effect of nitrogen rates applied in substrate on minituber potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) seed yield, propagated by tissue culture plantlets, sprout tuber and minituber of Monalisa cultivar, three experiments were conducted, simultaneously, in greenhouse, at Universidade Federal de Viçosa. In the experiments 1, 2, and 3, potato plants were propagated by tissue culture plantlets, sprout seed tuber and minituber, respectively, planted in 3 L pot containg substrate. In the experiments 1 and 2 were set two plants per pot and in the experiment 3 was planted one minituber per pot. In each experiment, five N rates: 0; 50; 100; 200 and 400 mg kg-1 of N, as NH4NO3, were evaluated in randomized complet block design and five repetitions. The SPAD index in the fourth leaf (LQ) increased with the increase N rates and decreased with the plant age. The N-NO ̄3 contents in LQ dry matter, associated with the maximum minitubers yield were 0.015; 1.370; and 2.090 dag kg-1, in the experiments 1, 2 and 3, respectively. In the experiment 1, the maximum minituber dry matter (MSTB), the maximum whole plant dry matter (MST) and maximum minituber yield (PT) were 25.74; 31.93 and 138,8 g pot-1, respectively, with 0 mg kg-1of N. In the experiment 2, which led to maximum PT (178 g pot-1) with 177 mg kg-1 of N, leaf (MSF), stem (MSC) and root (MSR) dry matter were 5.03; 1.40, and 0.44 g vase-1, respectively. In the experiment 3, which led to maximum PT (194,8 g pot-1) with 225 mg kg-1 of N, leaf (MSF), stem (MSC), maximum minituber (MSTB) and maximum whole plant (MST) dry matter were 6.18; 1.96; 37.15, and 46.10 g vase-1, respectively.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Aluminum (Al) is the most abundant metal in the earth s crust, affecting thegrowth and development of plants. The objective of this work was to investigate and compare biochemical and physiological responses of potato clones, Macaca, SMIC148-A, Dakota Rose and Solanum microdontum, exposed to 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg Al L-1 in nutrient solution (pH 4.0). After 7 days, Al content in roots was on average 3.9, 2.8, 3.6, and 3.7 fold greater than in shoot, in Macaca, S. microdontum, SMIC148-A and Dakota Rose clones, respectively. Based on the relative root growth, the S. microdontum and SMIC148-A were considered Al-tolerant while Macaca and Dakota Rose were considered Al-sensitive. Inhibition in shoot growth was observed only in Macaca clone. After 7 d of Al exposure, several biochemical parameters were affected, mainly in Al-sensitive clones, such as increased H2O2 concentration, catalase (CAT) activity and lipid peroxidation, and decreased chlorophyll and carotenoid content. In addition, zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) concentrations were higher in roots than in shoot of all potato clones tested. An increase in the concentration of most of the micronutrients analyzed was observed only in S. microdontum, while a decrease was observed in Macaca, SMIC148-A and Dakota Rose. Macaca, SMIC148-A, Dakota Rose and S. microdontum were grown in vitro, in hydroponics or in greenhouse to evaluate the effect of Al on the in vitro activity of acid phosphatases (APases). In plantlets grown in vitro, root APases were inhibited by Al in all clones, while shoot APases were inhibited by Al in S. microdontum and Dakota Rose and increased in Macaca at all Al levels. In plantlets grown in hydroponics, root APases increased in Macaca at 50 mg L-1, but decreased at all Al levels in S. microdontum. In greenhouse plantlets, root APases were reduced at 200 mg L-1 in S. microdontum and SMIC148- A, and at 100, 150 and 200 mg L-1 in Dakota Rose. Shoot APases were reduced in Macaca and SMIC148-A. Conversely, in Dakota Rose, APases increased at 50 and 100 mg L-1. Macaca (Al-sensitive) and SMIC148-A (Al-tolerant) clones were utilized in another experiment with the objective of evaluating whether the oxidative stress caused by Al is an early symptom than can trigger root growth inhibition. At 24, 72, 120 and 168 hours after Al addition, root growth inhibition and lipid peroxidation was observed only for the Al-sensitive clone. In the Al-tolerant clone, there was always at least one component of the antioxidant system protecting the plant against Al stress, which did not occur in the Al-sensitive clone. With the objective of checking whether Al oxidative stress differs in potato clones, Macaca (Al-sensitive) and SMIC148-A (Altolerant), which present distinct degrees of Al- avoidance, were cultivated in a splitroot system for 10 days with five treatments of varying concentrations and locations of Al. At 200 mg Al L-1, a significant decrease in chlorophyll concentration and increase in protein oxidation was observed only for Macaca. At 200 mg L-1 supplied to half of the root system, shoot H2O2 concentration was lower than that with both root halves treated by 100 mg L-1. Shoot lipid peroxidation in Macaca increased with increasing Al supply. In SMIC148-A, plants treated with 100 and 200 mg Al L-1 in only one root half showed lower shoot lipid peroxidation. The 200 half of 0/200 plants presented significantly greater lipid peroxidation than the half untreated by Al, mainly in Macaca. At 100 mg Al L-1 supplied to both root halves, Macaca showed an inefficient tolerance response, based on CAT activity, protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, H2O2 concentration and APase activity. These results show that SMIC148-A, even though presenting lower Al-avoidance than Macaca, showed a stronger local and systemic antioxidant response to Al supply. Therefore, potato clones differed in their expression of antioxidant responses in terms of amount and type, suggesting that oxidative stress is an important mechanism for Al toxicity, mainly in Al-sensitive clones. This toxicity depends not only on Al availability but also on the clone and the growth system. In addition, it was observed that the adverse effects of Al do not disappear when part of the root system is not in contact with Al, mainly in the Al-sensitive clone. / O alumínio (Al) é o metal mais abundante na crosta terrestre, afetando o crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar e comparar respostas bioquímicas e fisiológicas de clones de batata, Macaca, SMIC148-A, Dakota Rose e Solanum microdontum, expostos a 0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 mg Al L-1 em solução nutritiva (pH 4,0). Após sete dias, o conteúdo de Al foi em média 3,9, 2,8, 3,6 e 3,7 vezes maior nas raízes que na parte aérea nos clones Macaca, S. microdontum, SMIC148-A e Dakota Rose, respectivamente. Baseado no crescimento relativo da raiz, S. microdontum e SMIC148-A foram considerados tolerantes ao Al e Macaca e Dakota Rose sensíveis ao Al. Foi observado inibição no crescimento da parte aérea somente no clone Macaca. Vários parâmetros bioquímicos foram afetados, principalmente nos clones sensíveis ao Al, como o aumento na concentração de H2O2, a atividade da catalase (CAT) e a peroxidação lipídica, e a redução no conteúdo de clorofila e carotenóides. A concentração de zinco, manganês, ferro e cobre foi maior nas raízes que na parte aérea em todos os clones. Um aumento na concentração desses micronutrientes foi observado somente no clone S. microdontum, enquanto uma redução foi observada nos clones Macaca, SMIC148-A e Dakota Rose com o suprimento de Al. Com o objetivo de analisar o efeito do Al na atividade in vitro de fosfatases ácidas (APases), os quatro clones de batata cresceram in vitro, em hidroponia ou em casa de vegetação. Em plântulas in vitro, APases de raízes foram inibidas por Al em S. microdontum e Dakota Rose e ativadas em Macaca em todos os níveis de Al. Em plântulas de hidroponia, APases de raízes aumentaram em Macaca em 50 mg L-1, enquanto diminuíram em S. microdontum em todos os níveis de Al. Em plântulas de casa de vegetação, APases de raízes foram inibidas em 200 mg L-1 em S. microdontum e SMIC148-A, e em 100, 150 e 200 mg L-1 em Dakota Rose. APases de parte aérea foram inibidas em Macaca e SMIC148-A e ativadas em 50 e 100 mg L-1 Dakota Rose. Os clones Macaca (sensível ao Al) e SMIC148-A (tolerante ao Al) foram utilizados em um outro experimento com o objetivo de analisar se o estresse oxidativo causado por Al é um sintoma primário que pode desencadear inibição do crescimento da raiz. Em 24, 72, 120 e 168 horas após a adição de Al, foi observado inibição do crescimento da raiz e peroxidação lipídica somente no clone sensível ao Al. No clone tolerante, há sempre pelo menos um componente do sistema antioxidante protegendo as plantas do estresse de Al, o mesmo não acontecendo com o clone sensível. Com o objetivo de checar se o estresse oxidativo provocado pelo Al difere entre os clones, Macaca (sensível ao Al) e SMIC148-A (tolerante ao Al), os quais apresentam distinto grau de escape ao Al, esses clones foram cultivados em sistema de raízes divididas por 10 dias, com cinco tratamentos de variação de concentração e localização de Al. Em 200 mg Al L-1, uma redução na concentração de clorofila e aumento na oxidação de proteínas foi observada somente na Macaca. Na presença de 200 mg L-1 em metade do sistema radicular, a concentração de H2O2 na parte aérea foi menor que com ambas as metades da raiz tratadas com 100 mg L-1. A peroxidação lipídica na parte aérea aumentou com o aumento do suprimento de Al na Macaca, enquanto foi menor em plantas tratadas com 100 e 200 mg Al L-1 em somente metade do sistema radicular em SMIC148-A. Quando ambas as metades da raiz foram tratadas com 100 mg Al L-1, Macaca apresentou resposta de tolerância ineficiente, baseado na atividade da CAT, oxidação protéica, peroxidação lipídica, concentração de H2O2 e atividade de APases. Esses resultados mostram que o SMIC148-A, embora apresentou menor reação de escape ao Al que a Macaca, mostrou uma resposta antioxidante local e sistêmica mais eficiente frente ao suprimento de Al. Portanto, os clones Macaca e SMIC148-A diferiram na expressão da quantidade e tipo de antioxidante, sugerindo que o estresse oxidativo pode ser um importante mecanismo para toxicidade de Al, principalmente nos clones sensíveis ao metal. Esta toxicidade depende não somente da disponibilidade de Al, mas também do clone e do sistema de crescimento. Além disso, os efeitos adversos do Al não desaparecem quando parte do sistema radicular não está em contato com o Al, principalmente no clone sensível ao alumínio.

Submitted by VÍCTOR MANUEL VERGARA CARMONA null (vivergara66@gmail.com) on 2018-04-07T21:59:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Victor Manuel Vergara Carmona.pdf: 974203 bytes, checksum: 73decf6b74da403d5b43321485d373a0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alexandra Maria Donadon Lusser Segali null (alexmar@fcav.unesp.br) on 2018-04-09T17:59:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 carmona_vmv_dr_jabo.pdf: 974203 bytes, checksum: 73decf6b74da403d5b43321485d373a0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-09T17:59:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 carmona_vmv_dr_jabo.pdf: 974203 bytes, checksum: 73decf6b74da403d5b43321485d373a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A deficiência de zinco (Zn) afeta à população mundial há muito tempo e, apesar dos esforços realizados, o problema ainda não tem sido resolvido. Dessa forma, o incremento de Zn em hortaliças pode contribuir à diminuição do consumo inadequado do micronutriente. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do condicionamento osmótico com Zn sobre o aumento do teor do micronutriente em batata e beterraba. Para isto, tubérculos de batata foram condicionados em soluções com 0, 10, 20 e 30 mg mL-1 Zn (como sulfato) durante 12, 16, 20 e 24 horas, enquanto para utrículos de beterraba utilizaram-se concentrações de 0, 10 e 30 mg mL-1 Zn, como sulfato e cloreto, durante 12, 16, 20 e 24 horas e, posteriormente, cultivados em casa de vegetação em duas épocas diferentes (primavera de 2015 e outono-inverno de 2016). Em batata houve incremento do teor e biodisponibilidade de Zn nos tubérculos, principalmente, em função da concentração do micronutriente em solução, sendo que com 10 mg mL-1 Zn e 12 horas de condicionamento conseguiu-se substancial fortificação. Em beterraba, todas as características avaliadas nas plantas foram melhoradas com a presença de Zn em solução, principalmente como sulfato, sendo obtido com 30 mg mL-1 Zn maior teor de Zn na raiz, enquanto o tempo influenciou somente características de crescimento, sendo 16 horas o tratamento mais recomendável. Portanto, conclui-se que o condicionamento osmótico com Zn apresenta potencial para ser utilizada em programas de biofortificação agronômica dessas hortaliças. / Zinc (Zn) deficiency has affected the world's population for a long time, and despite the efforts made, the problem has not yet been resolved. Thus, the increase of Zn in vegetables can contribute to the reduction of inadequate micronutrient consumption. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Zn priming on the increase of micronutrient content in potato and beet. For this, potato tubers were primed in solutions with 0, 10, 20 and 30 mg mL-1 Zn (as sulfate) for 12, 16, 20 and 24 hours, while for beet utricles were used concentrations of 0, 10 and 30 mg mL-1 Zn, as sulfate and chloride, for 12, 16, 20 and 24 hours and then grown in a greenhouse at two different times (spring 2015 and autumn-winter 2016). In potato there was increase in the content and bioavailability of Zn in the tubers, mainly as a function of the concentration of the micronutrient in solution, and with 10 mg mL-1 Zn and 12 hours of priming a substantial fortification was achieved. In beet, all characteristics evaluated in the plants were improved with the presence of Zn in solution, mainly as sulfate, being obtained with 30 mg mL-1 Zn higher Zn content in the root, whereas the time influenced only growth characteristics, being 16 hours the most recommended treatment. Therefore, it is concluded that the Zn priming presents potential to be used in programs of agronomic biofortification of these vegetables.

Orientador: Rogério Peres Soratto / Banca: Roberto Lyra Villas Boas / Banca: Jose Magno Queiroz Luz / Resumo: A cultura da batata tem grande importância para o Brasil e para o Estado de São Paulo. Porém, apesar de sua importância, falta maiores informações sobre a fisiologia e nutrição mineral desta cultura, limitando a obtenção de elevadas produtividades, com alta qualidade e baixo custo de produção, já que as peculiaridades de cada cultivar podem fazer grande diferença no manejo. Além disso, as doses de fertilizantes normalmente utilizadas na cultura da batata são elevadas, o que gera grande impacto no custo de produção e riscos ambientais. Assim, para obtenção da máxima eficiência produtiva, faz-se necessário o conhecimento do desenvolvimento da planta e da absorção e acumulação de nutrientes nas diferentes fases de desenvolvimento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento, acúmulo de nutrientes durante o ciclo, produtividade de tubérculos e exportação de nutrientes em cinco cultivares de batata. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcela subdividida, com quatro repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas pelas cultivares (Ágata, Asterix, Atlantic, Markies e Mondial) e as subparcelas por épocas de coletas de plantas, que foram realizadas a cada 7 dias após a emergência até a colheita final. Cada parcela foi constituída por 10 linhas de 10 m de comprimento. Todas as cultivares tiveram crescimento lento até o início da fase de enchimento de tubérculos. Desta época até o final do ciclo ocorreu o desenvolvimento dos tubérculos, com a máxima taxa de acúmulo de MS concentrando-se no início dessa fase. A cultivar Mondial foi mais tardia em acumular MS, apresentando as maiores taxas de crescimento na fase final do ciclo.As cultivares Ágata, Atlantic e Markies apresentam crescimento semelhante durante todo o ciclo, porém... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The potato crop has great economical importance for Brazil and São Paulo State. However, despite its importance, it lacks more information about physiology and mineral nutrition of this crop, limiting to obtain high yield, high quality and low production cost, since the peculiarities of each cultivar can make difference in management. Furthermore, the fertilizers rates commonly used in potato crop are high, which has a strong impact on production costs and environmental risks. To get the maximum production efficiency, it is necessary to understand the development of the plant, uptake and accumulation of nutrients in different stages of the plant development. The objective of this study was to evaluate growth, nutrient accumulation, tubers yield and the nutrient exportation in five potato cultivars. The experimental design was the completely randomized block in split-plot with four replications. The plots treatments consisted of potato cultivars (Ágata, Asterix, Atlantic, Markies and Mondial) and subplots were established by harvest time of plants, were carried out every 7 day after emergence to last harvest. Each plot consisted of 10 lines of 10 m in length. All cultivars showed slow growth until the beginning of the tubers bulking stage. Since this time until the end of the cycle, occurred the tubers development, with maximum dry matter accumulation rate focusing in this initial stage. Mondial cultivar took longer time to accumulate dry matter, presenting the highest growth rates in the final stage of the cycle. Ágata, Atlantic... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Genetically modified (GM) or transgenic crops, now more often called ``Biotech crops{\crqq} they are commercially cultivated since 1996. And also since 1996, the first year of commercialization of biotech crops, GM potatoes were cultivated in USA, Mexico, Canada and later in South Africa, China and India. The global area of approved biotech crops in 2006 was 102 million hectares and 22 countries grew biotech crops, 11 developing countries and 11 industrial countries. The Czech Republic is on of the six EU countries where biotech crops are cultivated at present. The most compelling case for biotechnology, and more specifically biotech crops, is their capability to contribute to: increasing crop productivity and stability of productivity and production; conserving biodiversity, as a land-saving technology; the production of renewable resource based bio-fuels. This diploma paper was focused on developing of fast, precise and cheap method based on PCR to detect the presence of transgenes in potatoes {--} tubers and leaves, allows monitoring the presence of GM potatoes in market, environment, etc. and to quantify ``contamination{\crqq} of ware potatoes (tubers) with GM ones.

Submitted by MARCOS LEANDRO TEIXEIRA DE OLIVEIRA (marcosteixeira@ufv.br) on 2018-10-23T13:01:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1270512 bytes, checksum: 53ccab9820e5710c7663fd0633d55d99 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-23T13:01:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1270512 bytes, checksum: 53ccab9820e5710c7663fd0633d55d99 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-26 / A disponibilidade de água de boa qualidade é um problema constante enfrentado pela sociedade atual. Devido ao uso potencial da água em diversos processos agrícolas e industriais, grande volume de água residuária é gerada diariamente em diferentes tipos de indústrias em todo o mundo, ocasionando a contaminação dos corpos hídricos. Uma cultura em que esse problema é recorrente é a da batata (Solanum tuberosum L.), o terceiro alimento mais consumido no mundo. Os resíduos de agrotóxicos resultantes do cultivo da batata podem atingir o ambiente, por meio do escoamento direto, lixiviação, eliminação descuidada de recipientes vazios e lavagem de equipamentos. Além disso, a água é largamente utilizada na lavagem dos tubérculos, desde o início do processo até sua comercialização. O processamento da batata também gera considerável carga poluidora, decorrente da presença de grande quantidade de compostos orgânicos (restos de cascas e amido) em suspensão nas águas residuárias. Além disso, pode ocorrer também contaminação da água de lavagem por resíduos de agrotóxicos presentes nos solos que ficam aderidos aos tubérculos, visto que há um uso intensivo e constante de agrotóxicos para o controle de insetos-praga, doenças e plantas invasoras, a fim de minimizar perdas na produtividade e na qualidade do produto. A contaminação de corpos hídricos por agrotóxicos tem sido objeto de preocupação mundial, motivando o desenvolvimento de diversos métodos analíticos para a determinação destes compostos em água. O interesse na aplicação de tratamentos químicos de efluentes é crescente, principalmente quando há a necessidade de tratamentos complementares que visam a remoção de poluentes específicos e/ou o aumento da eficiência do sistema. O gás ozônio (O 3 ) tem sido estudado e aplicado intensamente na purificação e desinfecção de água potável, em substituição ao cloro, uma vez que não deixa resíduos. É também usado no tratamento de efluentes municipais, industriais e aterros sanitários no controle de cor e odor de águas residuárias, na degradação de agroquímicos, dentre outras funcionalidades. A eficiência da aplicação do ozônio pode variar de acordo com alguns fatores como: pH, temperatura, matéria orgânica e presença de aditivos, como metais, óxidos de metais, hidróxidos e peróxidos. A presente pesquisa foi realizada em duas etapas, as quais foram relatadas nos artigos que compõem esta tese. Na primeira etapa, considerando o potencial do ozônio e sua possível combinação com peróxido de hidrogênio (H 2 O 2 ) para remoção de compostos orgânicos persistentes de efluentes, caracterizou-se águas residuárias do processamento de batatas e avaliou-se a influência do processo de ozonização combinada com H 2 O 2 nessas águas, verificando assim as condições ótimas de temperatura, pH e proporção peróxido de hidrogênio/ozônio, para redução da demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), turbidez e cor, seguindo o delineamento composto central rotacional. As condições otimizadas foram: temperatura = 25 °C; pH = 3,0 e H 2 O 2 /O 3 = 0,1. Dentre os parâmetros de qualidade da água avaliados, foi possível verificar que o ozônio combinado com peróxido foi eficiente para remoção de cor e turbidez. Avaliou-se também as variáveis resposta em função do tempo de ozonização combinado com peróxido de hidrogênio, por até 24 h, nas condições otimizadas e verificou-se que a partir de 1,16 h a remoção de DQO, cor e turbidez da água tratada se estabiliza. Na segunda etapa deste trabalho otimizou-se um método de microextração líquido-líquido assistida por vórtex em balão acompanhada de cromatografia gasosa e espectrometria de massas para determinação de resíduos dos agrotóxicos anilazina (fungicida), linuron (herbicida), protiofós (acaricida/inseticida) e tebuconazol (fungicida), em amostras de água. O tolueno foi selecionado como o solvente de extração mais apropriado ao método. Para avaliar e otimizar os parâmetros que afetam o método, foi utilizado o delineamento fatorial completo para determinar os fatores independentes significativos (volume de solvente extrator, percentual de Cloreto de sódio (NaCl) na solução de extração e tempo de agitação no processo de extração dos agrotóxicos), e o delineamento composto central rotacional combinado com a função de desejabilidade para determinar as melhores condições experimentais. As condições ideais de extração dos agrotóxicos para se obter as melhores respostas cromatográficas foram: 316 μL de solvente, sem adição de sal na solução extratora, e tempo de agitação de 187 s. O método desenvolvido mostrou ser seletivo para os agrotóxicos em estudo, apresentou fator de enriquecimento de 142,4 vezes, boa linearidade, precisão e exatidão, com limites de detecção de 0,005 - 0,007 mg L -1 e quantificação 0,016 - 0,022 mg L -1 , que estão de acordo com as legislações vigentes. No estudo do efeito de matriz do método de extração para água pura e água de batata observou- se que, para linuron e protiofós, os coextrativos da água de batata provocaram supressão na resposta cromatográfica de 7,82 e 27,63%, respectivamente. As concentrações dos analitos alvo encontradas nas amostras reais (água residuária do processo de lavagem industrial de batatas, água residuária do processo de lavagem manual de batatas e água de represa) analisadas foram inferiores aos limites de detecção do método proposto ou não estavam presentes na amostra. / The availability of good quality water is a constant problem in current society. Due to the potential use of water in various agricultural and industrial processes, a large volume of wastewater is generated daily in different types of industries around the world, causing the contamination of the water bodies. One culture in which this problem is recurrent is potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), the third most consumed food in the world. The pesticide residues resulting from potato cultivation can reach the environment through direct outflow, leaching, careless disposal of empty containers and equipment washing. In addition, water is widely used in the washing of tubers, from the beginning of the process until moments before its commercialization. The processing of potatoes also generates considerable pollutant load, due to the presence of large amount of organic compounds (residues of peels and starch) in suspension in the wastewater. In addition, contamination of the washing water by residues of pesticides present in the soils that remain adhered to the tubers can also occur, since there is an intensive and constant use of pesticides for the control of pests insects, diseases and invasive plants, in order to minimize losses of productivity and of product quality. The contamination of water bodies by pesticides has been the subject of worldwide concern, motivating the development of several analytical methods for the determination of these compounds in water. The interest in the application of chemical treatments for the degradation of effluents is increasing, especially when there is a need for complementary treatments that aim at the removal of specific pollutants and/or increase the efficiency of the system. Ozone (O 3 ) gas has been studied and intensively applied in the purification and disinfection of drinking water, replacing chlorine, since it leaves no residues. It is also used in the treatment of municipal and industrial effluents and landfills in the control of color and odor of wastewater, in the degradation of agrochemicals, among other functionalities. The efficiency of the ozone application can vary according to some factors such as: pH, temperature, organic matter and the presence of additives such as metals, metal oxides, hydroxides and peroxides. The present research was carried out in two stages, which were reported in the articles that compose this thesis. In the first stage, considering the potential of ozone and its possible combination with hydrogen peroxide to remove persistent organic compounds from effluents, for potato wastewater treatment was characterized and thex influence of the ozonation process combined with hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) in these waters was evaluated, the ideal conditions of temperature, pH and hydrogen peroxide / ozone ratio, to reduce chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity and color, following the central rotational compound design.The optimized conditions were: temperature = 25 ° C; pH = 3.0 and H 2 O 2 /O 3 = 0.1. Among the water quality parameters evaluated, it was possible to verify that ozone combined with hy H 2 O 2 drogen peroxide was efficient for removal color and turbidity. It was also evaluated the response variables as a function of time of ozonation combined with hydrogen peroxide for up to 24 h, under optimized conditions. It was verified that out 1.16 h the removal of COD, color and turbidity of the treated water stabilizes. In the second stage of this work, it was optimized a vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction method, followed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, for the determination of pesticides residues in water samples. The analyzed pesticides were anilazine (fungicide), linuron (herbicide), prothiofos (acaricide/insecticide) and tebuconazole (fungicide). Toluene was selected as the extraction solvent most appropriate to the method. In order to evaluate and optimize the parameters that affect the method, the complete factorial design was used to determine the significant independent factors (extraction solvent volume, sodium choloride (NaCl) percentage in the extraction solution and agitation time in the agrochemical extraction process), and the central rotational compound design combined to the desirability function to determine the best experimental conditions. The ideal conditions for extracting the pesticides to obtain the best chromatographic responses were: 316 μL of solvent, without addition of salt in the extraction solution, and stirring time of 187 s. The method was shown to be selective for the pesticides under study, presented a enrichment factor of 142.4 times, good linearity, precision and accuracy, with detection limits of 0.005 - 0.007 mg L-1 and quantification 0.016 - 0.022 mg L-1 , which are in accordance with current legislation. In the study of the effect of the extraction method matrix for pure water and potato water, it was observed that, for linuron and prothiophos, the coextractives of potato water caused suppression in the chromatographic response of 7.82 and 27.63%, respectively. The concentrations of the studied analytes found in the real samples (wastewater from the potato industrial washing process, wastewater from the manual potato washing process and dike water) analyzed were either lower than the detection limits of the proposed method or were not present in the sample.

Orientador: Adalton Mazetti Fernandes / Resumo: A otimização do manejo da adubação nitrogenada com fornecimento do nitrogênio (N) no período de maior demanda pelas plantas pode ser uma estratégia para maximizar a produtividade e a qualidade de tubérculos na cultura da batata (Solanum tuberosum L.). Dessa forma, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a produtividade e a qualidade físico-química e nutricional dos tubérculos das cultivares de batata Agata e Markies submetidas a diferentes formas de manejo da adubação nitrogenada tradicional combinada com a aplicação de doses de N na fase de enchimento de tubérculos. Foram conduzidos quatro experimentos, com as cultivares Agata e Markies durante a safra de inverno dos anos de 2017 e 2018. A área de 2018 não foi a mesma do ano anterior, e ambos experimentos localizavam-se em áreas comerciais de produção de batata em Botucatu-SP. O delineamento experimental adotado em todos experimentos foi em blocos ao acaso com esquema fatorial 4 x 4, com quatro repetições. As formas de manejo da adubação nitrogenada tradicional foram: M1 = 160 kg ha-1 de N no plantio; M2 = 80 kg ha-1 de N no plantio; M3 = 40 kg ha-1 de N no plantio e 120 kg ha-1 de N na amontoa; M4 = 80 kg ha-1 de N no plantio e 80 kg ha-1 de N na amontoa, combinadas com as doses de 0, 20, 40 e 80 kg ha-1 de N aplicadas na fase de enchimento dos tubérculos. As formas de manejo da adubação nitrogenada tradicional combinadas com as doses de N na fase de enchimento de tubérculos, não causaram deficiência de N nas plantas de bata... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Optimizing the management of nitrogen (N) fertilization with supply of N in the period of greatest demand for plants can be a strategy to maximize the yield and quality of tubers in the potato crop (Solanum tuberosum L.). Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the yield and the physico-chemical and nutritional quality of the tubers of potato cultivars Agata and Markies submitted to different forms of management of traditional N fertilization combined with N application rates at the tuber bulking stage. Four experiments were conducted with the cultivars Agata and Markies during the winter growing season of the 2017 and 2018 years. The 2018 area was not the same as the previous year, and both experiments were located in potato producer areas in Botucatu-SP. The experimental design adopted in all experiments was in randomized blocks with a 4 x 4 factorial scheme, with four replications. The forms of management of traditional N fertilization were: M1 = 160 kg N ha-1 at planting; M2 = 80 kg N ha-1 at planting; M3 = 40 kg N ha-1 at planting plus 120 kg N ha-1 at hilling; M4 = 80 kg N ha-1 at planting plus 80 kg N ha-1 at hilling, combined with rates of 0, 20, 40, and 80 kg N ha-1 applied at tuber bulking stage. The forms of traditional N fertilization management combined with the N rates at tuber bulking stage did not cause N deficiency in potato plants in both cultivars, when leaf sampling was performed at the time indicated for the crop. In the cultivar Markies, applica... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is the third most important crop in terms of human consumption. Hence understanding regulatory mechanisms controlling tuber initiation is significant not only from a theoretical but also practical point of view. Tuberization of S. tuberosum is a complex morphogenic process regulated by both, environmental conditions and inner plant status. Environmental conditions regulating the onset of tuberization have been known for a long time, but the molecular basis of tuber initiation has only recently been discovered, in particular using wild subspecies S. tuberosum subsp. andigena. BELL transcription factors are among the important components of the regulatory signalling network. The aim of this study was to modulate balance between the BELL transcription factors that induce and repress tuberization towards strengthening of tuber induction using two cultivars of Solanum tuberosum subsp. tuberosum, cv. Kamýk, resp. cv. Korela. To achieve this, transgenic lines carrying construct containing a part of coding sequence StBEL11, resp. StBEL29 in antisense orientation (AS) under control of constitutive promoters and lines carrying complete sequences of StBEL5 and StPTB6 genes under control of their native promoters were derived. We used the StBEL11 and StBEL29 AS constructs with the aim to...

Plants are exposed to the stress of the environment throughout their entire live. They therefore had to develop sophisticated mechanisms to avoid or tolerate stress. In some plants, repeated exposure to stress increases tolerance, which is known as stress memory. The aim of this study is to assess stress memory in terms of oxidative stress level. Content of malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the electrolyte leakage were chosen as markers of oxidative stress. Fresh weight, plant height and water content were also evaluated. The level of oxidative stress was assessed in several genotypes of Solanum tuberosum subspecies, Andigena and Tuberosum. In vitro culture did not work well for the evaluation of stress memory, ex vitro partially did. The content of MDA in 66B was significantly lower than in cv. Lada (Tuberosum) in root (in vitro) and shoot (ex vitro) in control groups as well as during water shortage. Treatment of acclimation-inducing cold before the stress-inducing cold had a variable effect on growth and electrolyte leakage according to the culture conditions. In vitro, the effect on electrolyte leakage in roots of cv. Lada was positive, in leaves of 66B (Andigena) it was negative. In ex vitro, a positive effect was found on electrolyte leakage in 66B leaves, but at the...

The main purpose of the master thesis project is to investigate the influence of selected serine protease inhibitors (SPI) on the catalytic action of the serine proteases chymotrypsin and trypsin, in a conjugated and non-conjugated state. The inhibitors included for this study were extracted from Solanum tuberosum, i.e.common potato. The purification method included in this study consist of crude extraction by mixer, followed by a salt-out procedure with ammonium sulphate. Further purification steps were cation exchange chromatography and, finally, gel filtration to obtain SPI of high purity. The purified sample was then characterized by SDS-page and kinetic activity measurement of trypsin and chymotrypsin action on synthetic substrate derivate, N-Benzoyl-DL-arginine-4-nitroanilide hydrochloride (BAPA) and N-Succinyl-L-phenylalanine-p-nitroaniline (SFpNA) respectively. The characterization showed inhibitory inactivation of both pancreatic proteases. This would indicate successful extraction of SPI. To investigate inhibitory action in a conjugated state, either enzyme or inhibitor was immobilized onto aluminium oxide membranes. Then two different experimental setups were tested, called experiment 1 and 2. In experiment 1, the inhibitor was immobilized and the interaction was monitored from a retention shift of enzyme flow-through compared to a blank column, using detection at 280 nm of the enzyme. In experiment 2 the enzyme was instead immobilized and a mixture of inhibitor and substrate was circulated with monitoring of the catalytic activity. The main goal was thus to measure the effects on the kinetics in the conjugated state compared to enzyme and inhibitor in the free state. The result from both experiment 1 and 2 did not yield consistent and reliable result so the discussed method should be regarded as preliminary results. The study also includes investigation of inhibitor-enzyme interaction as revealed by molecular mass data to determine complex formation. This part was conducted with static light scattering analysis to determine the stoichiometry for the interaction between pancreas proteases and the inhibitor. Results from light scattering showed promising indication of many-to-one interaction between enzyme and inhibitor, which have been seen by previous studies. It should be considered a preliminary result as complex formation does not exclude aggregation of enzymes or inhibitor in the solution.