Freshwater scarcity and clean energy shortage are two grand challenges to global sustainable development. The inextricably interconnected water-energy nexus is being increasingly felt globally owing to the massive water used for electricity generation and huge amount of energy consumed in water desalination. This dissertation investigated the utilization of the waste heat of the solar cell to produce fresh water. This is achieved by constructing a multistage membrane distillation device (MSMD) at the backside of the solar cell to efficiently utilize its heat and it is capable of recycling the latent heat of the vapor condensation in each distillation stage. The first generation photovoltaic-membrane distillation (PV-MD) device exhibits a clean water production rate of 1.64 kg/m2 h with the solar cell temperature of 58 oC in a 3-stage device under one-sun radiation. However, some concentrated seawater can be produced from the PV-MD owing to its cross-flow design. To this end, an evaporative crystallizer is designed beneath the PV-MD, which can reuse the low-grade latent heat of vapor condensation in the last stage of the MSMD to evaporate the produced concentrated seawater, realizing zero liquid discharge. In addition, a theoretical model was also established to enhance the clean water production rate and reduce the solar cell temperature, which guides us to select a hydrophobic membrane with a thickness of 0.1 mm and porosity of 0.86 to fabricate the second generation photovoltaic-membrane distillation-evaporative crystallizer (PV-MD-EC) device. We experimentally demonstrate that a 5-stage PV-MD-EC device can desalinate seawater at a rate of ~2.45 kg m-2 h-1 with a lower solar cell temperature of ~48oC. The electricity generation efficiency of the solar cell is also enhanced by ~8% owing to its reduced temperature. A trade-off exists between the clean water production performance and material cost of the MSMD because a higher energy efficiency is at the expense of more stages applied. A low-cost and highly flexible 8-stage paper-based MSMD (P-MSMD) is further designed and fabricated and it showed a clean water production rate of 3.61 kg/m2 h for seawater desalination. This work sheds light on the design and fabrication of a composite system capable of achieving the simultaneous production of electricity and clean water with solar energy as an only energy source. Owing to their low barrier of entry, the devices reported in this dissertation are well suited to provide off-grid electricity and freshwater in a decentralized manner for point of consumption locations especially off-grid communities and communities with small- to medium-sized population even with challenging economic conditions.

Submitted by Jean Medeiros (jeanletras@uepb.edu.br) on 2017-11-28T12:05:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Eyre Katrinne Ferreira de Carvalho.pdf: 22782941 bytes, checksum: 3886a23253f969a2a12fe28e1dd5811b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-28T12:05:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Eyre Katrinne Ferreira de Carvalho.pdf: 22782941 bytes, checksum: 3886a23253f969a2a12fe28e1dd5811b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This research aimed to evaluate the removal of microcystin-LR and saxitoxin of eutrophic water produced in the laboratory for solar pyramid type still, in order to obtain a drinking water that meets all the potability standards specified in the ordinance 2914 / 11 of the Health Ministry. The methodology for analysis of physical and chemical parameters obeyed preconization the APHA 2012. The analyzes for evaluating the removal cianotoxins were performed by liquid chromatography coupled mass spectrometry (LC/MS) by method has been validated. Experiments were performed with two identical solar stills , the material used for the tray of distillers was stainless steel, simple glass cover and pyramidal geometry, subject to the same climatic conditions and fed two types of study of water (AE), prepared with lysate cultivation of Microcystis aeruginosa and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, cyanobacteria were cultivated in the laboratory under controlled conditions and constant monitoring. The solar distillation system had maximum yield of 2,4 L / m².day , less than some similar distillers in the literature, the system can be optimized and this income can be increased from a better insulation system. The results showed for removing turbidity higher than 95% true color was reduced from 20 to 5 uH uH on average, after the distillation process, as expected, there was a decrease in pH and hardness in relation to study water, ammonia showed a slight increase in concentration, but still remained within the maximum amount allowed by law. The results showed initial concentrations in the study of water 11,4 μg.L^-1 and 2 μg.L^-1 for microcystin - LR and saxitoxin respectively, in distilled water was not detected by the method used cyanotoxins . To prove that there has been removing samples were then injected into the mass spectrometer and the results it could be concluded that the cyanotoxins were concentrated in the remaining water from the tray allowing the final result clean water, free of cyanotoxins . / Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo principal avaliar a remoção de microcistina-LR e saxitoxina de água eutrofizada produzida em laboratório, por destilador solar do tipo pirâmide, com vistas a se obter uma água potável que atenda a todos os padrões de potabilidade previstos na portaria 2914/11 do Ministério da Saúde. A metodologia para análises dos parâmetros físico-químicos obedeceu à preconização do APHA 2012. As análises para avaliação da remoção de cianotoxinas foram realizadas por cromatografia líquida acoplada a espectrometria de massas (LC/MS) por método já validado. Foram realizados experimentos com dois destiladores solares idênticos, o material utilizado para a bandeja dos destiladores foi inox, a cobertura de vidro simples e geometria piramidal, foram submetidos às mesmas condições climáticas e alimentados com dois tipos de água de estudo (AE), preparadas com cultivo lisado de Microcystis aeruginosa e Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, as cianobactérias foram cultivados em laboratório sob condições controladas e monitoramento constante. O sistema de destilação solar apresentou rendimento máximo de 2,4 L/m².dia, valor inferior a alguns destiladores similares encontrados na literatura, o sistema pode ser otimizado e esse rendimento pode ser aumentado a partir de um melhor isolamento do sistema. Os resultados mostraram para turbidez remoção acima de 95%, cor verdadeira foi reduzida de 20 uH para 5 uH em média, após o processo de destilação, como era esperado, houve diminuição do pH e da dureza em relação a água de estudo, a amônia apresentou um ligeiro aumento na concentração, mas ainda assim permaneceu dentro do valor máximo permitido pela legislação. Os resultados mostraram concentrações médias iniciais na água de estudo de 11,4 μg.L^-1 e 2 μg.L^-1 para microcistina LR e saxitoxina, respectivamente, na água destilada não foi detectado cianotoxinas pelo método utilizado. Para provar que houve remoção as amostras foram então injetadas em espectrômetro de massas e com os resultados pôde-se concluir que as cianotoxinas ficaram concentradas na água remanescente da bandeja possibilitando como resultado final água tratada, livre de cianotoxinas.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In order to solve scarcity of water in semi-arid regions, many technologies have been studied and tested, presenting positive and negative aspects for each application. In the last years, the Brazilian Government has been trying to supply the water demand of isolated communities of the semi-arid region through the installation of desalination equipments operating through reverse osmosis. However, a good part of the installed devices is out of use, due to maintenance problems. This study tries to point out an alternative of water production which requires simpler operation and maintenance, particularly without the use of filter elements. Solar distillation was used as technologic approach, specially because its characteristics are in agreement with the natural characteristics of insolation of the region. The system was proposed with the objective of supplying a familiar scale water demand and basically consists of a parabolic trough concentrator of solar radiation and a condenser. Through a preliminary economic evaluation, it was achieved a water cost of R$30,00/m3. / Buscando combater a escassez de água em regiões semi-áridas, muitas tecnologias vêm sendo estudadas e testadas, apresentando aspectos positivos e negativos para cada aplicação. Nos últimos anos, o Governo Brasileiro tem buscado atender a demanda de água de comunidades difusas do semi-árido através da instalação de dessalinizadores operando via osmose reversa. No entanto, boa parte dos dispositivos instalados encontra-se fora de uso, devido a problemas de manutenção. O presente estudo procura apontar uma alternativa de produção de água que requer uma operação e manutenção mais simples, particularmente sem o uso de elementos filtrantes. Foi utilizada a destilação solar como abordagem tecnológica, especialmente por esta ir ao encontro das características naturais de insolação da região. O sistema foi proposto visando o abastecimento em escala familiar e consiste basicamente em um concentrador da radiação solar em calha parabólica e um condensador. Através de uma avaliação econômica preliminar, chegou-se a um custo da água de R$ 30,00/m3.

Σκοπός της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι η περιγραφή και η οικονομική αξιολόγηση μιας μονάδας αφαλάτωσης θαλασσινού νερού μικρής δυναμικότητας η οποία θα είναι ενεργειακά αυτόνομη καθώς και η πειραματική μελέτη της μεθόδου της ηλιακής απόσταξης. Η μονάδα αφαλάτωσης που περιγράφουμε είναι μια μονάδα αντίστροφης όσμωσης και η περιγραφή της έγινε με τη χρήση ενός λογισμικού σχεδιασμού και προσομοίωσης μεμβρανών. Σκοπός μας είναι να εξετάσουμε τις ενεργειακές απαιτήσεις αυτής της μονάδας συναρτήσει παραμέτρων όπως η ποιότητα του νερού τροφοδοσίας, το είδος και ο αριθμός των μεμβρανών καθώς και η παραγωγικότητα της. Η ενεργειακή αυτονομία της μονάδας αντίστροφης όσμωσης επιτυγχάνεται με δύο τρόπους. Ο πρώτος είναι ο συνδυασμός της μονάδας με ένα σύστημα φωτοβολταϊκών το οποίο θα είναι τοποθετημένο στη περιοχή των Πατρών. Ο δεύτερος είναι ο συνδυασμός της μονάδας με ένα σύστημα ανεμογεννητριών σε περιοχή όπου υπάρχει κατάλληλο αιολικό δυναμικό. Η πειραματική μελέτη της ηλιακής απόσταξης έγινε αξιολογώντας τη λειτουργία ενός απλού ηλιακού αποστακτήρα μονής βαθμίδας. Ο αποστακτήρας που δημιουργήσαμε και τοποθετήσαμε στη ταράτσα του κτηρίου του τμήματος φυσικής , πανεπιστημίου Πατρών, υπόκειται σε μία σειρά πειραμάτων όπως: • Η επίδραση της έντασης της ηλιακής ακτινοβολίας στην παραγωγικότητα και στην απόδοση και του αποστακτήρα. • Η επίδραση της αρχικής ποσότητας του νερού που βρίσκεται στον αποστακτήρα στην παραγωγικότητα και στην απόδοση του αποστακτήρα. / The aim of this thesis is the description and the economic evaluation of a seawater desalination plant which is energy independent, and the experimental study of the solar distillation’s method. The desalination plant described is a reverse osmosis unit and the description was made by using a membranes’ software design and simulation. Our aim is to examine the energy requirements of this unit function parameters such as the quality of the feed water, the type and number of membranes and productivity. The energy independence of the reverse osmosis unit is achieved in two ways. The first way is a combination between the unit and a photovoltaic system, which will be located in the area of Patras. The second way is a combination between the unit and a turbine system in an area where there is a suitable wind resource. The experimental study of solar distillation took place through the evaluation of a simple solar distiller. This distiller, which was placed on the roof of the Physics Department of the University of Patras, is subject to a series of experiments such as: •The effect solar radiation has on the productivity and efficiency of this particular solar distiller •The effect the initial amount of water, which is found in this solar distiller, has on the productivity and efficiency of its solar distiller

This thesis includes both experimental and modelling studies on the treatment of drinking water. Three aspects were studied: (i) removal of fluoride (F– ) by adsorption, (ii) removal of fluoride and other contaminants by solar distillation, (iii) denitrification by a microbial fuel cell. The availability of potable water on earth is about 0.2% of the total available water. This very small quantity is polluted by anthropogenic and natural contaminants. Fluoride is a classic example of a natural contaminant, wherein the dissolution of F– bearing minerals causes the release of F– into the groundwater. Exposure to concentrations > 1 mg/L over ex-tended periods of time results in dental and skeletal fluorosis. Worldwide, about 220 million people are at risk. Nitrate is an example of anthropogenic contaminant, occurring because of addition of high quantities of fertilizers to the soil for better crop yields. The excess fertilizers penetrate the soil and mix with the groundwater, resulting in nitrate contamination. The major effect of nitrate contamination is met haemoglobin , which is caused because of the oxidation of ferrous ion in haemoglobin to ferric ion by the nitrite to form haemoglobin. The effects can be noticed by the change in colour of skin to bluish grey or brownish grey in infants. To counter the drastic effects of these anions, the World Health Organization (WHO) has prescribed permissible limits of 1.5 mg/L and 45 mg/L for F– and NO3 – , respectively. For obtaining contaminant-free water, many methods have been used. Reverse osmosis (RO) is one of the widely-used methods. Even though this process removes most of the contaminants, about 50 - 70% of the inlet water is wasted as a reject stream with higher concentrations of the contaminants. This is a very unsustainable way of using water, particularly in drought-prone areas. So, in the thesis a conceptual strategy with three different methods is developed to treat reject water. In the first part of the thesis, the removal of F– using adsorption was studied. Activated alumina (AA) and a hybrid anion exchange resin embedded with hydrous zirconium oxide nanoparticles (HAIX-Zr) (sample sent by Prof. Arup K SenGupta) were used as the adsorbents. The adsorbents were tested with synthetic water samples and reverse osmosis (RO) reject water. HAIX-Zr had a better adsorption capacity compared to AA when water containing only F– was used. The presence of high concentrations of co-ions affects the uptake of F– drastically, with a decrease of up to 34% and 79% for AA and HAIX-Zr, respectively. With AA, for a synthetic water sample with a small concentration of HCO3 – , there was a two-fold increase in the uptake of F– compared to a water sample containing only F– . There was no removal of NO3 – by AA. HAIX-Zr removes NO3 – , but to a lesser extent than F– . With AA, the pH of the inlet solution affected the adsorption capacity, because of the change in the surface charge of AA. Based on the type of water sample used, the cost of treated water varied from Re. 0.1 - 1.0/L ($ 0.0015 - 0.015/L) for AA and 0.2 - 11.5/L ($ 0.003 - 0.17/L) for HAIX-Zr. A community-level plant was set up to treat the RO reject water using AA. Due to challenges at the field level, the pilot plant had to be stopped after 80 bed volumes of water were treated. From our observations and as also reported by many authors, the adsorption of F– is affected by the presence of many ions. When modelling the adsorption of F– , it is usually taken as a single entity getting adsorbed on the adsorbent. As this is not a proper assumption, a model was developed which takes into account all the speciation reactions that take place during adsorption, and all the species like H+, OH– , Na+, Cl– , and NO3 – present in the solution along with F– . Using the model, the equilibrium constants and rate constants for the reactions were obtained. For one initial concentration of F– , a good fit was obtained to the batch adsorption data, except at short times. Due to uncertainty about the amount of impurity present in the adsorbent, at higher initial concentrations of F– , there was a significant discrepancy between predictions and data. Considering column experiments, the breakthrough curve for F– was simulated using the developed model. For the special case of negligible mass transfer resistances, the predicted break-through volume was within 3% of the observed value. In the second part of the thesis, nitrate removal was investigated using microbial fuel cell (MFC). In a MFC, power is generated by the activity of the microorganisms present in the cell. The organisms present in the anode side release electrons (e– ) by the use of substances that can be oxidized, namely, glucose, acetate, etc. On the cathode side, the organisms have the potential to take in e– and reducible substances, and release reduced products like nitrogen, hydrogen, etc. In the present case, nitrates added to the cathode side were reduced to nitrogen gas by the use of a consortium of micro-organisms taken from seawater. A similar consortium was used in the anode chamber Here, the study was focused on improving the efficiency of MFC for removal of NO3 – , by changing the buffering medium used in the cells. Commonly, phosphate buffer is used, but when using a MFC for treatment, the presence of PO43 – causes water contamination and is not suitable for drinking. There-fore, PO43 – was replaced with HCO3 – on the cathode side of the cell. This resulted in a higher removal of NO3 – and power production compared to the PO43 – buffered solution In the third part of the thesis, contaminant removal using solar distillation was investigated. For this as inclined basin still was used. Investigations were based on the evaporation rate of contaminated water, and the odour and concentrations of ions in the distillate. In order to improve the evaporation rates, different radiation absorbing materials like sand, activated charcoal, and carbon nanoparticles encapsulated in polymer sheets (PCNP) were investigated. It was observed that the evaporation rates were higher with activated carbon than the other materials. Using this technique there was about 99% removal of NO3 – , F– , SO42 – and the concentrations of ions in the distillate were well below the acceptable limits. When sand or PCNP was used as an absorbing/wicking medium, the distillate had an objectionable odour. With the use of AC, the odour could be eliminated because of the adsorption of odour-causing compounds.

O apelo por processos mais limpos em aspectos econômicos e ambientais são desafios na busca de metodologias que atinjam a sustentabilidade na produção dos mais diversos gêneros englobando conceitos que vão da minimização de resíduos a substituição de matrizes energéticas. Neste mesmo cenário, a demanda por óleos vegetais tem se intensificado em virtude do crescimento do mercado oleoquímico nos segmentos de biocombustíveis, alimentos, fármacos e cosméticos. Nas diversas nuances da sustentabilidade, a energia solar vem se destacando por representar uma fonte não poluente e praticamente inesgotável da Terra com grande potencial de aproveitamento. Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal estudar o uso da energia solar nos processos de lixiviação e destilação, associados à obtenção de óleos de amendoim, coco e baru. Na extração, o solvente é aquecido e percola as partículas do material contido no interior de um leito fixo. Foram utilizados nos experimentos dois modelos de concentradores solares para o aquecimento do solvente etanol hidratado combustível, sendo um de formato cilíndrico-parabólico e outro de geometria biangular de doze lados. Para os testes, foram variadas as vazões de alimentação do solvente em 15, 25 e 35 mL/min, sendo a de 25 mL/min que apresentou melhor hidrodinâmica em todas as extrações. O protótipo biangular alcançou uma eficiência 15,34% maior que o primeiro na extração do óleo de amendoim, quando comparado o rendimento com o Soxhlet. Para as extrações com o coco e o baru foram empregues duas granulometrias diferentes em cada e o concentrador biangular atingiu eficiência de 70,88% e 89,24%, respectivamente para a menor granulometria avaliada. A destilação solar foi utilizada na recuperação do solvente resultante da miscela. Os testes em batelada revelaram como sendo 0,16 cm a altura ideal para melhor taxa de evaporação. Tal valor permitiu projetar um modelo de alimentação continua para que o destilador operasse sempre próximo a faixa de altura calculada. Nos processos em batelada e continuo, a destilação alcançou respectivamente 84,2% e 75,58% de rendimento na coleta de destilado e, em contrapartida, 26,86 % e 44,22% de eficiência térmica. Foram obtidos dados do INMET para analisar a influência das condições meteorológicas. / The requirement for cleaner processes in economic and environmental aspects are challenges in the search for methodologies that achieve sustainability in the production of the most diverse genres, encompassing concepts ranging from waste minimization to substitution of energy matrices. In this same scenario, the demand for vegetable oils has intensified due to the growth of the oleochemical market in the biofuel, food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic segments. In the various nuances of sustainability, solar energy has stood out because it represents a nonpolluting and virtually inexhaustible source of the Earth with great potential of use. The main objective of this work was to study the use of solar energy in the leaching and distillation processes associated with obtaining peanut, coconut and baru oils. Upon extraction, the solvent is heated and percolates the particles of the material contained within a fixed bed. Two models of solar concentrators for the heating of the hydrous ethanol fuel solvent were used, one of parabolic-cylindrical shape and the other of twelve-sided biangular geometry. For the tests, the solvent feed rates were varied at 15, 25 and 35 mL/min, with 25 mL/min that presented better hydrodynamics at all extractions. The biangular prototype achieved a 15.34% greater efficiency than the first one in the extraction of the peanut oil, when compared the yield with the Soxhlet. For the extraction with the coconut and the baru two different granulometries were used in each one and the biangular concentrator reached efficiency of 70.88% and 89.24%, respectively, for the smaller granulometry evaluated. Solar distillation was used to recover the solvent resulting from miscella. The batch tests revealed to be 0.16 cm the ideal height for better evaporation rate. This value allowed the design of a continuous feed model so that the distiller always operated near the calculated height range. In the batch and continuous processes, distillation reached 84.2% and 75.58%, respectively, in the distillate collection and, in contrast, 26.86% and 44.22% of thermal efficiency. INMET data were obtained to analyze the influence of meteorological conditions. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RafaelEMR_DISSERT.pdf: 3658891 bytes, checksum: 915aceff21c337d579cbf07b03a0e86a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-28 / The oil industry, experiencing a great economic and environmental impact, has increasingly invested in researches aiming a more satisfactory treatment of its largest effluent, i.e., produced water. These are mostly discarded at sea, without reuse and after a basic treatment. Such effluent contains a range of organic compounds with high toxicity and are difficult to remove, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, salts, heavy metals, etc.. The main objective of this work was to study the solar distillation of produced water pre-treated to remove salts and other contaminants trough of a hybrid system with a pre-heater. This developed apparatus was called solar system, which consists of a solar heater and a conventional distillation solar still. The first device consisted of a water tank, a solar flat plate collector and a thermal reservoir. The solar distillator is of simple effect, with 1m2 of flat area and 20? of inclination. This dissertation was divided in five steps: measurements in the solar system, i.e. temperatures and distillate flow rate and weather data; modeling and simulation of the system; study of vapor-liquid equilibrium of the synthetic wastewater by the aqueous solution of p-xylene; physical and chemical analyses of samples of the feed, distillate and residue, as well as climatology pertinent variables of Natal-RN. The solar system was tested separately, with the supply water, aqueous NaCl and synthetic oil produced water. Temperature measurements were taken every minute of the thermal reservoir, water tank and distillator (liquid and vapor phases). Data of solar radiation and rainfall were obtained from INPE (National Institute for Space Research). The solar pre-heater demonstrated to be effective for the liquid systems tested. The reservoir fluid had an average temperature of 58?C, which enabled the feed to be pre-heated in the distillator. The temperature profile in the solar distillator showed a similar behavior to daily solar radiation, with temperatures near 70?C. The distillation had an average yield of 2.4 L /day, i.e., an efficiency of 27.2%. Mathematical modeling aided the identification of the most important variables and parameters in the solar system. The study of the vapor-liquid equilibrium from Total Organic Carbon (TOC) analysis indicated heteroazeotropia and the vapor phase resulted more concentrated in p-xylene. The physical-chemical analysis of pH, conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), chlorides, cations (including heavy metals) and anions, the effluent distillate showed satisfactory results, which presents a potential for reuse. The climatological study indicates the region of Natal-RN as favorable to the operation of solar systems, but the use of auxiliary heating during periods of higher rainfall and cloud cover is also recommended / A ind?stria do petr?leo, sentindo um grande impacto econ?mico e ambiental, tem investido crescentemente em pesquisas visando a um tratamento mais satisfat?rio de seu maior efluente: as ?guas produzidas em campos de produ??o. Estas s?o, em sua maioria, descartadas no mar, sem aproveitamento, ap?s serem tratadas. Esse tipo de efluente cont?m uma gama de compostos org?nicos de alta toxicidade e dif?cil remo??o, como hidrocarbonetos polic?clicos arom?ticos, al?m de sais, metais pesados etc. O objetivo principal desse trabalho foi estudar a destila??o solar da ?gua de produ??o pr?-tratada para remo??o de sais e contaminantes da mesma a partir do uso de um sistema h?brido com pr?-aquecimento. Este aparato desenvolvido foi denominado de sistema solar, que ? composto por um aquecedor solar convencional e um destilador solar; o primeiro constitui-se de uma caixa d'?gua, uma placa coletora solar plana e um reservat?rio t?rmico; o destilador solar ? de simples efeito, com 1m2 de ?rea ?til e 20? de inclina??o na cobertura. A metodologia consistiu em cinco etapas: experimentos no sistema solar, com medi??o de temperaturas e de destilado obtido e obten??o de dados climatol?gicos; modelagem e simula??o do sistema; estudo de equil?brio l?quido-vapor de um efluente modelo de solu??o aquosa de p-xileno; realiza??o de an?lises f?sico-qu?micas de amostras de alimenta??o, destilado e res?duo; e um estudo climatol?gico da cidade de Natal-RN. O sistema solar foi testado, separadamente, com ?gua de abastecimento, solu??o aquosa sint?tica de NaCl e ?gua produzida de petr?leo. Foram realizadas medi??es de temperatura, a cada minuto, no reservat?rio t?rmico, na caixa d??gua e no destilador (fases l?quida e vapor). Dados de radia??o solar e precipita??o pluviom?trica foram obtidos do INPE (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais). O pr?-aquecimento solar mostrou-se eficiente para os l?quidos testados e o fluido no reservat?rio t?rmico apresentou uma temperatura m?dia de 58 ?C, o que viabilizou a alimenta??o aquecida no destilador. O perfil de temperaturas no destilador solar apresentou comportamento similar ? radia??o solar di?ria, com temperaturas m?ximas pr?ximas a 70 ?C. Esse equipamento teve rendimento m?dio de 2,52 L/d e efici?ncia m?dia de 27,2%. A modelagem matem?tica permitiu identificar as vari?veis e par?metros mais influentes no sistema solar. O estudo do equil?brio l?quido-vapor, a partir de an?lise de TOC, indicou condi??o de heteroazeotropia, com o p-xileno se concentrando na fase vapor. As an?lises f?sico-qu?micas de pH, condutividade, STD, cloretos, c?tions (incluindo metais pesados) e ?nions, do efluente destilado apresentaram resultados satisfat?rios, o que evidencia um potencial de reuso. O estudo climatol?gico indica a cidade ou a regi?o de Natal-RN como favor?vel ? opera??o de sistemas solares, mas o uso de aquecimento auxiliar nos per?odos de maior pluviosidade e nebulosidade ? recomendado

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MagnaASBS_TESE.pdf: 3923978 bytes, checksum: 8e72f73f17946076f17005a65118a1ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-23 / This work study of solar distillation feasibility in effluent of petroleum industry: produced water, making possible your reuse for irrigation of oleaginous cultures or fodder crops or in steam generation, as well the transport phenomena involved. The methodology for development of this project was to characterize the effluent to be treated and to accomplish physical and chemical analysis in the distilled, to build distillation equipment, concomitant operation of both equipments and implementation of data processing and economical evaluation. The methodology used for all parameters is outlined in APHA (1998) and sampling of the type compound. The feeding of distillation equipment was performed with treated effluent from UTPF of Guamar?. The temperature was monitored throughout the distillers and during the time of operation. The distillers feed occur, as a rule, for sifon. The distillers were operated by a period of 17 months between July 2007 and February 2009, in which 40 experiments were performed. The radiation and temperature datas were acquired in the INPE s site and the temperature inside of the distillers was registered by DATALOGGER Novus. The rates of condensation (mL / min) were determined by measuring of the flow in a graduate test tube of 10 mL and a chronometer. We used two simple solar effect distillers of passive type with different angles in coverage: 20 ? and 45 ?. The results obtained in this study and the relevant discussions are divided into six topics: sample characterization and quality of distilled; construction of distillers; operation (data, temperature profile), climatic aspects, treatment of data and economical analysis. Results obtained can be inferred that: the energy loss by the adoption of vessel glass was not significant, however, complicates the logistics of maintenance the equipment on a large scale. In the other hand, the surface of the tub with a glass shield on the equipment deterioration, both devices showed similar performance, so there is not justified for use of equipment 450. With regard to the climatological study it was verified that the Natal city presents monthly medium radiation varying in a range between 350 and 600 W/m2, and medium of wind speed of 5 m / s. The medium humidity is around 70% and rainfall is very small. The regime of the system is transient and although it has been treated as a stationary system shows that the model accurately represents the distillers system's 20 degrees. The quality of the distilled with regard to the parameters evaluated in this study is consistent with the Class 3 waters of CONAMA (Resolution 357). Therefore we can conclude that solar distillation has viability for treat oilfield produced water when considered the technical and environmental aspects, although it is not economically viable / Esse trabalho visa estudar a viabilidade da Destila??o Solar no polimento de efluentes oleosos: ?gua produzida, de forma a possibilitar o seu reuso na irriga??o de culturas oleaginosas ou forrageiras ou ainda na gera??o de vapor, bem como estudar os fen?menos de transporte envolvidos. A metodologia para desenvolvimento do projeto consistiu em caracterizar o efluente a ser tratado e realizar an?lises f?sico-qu?micas no destilado, construir os equipamentos de destila??o, opera??o concomitante dos dois destiladores e realiza??o de tratamento dos dados e avalia??o econ?mica. A metodologia utilizada para todos os par?metros ? a preconizada no APHA (1998) e a amostragem do tipo composta. A alimenta??o dos equipamentos de destila??o foi realizada com efluente tratado oriundo da UTPF de Guamar?. A temperatura foi monitorada ao longo dos destiladores e durante o tempo em que os mesmos estiveram em opera??o. A alimenta??o dos destiladores ocorria, via de regra, por sifonamento. Os destiladores foram operados por um per?odo 17 meses, entre julho de 2007 e fevereiro de 2009, nos quais foram realizados 40 experimentos. Os dados de radia??o e temperatura ambiente foram adquiridos atrav?s do site do INPE e as temperaturas dentro dos destiladores atrav?s de registradores do tipo DATALOGGER da Novus. As taxas de condensa??o (mL/min) foram determinadas atrav?s da medi??o do escoamento em proveta graduada de 10 mL e cron?metro. Foram utilizados dois destiladores solares simples efeito do tipo passivo com diferentes ?ngulos de inclina??o na cobertura: 20? e 45 ?. Os resultados obtidos nesse trabalho bem como as discuss?es pertinentes est?o subdivididos em seis t?picos: caracteriza??o da amostra e qualidade do destilado; constru??o dos destiladores; opera??o (dados obtidos, perfil de temperatura); aspectos clim?ticos; tratamento dos dados e an?lise econ?mica. Diante dos resultados obtidos pode se inferir que: a perda energ?tica pela ado??o da cuba de vidro n?o foi significativa, entretanto, dificulta a log?stica de manuten??o dos equipamentos em larga escala; por outro lado, o revestimento da cuba com vidro protegeria a base do equipamento da deteriora??o; os dois equipamentos demonstraram desempenho semelhante, logo n?o se justifica o uso do equipamento de 45 ?. Com respeito ao estudo climatol?gico verificou-se que a Cidade do Natal apresenta radia??es m?dias mensais variando entre 350 e 600 W/m2, aproximadamente e velocidade dos ventos m?dia de 5 m/s. Os teores de umidade m?dios ficam em torno dos 70 % e a pluviosidade ? bem pequena. O regime do sistema ? transiente e embora tenha sido dado tratamento de sistema estacion?rio verifica-se que o modelo representa adequadamente o sistema do destilador de 20?. A qualidade do destilado com respeito aos par?metros avaliados nesse estudo ? compat?vel com a Classe 3 de ?guas do CONAMA (Resolu??o 357). Logo se pode concluir que a destila??o solar tem viabilidade para polimento de ?guas produzidas quando considerados os aspectos t?cnicos e ambientais, embora n?o seja vi?vel economicamente

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MagnaASB.pdf: 1635517 bytes, checksum: df420c88397a6cd630a5381fcef348b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-09-02 / The production of petroleum is frequently accomplished with great volumes of water, that it is carried of the underground with the oil. It is a challenge of the present century the development of technologies that allow the use of waste water for purposes that consume great amounts of water and don't demand as rigid as the one of the drinking water requirements. The solar distillation has been configuring as an alternative of clean technology for desalination of brine and saline. Besides causing the minimum possible damage to the environment, it takes advantage of an abundant and free energy source: the solar energy. That study aims to develop a Solar Distillator for treatment of the produced water of the oil wells, to obtain an efluent to use in agriculture and vapor generation. The methodology for collection, conservation and analysis of the physical-chemical parameters obeyed the norms in APHA (1995). The sampling was of the composed type. Experiments were accomplished in the solar distillation pilot and simulation in thermostatic bathing. The operation was in batch system and for periods of 4, 6 and 12 h. The developed Distillator is of the type simple effect of two waters. It was still tested two inclination angles for covering; 20? and 45?. The Distillator presented minimum of 2,85 L/m2d revenues and maximum of 7,14 L/m2d. The removals of salts were great than 98%. The removal of TOC in the simulation was great than 90%. In agreement with the data of energy and mass balance, it was verified that the developed solar Distillator presented compatible revenues with those found in literature for similar types. It can be inferred that the obtained distilled water assists to the requirements CONAMA in almost all the points and could be used for irrigation of cultures such as cotton and mamona. As the distilled water has characteristics of fresh water it can be used in the generation of vapor / A produ??o de petr?leo ? realizada freq?entemente com grandes volumes de ?gua, que ? carreada do subsolo junto com o ?leo. ? desafio do presente s?culo o desenvolvimento de tecnologias que possibilitem ou uso ou reuso de efluentes para outros fins. A destila??o solar ? uma alternativa de tecnologia limpa para dessaliniza??o de ?guas salobras e salinas. Esse estudo visa desenvolver um Destilador Solar para tratamento da ?gua de produ??o de petr?leo, com vistas a se obter um efluente pass?vel de utiliza??o na agricultura e gera??o de vapor. A metodologia para conserva??o e an?lise dos par?metros f?sico-qu?micos obedeceu preconiza??o do APHA (1995). A amostragem foi do tipo composta. Foram realizados experimentos no destilador solar piloto e simula??o em banho termost?tico. A opera??o foi em sistema de batelada e por per?odos de 4, 6 e 12 h. O destilador desenvolvido ? do tipo simples efeito de duas ?guas. Testou-se ainda dois ?ngulos de inclina??o para cobertura; 20? e 45?. O destilador apresentou rendimentos m?nimo de 2,50 L/m2d e m?ximo de 7,5 L/m2d. As remo??es de sais foram superiores a 98%. A remo??o de TOC na simula??o foi superior a 90%. De acordo com os dados dos balan?os energ?tico e de massa, verificou-se que o destilador solar desenvolvido apresentou rendimentos compat?veis com os encontrados na literatura para seus similares. Enfatiza-se que o isolamento utilizado n?o estava nas condi??es de otimiza??o, logo, esse rendimento pode ser melhorado. Pode-se inferir que a ?gua destilada obtida atende aos requisitos CONAMA em quase todos os pontos, podendo ser utilizada, com ressalvas, na irriga??o de culturas n?o comest?veis como o algod?o e a mamona. Como a ?gua destilada tem caracter?sticas de ?gua doce pode ser utilizada na gera??o de vapor