This dissertation uses varying approaches to examine effects of war on communities and individuals in developing countries, specifically in Liberia, West Africa. The first essay, based on work published jointly with Robert E. Moore in 2012, uses a case study of Saclepea, Liberia, to illustrate the role that an appropriately designed local economic development (LED) plan can play in a rural African community emerging from crisis. This case demonstrates the need for the involvement and cooperation of many parties. Clear understanding of the stage of assistance helps to define the role of each entity. This case confirms that local participation in development efforts is an important factor in the success of these efforts. The second essay compares post-war earnings and educational attainment of former child soldiers, adult soldiers, and non-soldiers in post-war Liberia. The results indicate that the war in Liberia had different effects on soldiers than on non-soldiers, but effects for soldiers do not differ greatly between those who fought as children and those who fought as adults. Lasting effects for former soldiers do not, in sum, seem to be negative. Third, I take an experimental approach to understanding trust and trustworthiness among former child soldiers in Liberia. Liberian subjects’ decisions in the standard investment game indicate that former child soldiers do not differ in trusting behavior from other subjects. Non-soldiers are less trusting than adult soldiers, and child soldiers are less trustworthy than adult soldiers. Among only child soldiers, those who had only witnessed violence are more trustworthy than those who had been victims of violence. Liberians in this experiment tend to trust more than Americans who played the same investment game previously. The final essay examines many instances of the same investment game to explore how violence affects trusting and trustworthy behaviors and how those behaviors affect a country’s level of peacefulness. I find that a macroeconomic peace index can predict trust but not trustworthiness. Trustworthiness does affect peacefulness.

Thesis (MComm (Industrial Psychology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: It is well documented that intelligence (g, or general cognitive ability) is one of the best predictors of job and training performance (Ree, Earles & Teachout, 1994; Schmidt & Hunter, 1998). However, research evidence suggests that its predictive validity can be incremented by measures of personality and motivation. In this study, measures of general cognitive ability, training motivation and personality were administered to South African Army trainee soldiers (N = 108) to investigate the ability of the measures to predict training performance criteria. Hierarchical multiple regression was used to investigate the relationship between the predictor composites and two composites of training performance. Multiple correlations of .529 (p < .01) and .378 (p < .05) were obtained for general soldiering training proficiency and core technical training proficiency respectively. Findings reveal different prediction patterns for the two criteria, as general cognitive ability contributed to significantly predicting the criterion of general soldiering training performance, but not core technical training proficiency. Similarly, training motivation and openness to experience were not found to predict general soldiering training proficiency, but predicted core technical training proficiency. Therefore, the results indicate that the addition of motivation to a model already containing measures of general cognitive ability does add incremental validity; R2 increased from .051 to .109 (p < .05). Adding personality to a model already containing general cognitive ability and motivation also explains additional variance; R2 increased from .109 to .143, although this change was marginal (p = .055). Furthermore, evidence of interaction between intelligence and training motivation was found when predicting training performance, as motivation influenced performance only for individuals with lower intelligence scores. The implications of the results are discussed and areas for further research are highlighted. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Verskeie studies toon aan dat intelligensie (g, of algemene kognitiewe vermoë) een van die beste voorspellers is van prestasie ten opsigte van werk en opleiding (Ree, Earles & Teachout, 1994; Schmidt & Hunter, 1998). Navorsingsbewyse dui egter ook aan dat hierdie voorspellingsgeldigheid verhoog kan word deur die toevoeging van metings van persoonlikheid en motivering. In die huidige studie, is metings van algemene kognitiewe vermoë, opleidingsmotivering en persoonlikheid afgeneem op soldate onder opleiding in the Suid Afrikaanse Leër (N = 108). Die doel hiermee was om te bepaal tot watter mate hierdie metings saam opleidingsprestasie voorspel. Hiërargiese meervoudige regressie-ontleding was gebruik om die verband tussen die voorspellersamestellings en twee opleidingprestasiekriteria te bepaal. Meervoudige korrelasies van .529 (p <. 01) en .378 (p < .05) was onderskeidelik verkry vir Algemene Krygsopleidingsprestasie (GSTP) en Tegniese Korpsopleidingsprestasie (CTTP), onderskeidelik. Die resultate toon verder verskillende voorspellingspatrone vir hierdie twee kriteriummetings. Eerstens, het algemene kognitiewe vermoë beduidend bygedra tot die voorspelling van GSTP, maar nié tot CTTP nie. Verder het opleidingsmotivering en persoonlikheid (oopheid tot ervaring) nie GSTP voorspel nie, maar wél CTTP. Met ander woorde, die resultate dui aan dat die toevoeging van motivering tot ‘n model wat reeds metings van algemene kognitiewe vermoë bevat, wel inkrementele geldigheid tot gevolg het; R2 het toegeneem vanaf .051 tot .109 (p < .05). Die toevoeging van persoonlikheid tot ‘n model wat reeds algemene kognitiewe vermoë en motivering bevat, verklaar ook addisionele variansie; R2 het toegeneem vanaf .109 tot .143, alhoewel hierdie inkrementering slegs marginaal (p = .055) was. Laastens, is bewyse van ‘n interaksie-effek tussen intelligensie en opleidingsmotivering gevind in die voorspelling van opleidingsprestasie. Daar is bevind dat motivering prestasie slegs beïnvloed het vir individue met laer intelligensietellings. Die implikasies van die resultate word bespreek en areas vir verdere navorsing word aangedui.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The vulnerability and risky behaviours of young people is a growing concern in the fight against HIV/AIDS. The target group for this study were young people entering the armed force to commence with their initial military training at a military training setting in the Western Cape. These recruits were from all the nine provinces in South Africa. The perceptions, views and basic knowledge of young recruits on HIV/AIDS were assessed through the application of a standardized structured questionnaire. Data analysis was done by using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings of the study presented high levels of knowledge on HIV/AIDS. However, misconceptions on the transmission of HIV are still a huge concern due to the fact that a small percentage of the respondents are under the impression that HIV/AIDS is curable. Moreover, almost all of the respondents believed that it is very easy to get HIV, in contrast to their exceptional level of knowledge on the transmission routes of HIV. In addition, some of the respondents were also under the impression that HIV can be transmitted through the bite of a mosquito. Recommendations include the implementation of routine scheduled HIV/AIDS awareness programmes with up-scaling of HIV/AIDS prevention and awareness campaigns during military training. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die kwesbaarheid en riskante gedrag van jong mense is nog steeds ‘n groeiende bekommernis in die geveg teen MIV/VIGS. Die teikengroep vir hierdie studie was jong mense wat vir die eerste keer met hul weermag opleiding begin het in ‘n weermagbasis in die Westelike Provinsie. Hierdie rekrute was afkomstig vanaf al nege provinsies in Suid Afrika. Die persepsies, menings, en basiese kennis van die rekrute rakende MIV/VIGS is bepaal deur die gebruik van ‘n gestandaardiseerde gestruktureerde vraelys. Data analise is gedoen met behulp van die Statistiese Program vir Sosiale Wetenskappe (SPSW). Die bevindings van die studie het gedemonstreer dat alhoewel die rekrute oor genoegsamsame kennis van MIV/VIGS beskik, wanopvattings rakende die transmissie van MIV/VIGS nog steeds kommerwekkend is deurdat ‘n klein persentasie van die respondente onder die indruk is dat MIV/VIGS geneesbaar is. Verder, reken die meeste respondente dat dit baie maklik is om MIV te kan kry, in teenstelling met hul uitsonderlike kennis oor die oordraagbare roetes van MIV. Bykomend tot hierdie stelling is sommige van die respondente onder die indruk dat MIV deur die byt van ‘n miskiet oorgedra kan word. Aanbevelings sluit in die implementering van roetine geskeduleerde MIV/VIGS bewusmakingsprogramme met opskaling van MIV/VIGS voorkomende bewustheidsveldtogte tydens weermag opleiding.

Orientador: Ana Maria Costa Leonardo / Banca: Fabiana Elaine Casarin dos Santos / Banca: Alexandre Vasconcellos / Resumo: Heterotermes tenuis é uma espécie de cupim nativa da região Neotropical, conhecida como praga agrícola e urbana. Essa espécie causa sérios danos econômicos em culturas de cana-de-açúcar e ataca madeiras e derivados celulósicos em cidades. H. tenuis apresenta hábitos subterrâneos e indivíduos de pequeno porte, com soldados dimórficos. A diferenciação de castas nos cupins é um processo complexo ainda não totalmente esclarecido. Em vista disso, o objetivo do presente estudo foi entender a diferenciação de soldados no cupim H. tenuis a partir de agrupamentos de operários. Para isso, no Capítulo I, foram apresentados os resultados dos bioensaios desenvolvidos para observar a influência de fatores extrínsecos e intrínsecos, entre eles, número de operários agrupados, temperatura, fontes alimentares e ingestão de diferentes concentrações de piriproxifen, um análogo de hormônio juvenil. Agrupamentos com 50, 100, 200 e 300 operários formaram uma baixa proporção de soldados. O uso de piriproxifen originou pré-soldados e também intercastas, sendo que a formação de pré-soldados foi maior na concentração de 10 ppm. Já no Capítulo II, o foco do estudo foram as mudanças morfológicas externas e internas ocorridas durante o processo de diferenciação de soldados. Para isso, operários, pré-soldados, soldados e intercastas foram submetidos à análise biométrica e histológica. Além disso, foi realizada a identificação do sexo dos soldados e a determinação da duração do ínstar de pré-soldado. Este ínstar durou cerca de 15 dias em temperatura ambiente e os pré-soldados diferiram biometricamente dos soldados, principalmente, pelo comprimento da cápsula cefálica e do tórax. As intercastas obtidas foram do tipo operário-soldado. Soldados menores de H. tenuis foram todos machos enquanto os soldados maiores apresentaram uma proporção de aproximadamente... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Heterotermes tenuis is a native species of termite, known as an agricultural and urban pest. This species causes serious economic damages on crops of sugar cane and attacks wood and cellulosic derivatives in cities. H. tenuis has subterranean habits and small individuals, with dimorphic soldiers. Differentiation of castes in termites is a complex process not yet fully understood. In this study we aimed to understand the differentiation of H. tenuis soldiers, originated from groups of workers. In Chapter I, we presented the results of bioassays developed to observe the influence of extrinsic and intrinsic factors, including, number of grouped workers, temperature, food sources and ingestion by the workers of different concentrations of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone analog. Groups of 50, 100, 200 and 300 workers originated a low proportion of soldiers. The use of pyriproxyfen induced presoldiers and also intercastes. Presoldiers were produced in a large number in a concentration of 10 ppm. In Chapter II, the focus of the study was the external and internal morphological changes occurred during the process of differentiation of soldiers. For that, workers, presoldiers, soldiers and intercastas were histologically and morphometrically analyzed. In addition, we performed the sex identification of the soldiers and determined the duration of the presoldier instar. This instar lasted about 15 days at a variable temperature and the presoldiers biometrically differed from soldiers mainly by the length of head capsule and thorax. The intercastes obtained were from the worker-soldier type. Minor soldiers of H. tenuis were all males while the major soldiers had a ratio of approximately 1:1 between males and females. The exocrine glands of the individuals studied were compared and the histology showed that workers had greater development of the salivary, mandibular and sternal glands... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

abstract: The effects of a long-term combat deployment on a soldier's physical fitness are not well understood. In active duty soldiers, combat deployment reduced physical fitness compared to pre-deployment status, but no similar research has been performed on Army National Guard soldiers. This study is the first to identify physical fitness changes in Arizona National Guard (AZNG) soldiers following deployment to a combat zone and to assess the relationships between physical fitness and non-combat injuries and illness (NCII). Sixty soldiers from the Arizona National Guard (AZNG) completed a battery of physical fitness tests prior to deployment and within 1-7 days of returning from a 12-month deployment to Iraq. Pre and post-deployment measures assessed body composition (Bod Pod), muscular strength (1RM bench press, back-squat), muscular endurance (push-up, sit-up), power (Wingate cycle test), cardiorespiratory fitness (treadmill run to VO2 peak), and flexibility (sit-and-reach, trunk extension, shoulder elevation). Post deployment, medical records were reviewed by a blinded researcher and inventoried for NCII that occurred during deployment. Data were analyzed for changes between pre and post-deployment physical fitness. Relationships between fitness and utilization of medical resources for NCII were then determined. Significant declines were noted in mean cardiorespiratory fitness (-10.8%) and trunk flexibility (-6.7%). Significant improvements were seen in mean level of fat mass (-11.1%), relative strength (bench press, 10.2%, back-squat 14.2%) and muscular endurance (push-up 16.4%, sit-up 11.0%). Significant (p < 0.05) negative correlations were detected between percentage change in fat mass and gastrointestinal visits (r = -0.37); sit-and-reach and lower extremity visits (r= -0.33); shoulder elevation and upper extremity visits (r= -0.36); and cardiorespiratory fitness and back visits (r= -0.31); as well as behavioral health visits (r= -0.28). Cardiorespiratory fitness changes were grouped into tertiles. Those who lost the greatest fitness had significantly greater number of NCII visits (8.0 v 3.1 v 2.6, p = .03). These data indicate a relationship between the decline in cardiorespiratory fitness and an overall increase in utilization of medical resources. The results may provide incentive to military leaders to ensure that soldiers maintain their cardiorespiratory fitness throughout the extent of their deployment. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Exercise and Wellness 2011

Magister Legum - LLM / In many countries around the world, approximately 230 million children are living in countries affected by armed conflict. 15 million of them were caught up, in various parts of Africa, in violent conflicts. Some of the African countries where children are involved in armed conflicts include: Central African Republic (CAR), Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Mali, Somalia and South Sudan. In CAR, for example, thirty four children (girls and boys) were abducted by armed groups, some as young as 3 years of age.

This work documents the treatment of a 20-year-old male suffering from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder as a result of his experience during two years of national service as an Operations "Ops" Medic in the South African Defence Force. The literature review is drawn largely from the body of work emerging from the Vietnam War, and in particular the work of Robert Lifton and Erwin Parson is considered. The case study consists of a detailed synopsis of the treatment based upon material from the therapy sessions. This section hopes to accurately convey the experience of working with someone suffering from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and provide insight into the dynamics of such a therapeutic relationship. Finally the discussion examines the links between the theory and the treatment and attempts to understand the various factors which shaped and influenced the final outcome of the therapy. Special consideration is given to showing how essentially cognitive restructuring techniques are successfully utilised within a more existential, psychodynamic framework. Furthermore, there is a paucity of literature on the subject of combat-related Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in South Africa and it is hoped that this work will both point to a need for further research in this field whilst simultaneously provide guidance for those who wish to become involved in working with individuals suffering from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder.

Submitted by GIOVANNA AYRES ARANTES DE PAIVA null (giovannaayres_ap@hotmail.com) on 2016-03-15T18:15:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Giovanna Ayres - 2016.pdf: 2908546 bytes, checksum: 8392dac05667573ad2d0d4c6ff390ba1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sandra Manzano de Almeida (smanzano@marilia.unesp.br) on 2016-03-15T18:49:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 paiva_gaa_me_mar.pdf: 2908546 bytes, checksum: 8392dac05667573ad2d0d4c6ff390ba1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T18:49:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 paiva_gaa_me_mar.pdf: 2908546 bytes, checksum: 8392dac05667573ad2d0d4c6ff390ba1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Sobretudo a partir da década de 1990, a Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) passou a publicar uma série de documentos oficiais – como relatórios e resoluções – e a adotar ações específicas e inéditas a fim de incluir o emprego de crianças-soldado na agenda de seus diferentes órgãos. Diante desse cenário, buscamos avaliar em que medida há uma convergência ou uma divergência entre os trabalhos desenvolvidos pela Assembleia Geral, UNICEF, Conselho de Segurança e Secretariado sobre as crianças-soldado. Argumentamos que a concepção de Segurança Humana, os estudos das “novas guerras”, a ideia de que existe uma responsabilidade de proteger a criança e o estabelecimento de uma legislação internacional sobre o próprio conceito de criança e seu papel na sociedade são alguns fatores que fazem com que haja um padrão de ação nas diferentes medidas adotadas sobre o tema no âmbito das Nações Unidas. A partir de uma análise documental dos órgãos da ONU, apontamos também os impactos, consequências, limites, dificuldades e contradições do sistema das Nações Unidas em relação às crianças empregadas em conflitos armados. / Especially since the 1990s, the United Nations (UN) began to publish a series of official documents – such as reports and resolutions – and to take specific and unprecedented actions to include the use of child soldiers on the agenda of its bodies. Given this scenario, we sought to evaluate whether there is a convergence or a divergence between the work of General Assembly, UNICEF, Security Council and Secretariat on child soldiers. We argue that the concept of Human Security, the study of "new wars", the idea that there is a responsibility to protect the child and the establishment of an international law on the very concept of child and their role in society are some factors that influence a pattern of action in the United Nations. From a documental analysis of UN bodies, we also point out the impacts, consequences, limits, difficulties and contradictions of the system of the United Nations concerning the treatment of children used in armed conflict.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-06-03Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:40:01Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 laranjo_lt_me_rcla.pdf: 1444025 bytes, checksum: 5b1c2c601622479b8f8fb4e3845e2c28 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Heterotermes tenuis é uma espécie de cupim nativa da região Neotropical, conhecida como praga agrícola e urbana. Essa espécie causa sérios danos econômicos em culturas de cana-de-açúcar e ataca madeiras e derivados celulósicos em cidades. H. tenuis apresenta hábitos subterrâneos e indivíduos de pequeno porte, com soldados dimórficos. A diferenciação de castas nos cupins é um processo complexo ainda não totalmente esclarecido. Em vista disso, o objetivo do presente estudo foi entender a diferenciação de soldados no cupim H. tenuis a partir de agrupamentos de operários. Para isso, no Capítulo I, foram apresentados os resultados dos bioensaios desenvolvidos para observar a influência de fatores extrínsecos e intrínsecos, entre eles, número de operários agrupados, temperatura, fontes alimentares e ingestão de diferentes concentrações de piriproxifen, um análogo de hormônio juvenil. Agrupamentos com 50, 100, 200 e 300 operários formaram uma baixa proporção de soldados. O uso de piriproxifen originou pré-soldados e também intercastas, sendo que a formação de pré-soldados foi maior na concentração de 10 ppm. Já no Capítulo II, o foco do estudo foram as mudanças morfológicas externas e internas ocorridas durante o processo de diferenciação de soldados. Para isso, operários, pré-soldados, soldados e intercastas foram submetidos à análise biométrica e histológica. Além disso, foi realizada a identificação do sexo dos soldados e a determinação da duração do ínstar de pré-soldado. Este ínstar durou cerca de 15 dias em temperatura ambiente e os pré-soldados diferiram biometricamente dos soldados, principalmente, pelo comprimento da cápsula cefálica e do tórax. As intercastas obtidas foram do tipo operário-soldado. Soldados menores de H. tenuis foram todos machos enquanto os soldados maiores apresentaram uma proporção de aproximadamente... / Heterotermes tenuis is a native species of termite, known as an agricultural and urban pest. This species causes serious economic damages on crops of sugar cane and attacks wood and cellulosic derivatives in cities. H. tenuis has subterranean habits and small individuals, with dimorphic soldiers. Differentiation of castes in termites is a complex process not yet fully understood. In this study we aimed to understand the differentiation of H. tenuis soldiers, originated from groups of workers. In Chapter I, we presented the results of bioassays developed to observe the influence of extrinsic and intrinsic factors, including, number of grouped workers, temperature, food sources and ingestion by the workers of different concentrations of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone analog. Groups of 50, 100, 200 and 300 workers originated a low proportion of soldiers. The use of pyriproxyfen induced presoldiers and also intercastes. Presoldiers were produced in a large number in a concentration of 10 ppm. In Chapter II, the focus of the study was the external and internal morphological changes occurred during the process of differentiation of soldiers. For that, workers, presoldiers, soldiers and intercastas were histologically and morphometrically analyzed. In addition, we performed the sex identification of the soldiers and determined the duration of the presoldier instar. This instar lasted about 15 days at a variable temperature and the presoldiers biometrically differed from soldiers mainly by the length of head capsule and thorax. The intercastes obtained were from the worker-soldier type. Minor soldiers of H. tenuis were all males while the major soldiers had a ratio of approximately 1:1 between males and females. The exocrine glands of the individuals studied were compared and the histology showed that workers had greater development of the salivary, mandibular and sternal glands... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

The present study sought to investigate the effects of changes in gradient, under apparently optimal combinations of speed and load, on selected physiological, psychophysical and biophysical responses of military personnel. Subjects (n = 32) were required to march under level (0%), downhill (-10%) and uphill (+10%) conditions. Under each gradient, subjects marched with the following speed-load combinations: 4 km.h-1 carrying 50 kg, 5 km.h-1 carrying 35 kg and 6 km.h-1 carrying 20 kg, a total of nine experimental conditions. Subjects were required to march for six minutes under each condition. Physiological responses (HR, VO2, R, Br, VE, VT, EE) indicated that subjects were not overly taxed by the three speed-load combinations during level marching, which elicited submaximal demands. Furthermore, the results revealed that downhill marching with heavy loads results in similar responses to level marching, while lighter loads may result in significant reductions in physical demands compared to level marching. The physiological responses to uphill marching revealed that subjects were severely physically taxed under these conditions, regardless of speed-load combination. It is unlikely that soldiers would be able to maintain these intensities for an extended period without undue fatigue. It is evident from the psychophysical responses (Rating of Perceived Exertion and Body Discomfort) that subjects perceived the heavy load conditions, regardless of gradient, to be the most stressful on the cardiovascular and muscular systems. The positive gradient conditions also elicited elevated RPE and Body Discomfort responses, while lighter load downhill conditions were perceived to result in the least strain.