The pursuit to combat climate change continues, identifying new methods and technologies for sustainable energy management. Automakers continue developing battery electric vehicles while researchers identify new applications and materials for solar photovoltaics. The continued advancement of technology creates new holes within literature, requiring investigation to understand the unknown. Photovoltaic vehicle integration gained popularity during the 1970s but did not commercialize due to technology, economics, and other factors. By 2021 the idea resurfaced, showcasing commercial and concept vehicles utilizing photovoltaics. The emergence of new transparent photovoltaics presents additional options for vehicle integration but lacks literature analyzing the energy output and economics. The theoretical analysis investigated transparent photovoltaic replacing a vehicle’s windows. The investigation found that transparent photovoltaic vehicle integration generates energy and financial savings. However, due to high system costs and location, the system does not provide a financial payback period like other photovoltaic arrays. Improving cost, location, and other financial parameters create more favorable circumstances for the photovoltaic system. Furthermore, transparent photovoltaics provide energy saving benefits and some return on investment compared to regular glass windows.

Energy production is associated with environmental impairment. Most anxious is the greenhouse gas emissions, which also arise from transportation. If battery electric vehicles should be able to alleviate the problem, they must be charged with environmentally friendly produced electricity. This paper investigates a possible relationship between battery electric vehicles and solar photovoltaic panels in household survey data from ENABLE.EU performed in ten European countries autumn 2017 – spring 2018. Estimated with a logit binary choice model, it is found that the probability that a household owns a battery electric vehicle increases if the household owns solar photovoltaic panels. Furthermore, this increase in probability is higher within countries with a higher market diffusion of battery electric vehicle and solar photovoltaic panels (France and the UK). This suggests that policy encouraging home charging of battery electric vehicles from solar photovoltaic panels that includes an energy storage facility could speed up the transition of the vehicle fleet.

Energy generation and use is one of the main contributors to climate change, as it is responsible for two thirds of the global greenhouse gas emissions (IEA 2015). In this context, renewable energies (RE) are increasingly gaining momentum as a key driver for the transition towards a low-carbon society (REN21 2016) and a source of technological and social innovation. The deployment of RE and its integration in large-scale power generation systems has been progressively driven by supportive policy frameworks adopted by pioneering countries such as Germany, Spain and France. This has subsequently fostered a process of learning and spreading of policies between leading countries and other governments willing to implement RE support schemes. Within the field of comparative public policy, different but interrelated approaches of the phenomenon of policy spreading have been developed, among which the most rehearsed are policy diffusion, policy transfer, policy convergence and lesson-drawing. The present study addresses a specific case of policy transfer between Germany-Spain and Peru for the implementation in the latter of a policy framework to foster the development of RE technologies (Legislative Decree 1002) in 2008, and the subsequent adoption of a support policy mechanism, Renewable Auctions (RA) in 2009. The assessment of the policy transfer process has been carried out by applying the Dolowitz and Marsh Model (Dolowitz and Marsh 1996, 2000). Furthermore, an exploratory analysis of the impacts of the policy transfer process in the development of the Peruvian Solar PV technology innovation system has been conducted in order to assess the outcomes of the policy transfer process in terms of RE technological deployment in the country, tackling Solar PV as the RE technology in focus. For this purpose, a simplified adaptation of the technology innovation system framework (TIS) developed by Hekkert et al. 2007 and Bergek et al 2008 has been employed. The results of the study show that the transfer of knowledge related to RE policy-making involved both voluntary and coercive causes. The drivers for the occurrence of policy transfer were the pressure exerted by a foreigner actor (US) for the enforcement of the RE policy framework (LD 1002) in Peru and the institutional support provided by a “convinced bureaucrat” (the former Vice Minister of Energy). The choice of adopting RA instead of other instruments such as  Feed-in-tariffs or Feed-in-premiums is related to the know-how of the country in terms of infrastructure investments and its traditional “modus-operandi”, the availability of natural and financial resources within the country, the perception of technical and financial risks, the negative lessons drawn from the experiences of Spain and Germany regarding the implementation of FITs, and the current state of development of the global RE sector. The policy transfer process has contributed to the development of some components of the Peruvian Solar PV innovation system. From a structural point of view, it has triggered a diversification of the actors involved, mainly driven by the incorporation of large foreign companies specialized in RE, as well as conventional energy companies that have diversified their core activities towards RE. From a dynamic perspective, the implementation of RA has promoted the increase in Solar PV installed capacity and its contribution to the electricity mix, promoting chiefly the function of market formation.

Due to the rapid growth of grid-tied solar photovoltaic (PV) systems in the generation mix, the distribution grid will face complex operational challenges. High PV penetration can create overvoltages and voltage fluctuations in the network, which are major concerns for the grid operator. Traditional voltage control devices like switched capacitor banks or line voltage regulators can alleviate slow-moving fluctuations, but these devices need to operate more frequently than usual when PV generation fluctuates due to fast cloud movements. Such frequent operations will impact the life expectancy of these voltage control devices. Advanced PV inverter functionalities enable solar PV systems to provide reliable grid support through controlled real injection and/or reactive power compensation. This dissertation proposes a voltage regulation technique to mitigate probable impacts of high PV penetrations on the distribution voltage profile using smart inverter functionalities. A droop-based reactive power compensation method with active power curtailment is proposed, which uses the local voltage regulation at the inverter end. This technique is further augmented with very short-term PV generation forecasts. A hybrid forecasting algorithm is proposed here which is based on measurement-dependent dynamic modeling of PV systems using the Kalman Filter theory. Physical modeling of the PV system is utilized by this forecasting algorithm. Because of the rise in distributed PV systems, modeling of geographic dispersion is also addressed under PV system modeling. The proposed voltage regulation method is coordinated with existing voltage regulator operations to reduce required number of tap-change operations. Control settings of the voltage regulators are adjusted to achieve minimal number of tap-change operations within a predefined time window. Finally, integration of energy storage is studied to highlight the value of the proposed voltage regulation technique vis-à-vis increased solar energy use. / Ph. D.

A participação da fonte solar fotovoltaica na matriz elétrica cresce de forma exponencial ao redor de todo o globo, tanto na modalidade centralizada quanto de forma distribuída. Essa inserção massiva tem relação direta com inúmeras políticas de incentivo aplicadas às fontes renováveis, motivadas pelas discussões sobre mudança do clima e pelos acordos para redução da emissão de gases de efeito estufa.Tais políticas são suportadas por subsídios governamentais, que dependem dos impostos e tributos pagos pela população, ou por encargos nas tarifas de energia elétrica, com impacto direto para o consumidor e para a competitividade econômica do país. Apesar de ainda incipiente no Brasil, a fonte solar fotovoltaica tem apresentado queda expressiva nos preços praticados em leilões, além de ter ultrapassado seus primeiros 700 MW instalados de forma distribuída no início de 2019, principalmente em residências e comércios. Este trabalho busca avaliar qual o impacto, para a receita das distribuidoras e para a tarifa dos consumidores, da inserção da fonte solar fotovoltaica na geração distribuída, impulsionada pelo sistema de compensação net metering. As projeções feitas neste estudo apontam para uma capacidade instalada próxima de 15 GW, no ano de 2030, em pouco mais de 2,2 milhões de residências, comércios e indústrias. Esse nível de inserção poderá causar perda de receita acumulada para as distribuidoras em torno de R$ 5 bilhões, até 2030. Para os consumidores, o efeito acumulado dos reajustes tarifários pode superar 10%, dependendo da área de concessão avaliada. Isso demonstra que o sistema de compensação net metering deve ser continuamente revisto, a fim de dar os estímulos corretos para a inserção da geração distribuída, sem, contudo, penalizar as empresas do setor e os demais consumidores. / The participation of the solar photovoltaic source in the electric matrix grows exponentially around the globe, both centrally and in distributed form. This massive insertion is directly related to numerous incentive policies applied to renewable sources, motivated by the discussions on climate change and agreements to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Such policies are supported by government subsidies, which depend on the taxes paid by the population, or by charges on electricity tariffs, with a direct impact on the consumer and on the economic competitiveness of the country. Although still incipient in Brazil, the solar photovoltaic source has shown a significant drop in prices at auctions, in addition to having exceeded its first 700 MW installed in a distributed form at the beginning of 2019, mainly in residences and trade. This work aims to evaluate the impact of the utilities revenue and the consumers\' tariff due to the insertion of solar photovoltaic power in distributed generation, driven by the net metering compensation system. The projections made in this study point to an installed capacity of about 15 GW in 2030 in just over 2.2 million houses, businesses and industries. This level of insertion could cause accumulated revenue losses to utilities around R$ 5 billion by 2030. For consumers, the accumulated effect of tariff adjustments may exceed 10%, depending on the concession area evaluated. This demonstrates that the net metering compensation system must be continually revised in order to give the correct incentives for the insertion of distributed generation, without, however, penalizing the companies of the sector and other consumers.

Este trabalho buscou entender a situação da atividade de fabricação de módulos fotovoltaicos no Brasil com o objetivo de avaliar a possibilidade de estimular a indústria nacional e o uso dessa fonte alternativa mais acentuadamente. Para tanto, foi necessário analisar os benefícios energéticos e econômicos da cadeia de produção, além de entender o estado da arte atual de todo o processo. É um ramo industrial que está sendo implantado no Brasil e este estudo teve como objetivo obter informações relevantes dos problemas e facilidades que os empreendedores enfrentam, e quais são os custos e benefícios à sociedade em geral, inclusive para obtenção dos sistemas fotovoltaicos pelo consumidor final. O trabalho contém uma avaliação do estado da produção e utilização dos sistemas de energia solar fotovoltaica no mundo e o que ocorre no Brasil. Buscou-se conhecer as possíveis, e/ou mais relevantes, ações regulatórias e iniciativas da área privada para viabilizar este ramo industrial. São considerados os impactos da atividade em pauta, procurando mostrar as relações de custo-benefício em projetos de geração centralizada (Leilões de Energia de Reserva) e de geração distribuída. / This study aims to understand the status of the manufacturing activity of photovoltaic modules in Brazil to evaluate the possibility of stimulating the local production and its widespread use. It was necessary to evaluate the energetic and economic benefits of the production chain. In addition, the study focused the understanding of the current state of the art of the whole process. Photovoltaic solar energy is an industrial branch recently receiving impulse in Brazil. This study aims to obtain relevant information about the difficulties faced by the entrepreneurs and the benefits and costs to the society. The study assess the state of the production and use of solar PV systems in the world and what happens in Brazil. At this study, we sought to understand what are the possible, and/or more relevant, regulatory actions and private area initiatives to enable this industrial branch and its diffusion to the final consumers. The impacts of the related activity are considered, trying to show the cost-benefit relationship in centralized generation projects (Reserve Energy Auctions) and distributed generation.

A partir do processo de implantação dos sistemas fotovoltaicos SIGFI 13 na comunidade do Varadouro, isolada na floresta tropical do litoral sul do Estado de São Paulo, este trabalho identificou e caracterizou os principais entraves para difusão e adoção dos mesmos, com vistas ao desenvolvimento local e à melhoria da qualidade de vida. A fundamentação se baseia em referências teóricas sobre temas como comunidades tradicionais, exclusão social, atendimento de serviços públicos, dificuldade de implementação de projetos em comunidades isoladas e no relato da prática de experiências semelhantes em outros países. O método utilizado para pesquisa na comunidade foi o estudo de caso, que constou de revisões bibliográficas sobre trabalhos na região, visitas a campo e entrevistas com atores que trabalham na área. Os dados coletados foram analisados em uma abordagem voltada a compreender: a existência de barreiras no processo de implementação dos sistemas; os aspectos a considerar na superação dessas barreiras; e fatores positivos resultantes da implementação de tecnologia nessa comunidade tradicional. Os novos sistemas mostraram-se importantes e capazes de gerar sentimento de inclusão. Alguns usuários reclamam de não poder usar geladeira, sem, contudo, perder interesse pelo sistema disponível. A principal barreira diz respeito à falta de capacidade de organização dos moradores em prol de um objetivo comum e coletivo. Para a comunidade se desenvolver, não basta o acesso à energia. É preciso que sejam supridas suas necessidades básicas, tais como, saneamento básico, educação, saúde, transporte e acesso à comunicação, que são responsabilidade de Estado. Esta pesquisa conclui que o processo social de eletrificação rural através de tecnologia fotovoltaica é uma iniciativa que trás inovações que precisam ser adotadas e socializadas, e sua difusão deve levar em consideração a vivência coletiva dos moradores de cada comunidade. / Starting from the implementation process of the SIGFI 13 photovoltaic systems in the community of Varadouro, isolated in the rain forest in the Southern coast of São Paulo State, the objective of this work was to identify and characterize the main barriers to extending and adopting these systems, aiming at local development and life quality improvement. Foundation is grounded on theoretical references about themes such as traditional communities, social exclusion, public service assistance, project implementation difficulties in isolated communities, and on reports about similar practices in other countries. The method used was that of study of case, which consisted of bibliographic reviews on works in the region, field visits, and interviews with the people involved who work in the area. The data collected were analyzed according to an approach aiming at understanding: the existence of obstacles in the process of system implementation; the aspects to be considered when overcoming these barriers; and the positive factors arisen from the technology implementation in this traditional community. The new systems showed to be important and capable of generating a feeling of inclusion. Some users complain about not being able to use a refrigerator, without losing interest in the available system, though. The main hurdle concerns the locals lack of organization skills in favor of a collective and joint objective. The community development requires more than the access to energy itself. Their basic needs, such as sanitation, education, health, transport and access to communication which are the States responsibility -, must be provided. This research has come to the conclusion that the social process of rural electrification by photovoltaic technology is an initiative that brings up innovations which must be adopted and socialized, and its extension should take into account the collective locals life experience of each community.

A partir do processo de implantação dos sistemas fotovoltaicos SIGFI 13 na comunidade do Varadouro, isolada na floresta tropical do litoral sul do Estado de São Paulo, este trabalho identificou e caracterizou os principais entraves para difusão e adoção dos mesmos, com vistas ao desenvolvimento local e à melhoria da qualidade de vida. A fundamentação se baseia em referências teóricas sobre temas como comunidades tradicionais, exclusão social, atendimento de serviços públicos, dificuldade de implementação de projetos em comunidades isoladas e no relato da prática de experiências semelhantes em outros países. O método utilizado para pesquisa na comunidade foi o estudo de caso, que constou de revisões bibliográficas sobre trabalhos na região, visitas a campo e entrevistas com atores que trabalham na área. Os dados coletados foram analisados em uma abordagem voltada a compreender: a existência de barreiras no processo de implementação dos sistemas; os aspectos a considerar na superação dessas barreiras; e fatores positivos resultantes da implementação de tecnologia nessa comunidade tradicional. Os novos sistemas mostraram-se importantes e capazes de gerar sentimento de inclusão. Alguns usuários reclamam de não poder usar geladeira, sem, contudo, perder interesse pelo sistema disponível. A principal barreira diz respeito à falta de capacidade de organização dos moradores em prol de um objetivo comum e coletivo. Para a comunidade se desenvolver, não basta o acesso à energia. É preciso que sejam supridas suas necessidades básicas, tais como, saneamento básico, educação, saúde, transporte e acesso à comunicação, que são responsabilidade de Estado. Esta pesquisa conclui que o processo social de eletrificação rural através de tecnologia fotovoltaica é uma iniciativa que trás inovações que precisam ser adotadas e socializadas, e sua difusão deve levar em consideração a vivência coletiva dos moradores de cada comunidade. / Starting from the implementation process of the SIGFI 13 photovoltaic systems in the community of Varadouro, isolated in the rain forest in the Southern coast of São Paulo State, the objective of this work was to identify and characterize the main barriers to extending and adopting these systems, aiming at local development and life quality improvement. Foundation is grounded on theoretical references about themes such as traditional communities, social exclusion, public service assistance, project implementation difficulties in isolated communities, and on reports about similar practices in other countries. The method used was that of study of case, which consisted of bibliographic reviews on works in the region, field visits, and interviews with the people involved who work in the area. The data collected were analyzed according to an approach aiming at understanding: the existence of obstacles in the process of system implementation; the aspects to be considered when overcoming these barriers; and the positive factors arisen from the technology implementation in this traditional community. The new systems showed to be important and capable of generating a feeling of inclusion. Some users complain about not being able to use a refrigerator, without losing interest in the available system, though. The main hurdle concerns the locals lack of organization skills in favor of a collective and joint objective. The community development requires more than the access to energy itself. Their basic needs, such as sanitation, education, health, transport and access to communication which are the States responsibility -, must be provided. This research has come to the conclusion that the social process of rural electrification by photovoltaic technology is an initiative that brings up innovations which must be adopted and socialized, and its extension should take into account the collective locals life experience of each community.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-09-21T13:59:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Juci José de Paula_.pdf: 8768993 bytes, checksum: 367b45dfb9f603b93805a677e010f61d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-21T13:59:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juci José de Paula_.pdf: 8768993 bytes, checksum: 367b45dfb9f603b93805a677e010f61d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-15 / Nenhuma / Em países como Alemanha, Japão, Estados Unidos e China a geração fotovoltaica ocupa lugar de destaque entre suas principais fontes geradoras de energia elétrica. No Brasil a geração fotovoltaica está sendo timidamente introduzida, contudo, ainda, não se destaca como fonte de energia elétrica em sua matriz elétrica. Há evidências de que a inércia, em seu desenvolvimento, está relacionada a barreiras econômicas, regulatórias, institucionais e de mercado. No intuito de encontrar os fatores que impedem sua difusão no estado do Tocantins, este trabalho busca através de um estudo de caso com a aplicação do método do pensamento sistêmico, gerar conhecimento sobre as principais barreiras ao uso desta fonte, objetivando atender à crescente demanda por energia elétrica e possibilitando uma popularização das fontes renováveis. Na primeira fase gerou-se um entendimento melhor sobre o tema pesquisado. Após, realizou-se entrevistas com especialistas que proporcionaram o entendimento da atual situação da difusão de sistemas fotovoltaicos no estado, confirmando a existências de barreiras e criando base para elaboração de miniestruturas sistêmicas que, posteriormente, foram consolidadas em uma única estrutura apresentando os dados encontrados. Os resultados obtidos apresentaram os problemas enfrentados pela geração distribuída fotovoltaica no estado, confirmando a existência de barreiras econômicas, institucionais, de mercado e outras, que atrapalham a difusão desta fonte. Ao final, foram propostas ações que eliminam ou minimizam estas barreiras. / In countries like Germany, Japan, the United States and China, the photovoltaic power generation occupies a prominent place among their main electric energy generating source. In Brazil, the photovoltaic power generation is being timidly introduced. However, it does not stand out as an electric power source in its energetic matrix. There are evidences that its development inertia is related to economic, regulatory, institutional and market barriers. In an attempt to find the factors that prevent its dissemination in the State of Tocantins, this research seeks to engender knowledge about the main hindrances to the use of that source, through a case study, with the application of the systemic thinking method. It aims to meet the increasing demand of electric power and making it possible a popularization of the renewable sources. In the first phase, a better understanding of the studied topic was carried out. Thereupon, some interviews with specialists were performed. They provided the comprehension of the current situation of the photovoltaic systems diffusion in the state, thus confirming the existence of obstacles and creating a basis for the preparation of systemic mini structures that, subsequently, were consolidated into a single structure, presenting the data encountered. The obtained results demonstrated the problems confronted by the distributed photovoltaic generation in the state, reaffirming the existence of economic, institutional and market barriers among others, what obstruct the spreading of that source. Actions to eliminate or minimize those obstacles were proposed.

What is the trend of the global solar PV industry? What is the importance of Solar Energy in Renewable Energy? Why shall we invest solar PV industry? What is the impact of Renewable Energy Bill, etc. (Law) and the purchase plan (policy) on the solar PV industry? For this research, we mainly analyze the importance of the investment in solar photovoltaic industry. We realize that energy issues have been significant via the analysis by the report of the World Organization, so we shall solve the energy crisis by energy conservation and the development and use of renewable energy. Moreover, we shall realize how to solve the obstacles of the raw materials in solar energy research and which way to get technical and capital in solar photovoltaic industry practice of states, from that we will understand solar energy and the investment relationship of photovoltaic industry. The research results can help readers understand the importance of solar energy, the investment consideration of solar photovoltaic industry and the characteristics of the global solar market, hoping that the policy tools in our country can be leading and continuing success in the future.