Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / The objective of this thesis is to estimate and explain the effects of graduate education and other factors on promotion to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel (O-5) in the US Army. Our focus was primarily on determining whether graduate education provides officers with higher promotion probabilities. Besides graduate education, data that were analyzed include basic demographic traits, the officers' prior enlisted status, and their commissioning source information. The data used in this study were taken from the Active Duty Military Master File for fiscal years 1981 through 2001. This study develops multivariate logit regression and classification tree models to examine and explore the structure of the data sets. Both the regression models and the classification trees yielded positive results for the effect of graduate education on promotion. According to the regression model results, the odds ratio associated with graduate education is between 1.79 and 2.25. Military Academy and ROTC/Scholarship graduates have higher promotion probabilities than those from other sources, and married officers have higher rates than single officers. Additionally, age has a negative effect on promotion; that is, promotion probability decreases with age. Prior enlisted status, number of dependents, gender, race, and DOD primary occupation code do not seem to have statistically significant effects on promotion. / First Lieutenant, Turkish Army

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of History, University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in History September 1992 / The central feature of service in the Second world War for black soldiers, was the continuation of racial discrimination along the lines of that 'experienced by them in civilian life in South Africa. This discrimination affected almost every aspect of military service; from recruitment and training,to their' deployment as unarmed soldiers in non-combatant duties in various units. This dissertatiQn uses both oral and archival sources to comment upon,and analyze the responses of black members of the Union Defence Force to their service in the war.These responses are at times complementary, and at Other times Contradictory but one general conclusion to be drawn from them, is that black soldiers felt their contribution to the south African war effort had gone large1y unrecognised, either in remunerative or socio-political terms. Black servicemen were not only discriminated against by both the state and individual whites in the Union Defence Force, they were also used inefficiencly in a military context. The views of certain white soldiers have been used to illustrate this, both from a contemporary perspective and a historical one. The hasty formation of the Corps in which blacks served; the Non-European Army Services, its administrative weaknesses, and occasional disunity in its leadership, also hampered the effective use of black servicemen in the war.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Arts, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts / This study is an analysis of the social integration of demobilised soldiers in Mozambique, in the context of post-war social reconstruction. De-constructing the concept of "reintegration" that informed the top-down programmes designed for the social integration of ex-combatants, that dichotomize society into the military sphere and the civilian one, so that the process into which ex-combatants are involved after leaving the Army is one of "returning home", as society remaining the same or in a moving equilibrium, one saw society- marked by social differentiations, even amongst the demobilised ex-combatants. The ideal of "sameness" between "civilians" and ex-combatants involved in the concept of reintegration seems more an utopia. This research used previous studies of my colleagues. In criticizing them, I do not wish to create the impression that these works are of little value. Their analysis stand from very different disciplinary approaches, and with others aims. The major weakness I often saw was the indefinition of the terms they use and the mix of concepts like social integration and reintegration as having the same meaning. Other documentary research was carried out, and as the study included the understanding of meanings, values, individual actions and social interactions, in order to capture the meaningfulness of such life other qualitative methods were employed as the informal interviews, the use of key informants, participation in and observation of events in the setting. Looking society in a dynamic change, social integration is regarded as the process of negotiation of a common social order between actors in interaction (demobilised soldiers, other social groupings, and institutions like the state). It is better approached using the concept of integration. As an interactive process it is marked by a tension between the affirmation of the individuality of actors and the will to the sense of community. In its course different actors mobilise and use different identities according to the situations. avoiding or erasing specificities of previous socializations and identities and highlighting others. This study is an analysis of the social integration of demobilised soldiers in Mozambique, in the context of post-war social reconstruction. De-constructing the concept of "reintegration" that informed the top-down programmes designed for the social integration of ex-combatants, that dichotomize society into the military sphere and the civil one, so that the process into which ex-combatants is one of "returning home", as society remaining the same or in a moving equilibrium, one saw society full of differentiations, even within the groups social defined as "demobilised soldiers". The ideal of "sameness" involved in the concept of reintegration seems more an utopia. Society is full of social differentiation, and the group of demobiIised soldiers also inmarked by differences of gender, age, marital status, previous military affiliation and rank, control of resources and social status in the living/working place, marital status. This study used previous studies of my colleagues. In criticizing them, I do not wish to create the impression that these works are of little value. Their analysis stand from very different disciplinary approaches, and with others aims. The major weakness I often saw was the indefinition of the terms they use and the mix of concepts like social integration and reintegration as having the same meaning. Other documentary research was carried out, and as the study included the understanding of meanings, values, individual actions and social interactions, to capture the meaningfulness of such life other qualitative methods were employed: informal interviews, the use of key informants, participation in and observation of events in the setting. Looking society in a dynamic change, the process of negotiation of a social order between actors in interaction (demobilised soldiers, other social groupings, and institutions like the state) is better approached using the concept of social integration. As an interactive process, in its course different actors mobilise and use different identities, the most convenient for each occasion, in a way that sometimes involves the attempt to erase specificities of previous socializations and identities. / Andrew Chakane 2019

O Acre testemunhou dois momentos históricos fundamentais para a sua colonização, ambos relacionados à extração da borracha, sendo o segundo patrocinado pelos Estados Unidos da América que, na Segunda Guerra Mundial, através dos Acordos de Washington, encontrou, no Brasil, a fonte do látex, matéria prima necessária para a produção bélica, uma vez que a Malásia, fornecedora, até então, não mais o fazia por imposição do governo japonês, que tomou seus campos de produção. Esse processo migratório campanhista levou aos seringais amazônicos, no início da década de 40 do século passado, mais de 75 mil jovens, que trocaram a seca do sertão nordestino pela úmida e tropical Floresta Amazônica, enfrentando dificuldades de adaptação dramáticas, atestadas pela morte de cerca de 25 mil Soldados da Borracha, ao final da guerra. O objetivo foi o de resgatar as memórias e histórias sobre o cuidado da saúde desses brasileiros que foram submetidos a vulnerabilidades e traumas culturais, sociais, familiares e de saúde, em prol de acordo que rendeu ao governo brasileiro pouco mais que o Banco da Amazônia e a Usina de Aço de Volta Redonda (RJ). O estudo foi quali-quantitativo, através de entrevistas, gravadas e transcritas, de trabalhadores procedentes do Nordeste que atuaram nos seringais da Amazônia, e que migraram para a capital do Acre, Rio Branco, entre as décadas de 40 e 60. Para análise das entrevistas foi utilizada a técnica do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo,por meio do programa QualiQuantiSoft®. Os relatos mostraram situações de desamparo e descreveram a luta pela sobrevivência diante das adversidades desses homens e mulheres que, se hoje estão disponíveis para relatar esses fatos, provavelmente ainda o fazem por terem se transformado, em algum momento logo após a chegada, em amazônidas / The state of Acre has testified two fundamental historical moments in its colonization, both related to rubber extraction, the second being sponsored by the United States of America that, in World War II, through The Washington Agreement, found, in Brazil, a latex source, raw material needed in the war industries, as Malaysia, the supplier until then, no longer could offer it because Japans government took the production fields. This migratory process campaign led to the amazon seringais (rubber camps), in the early 40s of the last century, more than 75 thousand young men, who had chose the wet and humid tropical Amazon rainforest instead of their home, the dry and poor brazilian Northeastern region, facing dramatics adaptation difficulties, proved by the death of approximately 25 thousand Rubber Soldiers by the end of the war. The objective was to restore the memories and histories about the health care of those Brazilians who were submitted to all cultural, social and family vulnerabilities as much as health trauma experiences, this all to participate in the Brazilian-North American agreement which promoted to the Brazilian government a little more than the Bank of Amazonia and the Volta Redonda Steel Mill (RJ). This was both a qualitative and quantitative study, made through interviews, recorded and transcribed, with the Rubber Soldiers (RBs) who had worked in the Amazon seringais and later, between the 40s and 60s, went to live in the capital of Acre, Rio Branco. The interviews analysis was done by the Collective Subject Discourse Analysis through the QualiQuantiSoft® software. Reports collected from the RBs showed helplessness scenario and described the struggle for survival facing adversities of living in the middle of the jungle. The RBs probably are still here to tell it because they have transformed themselves, at some point soon after their arrival, in amazon natives

The aim of the diploma thesis is to evaluate how the members of the Czech Armed Forces perceive military chaplains and especially their right to being armed. The theoretical part summarizes the legal aspect of religious services in the Czech Armed Forces as well as the history of significant representatives of the militaryreligious services. It also looksat the specifics of ministration as relevant to application within the army services. The subsequent part of the thesis summarizes the results of empirical research based on questionnaire analysis revealing the approach of military chaplains to their gun possession. The gathered data has been categorized and statistically evaluated. The data indicate the approach of the members ofthe Czech Armed Forces towards the religious services in the army and emphasize their importance especiallyduring deployment.

Quels sont les effets de la Grande Guerre sur le champ médical et comment les agents et les institutions qui le peuplent ont-ils traversé ce « moment critique » ? La thèse présentée ici explore cette rencontre entre un temps d’exception (la séquence 14-18) et un espace social (la médecine) et elle entend montrer comment la mise en guerre du champ médical, en suspendant les logiques ordinaires de son fonctionnement social, a contribué à rendre possible une réforme de la prise en charge des blessés et malades militaires. L’enquête met en lumière le rôle des civils mobilisés, notamment des professionnels de santé – jeunes patrons de la médecine universitaire, agrégés et internes, hospitaliers, chercheurs (fondamentalistes) - qui vivent avec leur mise en guerre une expérience malheureuse de désajustement et de désœuvrement. Placés en position de subalternes dans un corps de santé ou prime une logique bureaucratique, une partie de ces élites médicales mobilise dès l’automne ses réseaux politiques et appelle à une « réforme globale » de l’organisation sanitaire, envisagée comme une « remise en ordre » de la médecine de guerre en ce qu’elle est censée remettre tout le monde à sa place, selon ses compétences, en restaurant les normes et hiérarchies du champ médical. L’accès au pouvoir des réformateurs en juillet 1915, incarné par la création d’un sous-secrétariat au service de santé dirigé par Justin Godart, s’explique alors moins par la « prise de conscience » de la situation objective des blessés et malades ou par les mobilisations des premières associations de blessés que par l’entrée dans le jeu des élites hospitalo-universitaires à partir de janvier 1915. / What were the consequences of World War I on the medical field and how did its social agents and institutions navigate this critical moment? This PhD intends to explore the encounter between an exceptional moment – the years 1914-1918 – and a social space – that of medicine. The thesis also aims to show how the particular way the medical field went into war made a reform of the care system possible for wounded and sick soldiers by suspending the ordinary logic of its social functioning. This inquiry sheds light on the role of mobilized civilians, specifically health professionals – young university hospital professors, hospital physicians, laboratory researchers – whose descent into war was an unhappy experience of idleness and maladjustment. As a part of these medical elites were treated as subalterns in a medical community where the bureaucratic logic came first, from the autumn of 1914 onwards they mobilised their political networks and called for a “global reform” of the sanitary organization. This reform aimed to reorder wartime medicine by putting everyone back where they belonged according to their skills and by restoring the norms and hierarchies of the medical field. As exemplified by the creation of an under-secretary for the health service supervised by Justin Godart, this group of reformers’ access to power in July 1915 was due less to the “awareness” of the objective situation of the wounded and sick soldiers or to the mobilisation of the first war wounded associations, than to this new involvement of university hospital elite from January 1915 onwards.

This thesis crafts a narrative about how Confederate soldiers during the siege of Petersburg experienced an intensified war that caused them to refine soldierly coping mechanisms in order to endure. They faced increasing deprivations, new forms of death, fewer restrictions on killing, dwindling fortunes, and increased racial acrimony by facing African American soldiers. In order to adjust, they relied on soldierly camaraderie, Southern notions of honor, letter writing, and an increasingly firm reliance on Protestant Christianity to cope with their situation. Postwar, these veterans repurposed soldierly coping mechanisms and eventually used institutional support from their states. Camaraderie, honor, literary endeavors, and Christianity remained prevalent postwar, such as through the various emerging veterans’ organizations. However, institutional support took considerable time to appear, such as disability, pension, and soldiers’ home benefits. This required the veterans to fall back onto earlier learned mechanisms, illustrating that the status of veteran began during the conflict.

O Acre testemunhou dois momentos históricos fundamentais para a sua colonização, ambos relacionados à extração da borracha, sendo o segundo patrocinado pelos Estados Unidos da América que, na Segunda Guerra Mundial, através dos Acordos de Washington, encontrou, no Brasil, a fonte do látex, matéria prima necessária para a produção bélica, uma vez que a Malásia, fornecedora, até então, não mais o fazia por imposição do governo japonês, que tomou seus campos de produção. Esse processo migratório campanhista levou aos seringais amazônicos, no início da década de 40 do século passado, mais de 75 mil jovens, que trocaram a seca do sertão nordestino pela úmida e tropical Floresta Amazônica, enfrentando dificuldades de adaptação dramáticas, atestadas pela morte de cerca de 25 mil Soldados da Borracha, ao final da guerra. O objetivo foi o de resgatar as memórias e histórias sobre o cuidado da saúde desses brasileiros que foram submetidos a vulnerabilidades e traumas culturais, sociais, familiares e de saúde, em prol de acordo que rendeu ao governo brasileiro pouco mais que o Banco da Amazônia e a Usina de Aço de Volta Redonda (RJ). O estudo foi quali-quantitativo, através de entrevistas, gravadas e transcritas, de trabalhadores procedentes do Nordeste que atuaram nos seringais da Amazônia, e que migraram para a capital do Acre, Rio Branco, entre as décadas de 40 e 60. Para análise das entrevistas foi utilizada a técnica do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo,por meio do programa QualiQuantiSoft®. Os relatos mostraram situações de desamparo e descreveram a luta pela sobrevivência diante das adversidades desses homens e mulheres que, se hoje estão disponíveis para relatar esses fatos, provavelmente ainda o fazem por terem se transformado, em algum momento logo após a chegada, em amazônidas / The state of Acre has testified two fundamental historical moments in its colonization, both related to rubber extraction, the second being sponsored by the United States of America that, in World War II, through The Washington Agreement, found, in Brazil, a latex source, raw material needed in the war industries, as Malaysia, the supplier until then, no longer could offer it because Japans government took the production fields. This migratory process campaign led to the amazon seringais (rubber camps), in the early 40s of the last century, more than 75 thousand young men, who had chose the wet and humid tropical Amazon rainforest instead of their home, the dry and poor brazilian Northeastern region, facing dramatics adaptation difficulties, proved by the death of approximately 25 thousand Rubber Soldiers by the end of the war. The objective was to restore the memories and histories about the health care of those Brazilians who were submitted to all cultural, social and family vulnerabilities as much as health trauma experiences, this all to participate in the Brazilian-North American agreement which promoted to the Brazilian government a little more than the Bank of Amazonia and the Volta Redonda Steel Mill (RJ). This was both a qualitative and quantitative study, made through interviews, recorded and transcribed, with the Rubber Soldiers (RBs) who had worked in the Amazon seringais and later, between the 40s and 60s, went to live in the capital of Acre, Rio Branco. The interviews analysis was done by the Collective Subject Discourse Analysis through the QualiQuantiSoft® software. Reports collected from the RBs showed helplessness scenario and described the struggle for survival facing adversities of living in the middle of the jungle. The RBs probably are still here to tell it because they have transformed themselves, at some point soon after their arrival, in amazon natives

This thesis as a social documentary, using images to provoke awareness of the emotions of children, their lives during the 15-year old Civil War that was in Liberia, West Africa. This thesis will visually explore different timelines, the past, the present and the future of children depicted. In depicting the past, the images capturing specific moment of what a child had to witness during the war. In depicting the present images showcase the aftermath of the war for children who have survived, and finally, for the future, images showcasing how the lives of some of the children have changed because of sacrifices made by people who observed the war and its consequences. Inspiration was gathered from several groups of artists that covered events such as the Great Depression, Vietnam, the Holocaust, etc. These artists include: Henry Mayhew, Jacob Riis, Lewis Hine, Walker Evans, and Gordon Parks among many.

Excerpt: Despite the great success of the Civil War epic Glory, the story of the black troops during and after the War is not well known. This lack of exposure to popular familiarity is especially true of the Buffalo Soldiers who served on the frontier in the late 19th century, chiefly but not exclusively in the Indian Wars.