Que influência tem um programa de formação continuada dos professores em exercício na escola e um programa de ensino sobre o campo conceitual aditivo no desempenho dos alunos em problemas matemáticos aditivos? Para buscar respostas a essa questão foi realizado um estudo experimental nos Anos Iniciais do Ensino Fundamental de duas escolas, uma pública e outra privada. Com o objetivo de aprimorar o desempenho dos alunos dos Anos Iniciais na resolução de problemas matemáticos aditivos, implementou-se um programa de formação continuada junto a um grupo de professores das duas escolas para proporcionar a eles avanços no conhecimento do processo de ensino e aprendizagem do campo conceitual aditivo; e construir com eles um programa de ensino que levasse em conta a construção de significados das operações de adição e subtração, a compreensão das relações semânticas encontradas nos problemas matemáticos aditivos, o ensino de procedimentos, de representações e de habilidades metacognitivas. O estudo não tratou de comparar a escola pública e a privada. A pesquisa envolveu a avaliação do desempenho em problemas aditivos de um total de 320 estudantes dos Anos Iniciais do Ensino Fundamental. Desses, 167 alunos também participaram de um programa de ensino dos problemas aditivos. No estudo desenvolvido, a maioria das turmas experimentais evidenciou um pico no desempenho em comparação às turmas controle. A taxa de acertos mais acentuada das turmas experimentais pôde ser explicada pelo programa de formação continuada de suas professoras e pelo programa de ensino proposto a esse grupo de estudantes por intermédio delas, indo ao encontro do que várias pesquisas na área da eficácia escolar atualmente estão apontando: o professor tem um efeito maior do que anteriormente se pensava no desempenho do aluno. Os resultados evidenciam a importância de políticas e de ações de formação continuada de professores em exercício no próprio âmbito escolar, em que o coletivo dos professores esteja envolvido. Considera-se que mudanças em algumas escolas possam ser um passo inicial para a ampliação de transformações que atinjam, com o tempo, mais escolas, qualificando o ensino e a aprendizagem e desmitificando a ideia de que o conhecimento matemático só é para alguns. / What influence does a program of continued formation for teachers in exercise in a school have? And concerning a program of education on the additive conceptual field in the performance of the pupils in additive mathematical problems, what influence can this program have? To answer these questions an experimental study in the initial years of Elementary School was developed, and two schools were studied, a private and a public one. With the objective to improve the performance of the pupils of the initial years in the resolution of additive mathematical problems, a program of continued formation for a group of teachers from the two schools was implemented to provide advances in the knowledge of the teaching and learning processes related to the additive conceptual field; to construct with these teachers an educational program that took in consideration the construction of meanings of the operations of addition and subtraction, the understanding of the semantic relations found in the additive mathematical problems, the teaching process of procedures, representations and metacognitive abilities. The study did not compare the public school and the private one, but involved the evaluation of the performance in additive problems of a total of 320 students from the initial years of Elementary School. From these 320, 167 pupils had also joined a program on teaching process of the additive problems. In this study, the majority of the experimental groups evidenced a higher improvement in their performance in comparison to the control groups. The most relevant tax of accuracy on the experimental groups could be explained by the program of continued formation which their teacher joined, as well as the program of education in which these students took part and was presented to them by their teachers. All these results are similar to other studies’ results in the area, which are related to school effectiveness on how the teacher affects more than what was previously expected, in relation with the performance of their pupils. These results evidence the importance of politics and action of continued formation of teachers in their own school and where all the teachers are involved. Those changes in some schools can be an initial step considering the improvement of the transformations that will, after a period of time, happen in more schools, what will qualify the teaching and the learning processes, what will change the idea that the mathematical knowledge is only possible for some students.

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Que influência tem um programa de formação continuada dos professores em exercício na escola e um programa de ensino sobre o campo conceitual aditivo no desempenho dos alunos em problemas matemáticos aditivos? Para buscar respostas a essa questão foi realizado um estudo experimental nos Anos Iniciais do Ensino Fundamental de duas escolas, uma pública e outra privada. Com o objetivo de aprimorar o desempenho dos alunos dos Anos Iniciais na resolução de problemas matemáticos aditivos, implementou-se um programa de formação continuada junto a um grupo de professores das duas escolas para proporcionar a eles avanços no conhecimento do processo de ensino e aprendizagem do campo conceitual aditivo; e construir com eles um programa de ensino que levasse em conta a construção de significados das operações de adição e subtração, a compreensão das relações semânticas encontradas nos problemas matemáticos aditivos, o ensino de procedimentos, de representações e de habilidades metacognitivas. O estudo não tratou de comparar a escola pública e a privada. A pesquisa envolveu a avaliação do desempenho em problemas aditivos de um total de 320 estudantes dos Anos Iniciais do Ensino Fundamental. Desses, 167 alunos também participaram de um programa de ensino dos problemas aditivos. No estudo desenvolvido, a maioria das turmas experimentais evidenciou um pico no desempenho em comparação às turmas controle. A taxa de acertos mais acentuada das turmas experimentais pôde ser explicada pelo programa de formação continuada de suas professoras e pelo programa de ensino proposto a esse grupo de estudantes por intermédio delas, indo ao encontro do que várias pesquisas na área da eficácia escolar atualmente estão apontando: o professor tem um efeito maior do que anteriormente se pensava no desempenho do aluno. Os resultados evidenciam a importância de políticas e de ações de formação continuada de professores em exercício no próprio âmbito escolar, em que o coletivo dos professores esteja envolvido. Considera-se que mudanças em algumas escolas possam ser um passo inicial para a ampliação de transformações que atinjam, com o tempo, mais escolas, qualificando o ensino e a aprendizagem e desmitificando a ideia de que o conhecimento matemático só é para alguns. / What influence does a program of continued formation for teachers in exercise in a school have? And concerning a program of education on the additive conceptual field in the performance of the pupils in additive mathematical problems, what influence can this program have? To answer these questions an experimental study in the initial years of Elementary School was developed, and two schools were studied, a private and a public one. With the objective to improve the performance of the pupils of the initial years in the resolution of additive mathematical problems, a program of continued formation for a group of teachers from the two schools was implemented to provide advances in the knowledge of the teaching and learning processes related to the additive conceptual field; to construct with these teachers an educational program that took in consideration the construction of meanings of the operations of addition and subtraction, the understanding of the semantic relations found in the additive mathematical problems, the teaching process of procedures, representations and metacognitive abilities. The study did not compare the public school and the private one, but involved the evaluation of the performance in additive problems of a total of 320 students from the initial years of Elementary School. From these 320, 167 pupils had also joined a program on teaching process of the additive problems. In this study, the majority of the experimental groups evidenced a higher improvement in their performance in comparison to the control groups. The most relevant tax of accuracy on the experimental groups could be explained by the program of continued formation which their teacher joined, as well as the program of education in which these students took part and was presented to them by their teachers. All these results are similar to other studies’ results in the area, which are related to school effectiveness on how the teacher affects more than what was previously expected, in relation with the performance of their pupils. These results evidence the importance of politics and action of continued formation of teachers in their own school and where all the teachers are involved. Those changes in some schools can be an initial step considering the improvement of the transformations that will, after a period of time, happen in more schools, what will qualify the teaching and the learning processes, what will change the idea that the mathematical knowledge is only possible for some students.

Que influência tem um programa de formação continuada dos professores em exercício na escola e um programa de ensino sobre o campo conceitual aditivo no desempenho dos alunos em problemas matemáticos aditivos? Para buscar respostas a essa questão foi realizado um estudo experimental nos Anos Iniciais do Ensino Fundamental de duas escolas, uma pública e outra privada. Com o objetivo de aprimorar o desempenho dos alunos dos Anos Iniciais na resolução de problemas matemáticos aditivos, implementou-se um programa de formação continuada junto a um grupo de professores das duas escolas para proporcionar a eles avanços no conhecimento do processo de ensino e aprendizagem do campo conceitual aditivo; e construir com eles um programa de ensino que levasse em conta a construção de significados das operações de adição e subtração, a compreensão das relações semânticas encontradas nos problemas matemáticos aditivos, o ensino de procedimentos, de representações e de habilidades metacognitivas. O estudo não tratou de comparar a escola pública e a privada. A pesquisa envolveu a avaliação do desempenho em problemas aditivos de um total de 320 estudantes dos Anos Iniciais do Ensino Fundamental. Desses, 167 alunos também participaram de um programa de ensino dos problemas aditivos. No estudo desenvolvido, a maioria das turmas experimentais evidenciou um pico no desempenho em comparação às turmas controle. A taxa de acertos mais acentuada das turmas experimentais pôde ser explicada pelo programa de formação continuada de suas professoras e pelo programa de ensino proposto a esse grupo de estudantes por intermédio delas, indo ao encontro do que várias pesquisas na área da eficácia escolar atualmente estão apontando: o professor tem um efeito maior do que anteriormente se pensava no desempenho do aluno. Os resultados evidenciam a importância de políticas e de ações de formação continuada de professores em exercício no próprio âmbito escolar, em que o coletivo dos professores esteja envolvido. Considera-se que mudanças em algumas escolas possam ser um passo inicial para a ampliação de transformações que atinjam, com o tempo, mais escolas, qualificando o ensino e a aprendizagem e desmitificando a ideia de que o conhecimento matemático só é para alguns. / What influence does a program of continued formation for teachers in exercise in a school have? And concerning a program of education on the additive conceptual field in the performance of the pupils in additive mathematical problems, what influence can this program have? To answer these questions an experimental study in the initial years of Elementary School was developed, and two schools were studied, a private and a public one. With the objective to improve the performance of the pupils of the initial years in the resolution of additive mathematical problems, a program of continued formation for a group of teachers from the two schools was implemented to provide advances in the knowledge of the teaching and learning processes related to the additive conceptual field; to construct with these teachers an educational program that took in consideration the construction of meanings of the operations of addition and subtraction, the understanding of the semantic relations found in the additive mathematical problems, the teaching process of procedures, representations and metacognitive abilities. The study did not compare the public school and the private one, but involved the evaluation of the performance in additive problems of a total of 320 students from the initial years of Elementary School. From these 320, 167 pupils had also joined a program on teaching process of the additive problems. In this study, the majority of the experimental groups evidenced a higher improvement in their performance in comparison to the control groups. The most relevant tax of accuracy on the experimental groups could be explained by the program of continued formation which their teacher joined, as well as the program of education in which these students took part and was presented to them by their teachers. All these results are similar to other studies’ results in the area, which are related to school effectiveness on how the teacher affects more than what was previously expected, in relation with the performance of their pupils. These results evidence the importance of politics and action of continued formation of teachers in their own school and where all the teachers are involved. Those changes in some schools can be an initial step considering the improvement of the transformations that will, after a period of time, happen in more schools, what will qualify the teaching and the learning processes, what will change the idea that the mathematical knowledge is only possible for some students.

Submitted by FERNANDA MACHADO PINHEIRO null (fer.mat@globo.com) on 2017-11-29T17:20:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernanda Machado Pinheiro_Dissertação_Profmat.pdf: 3644141 bytes, checksum: b0a8a2ea756f3df015ca157c9b1aec9a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br) on 2017-11-29T18:58:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pinheiro_fm_me_sjrp.pdf: 3644141 bytes, checksum: b0a8a2ea756f3df015ca157c9b1aec9a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-29T18:58:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pinheiro_fm_me_sjrp.pdf: 3644141 bytes, checksum: b0a8a2ea756f3df015ca157c9b1aec9a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Explorar o jogo “Avançando com o resto” sob a perspectiva da resolução de problemas constitui-se num recurso didático que favorece consolidar e ampliar o conhecimento dos alunos sobre diversos conteúdos matemáticos, em particular, o algoritmo da divisão euclidiana. Escrevemos a fundamentação teórica deste trabalho a partir de problemas que representam situações vivenciadas no jogo. Conceituamos e demonstramos os principais teoremas e resultados relacionados à divisão euclidiana, como Múltiplos e Divisores de números naturais, Paridade, Números primos e compostos, Congruência (aritmética modular), Sistema de Numeração Decimal e Critérios de divisibilidade por 2, 3, 4, 5 e 6. Este estudo nos permitiu apresentar uma sugestão de atividade direcionada às turmas do 5º ano do Ensino Fundamental, explorando os diferentes significados da divisão e o estudo reflexivo do algoritmo, planejada de acordo com as orientações curriculares presentes nos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais e no Currículo de Matemática do Estado de São Paulo. Considerando as dificuldades encontradas no ensino desta operação matemática e o potencial lúdico do jogo para aprendizagem, apresentamos uma possibilidade de abordagem significativa do algoritmo da divisão euclidiana, envolvendo e motivando os alunos para a aprendizagem de conceitos, competências e habilidades inerentes ao Currículo de Matemática. / Exploring the game "Advancing with the rest" from the perspective of problem solving is a didactic resource that favours consolidating and expanding students' knowledge about the various mathematical contents, in particular algorithm of the Euclidean division. We write the theoretical basis of this study from problems that represent situations experienced in the game. We conceptualize and demonstrate the main theorems and results related to the Euclidean division, such as Multiples and Divisors of Natural Numbers, Parity, Prime and Compound Numbers, Congruence (Modular Arithmetic), Decimal Numbering System and Divisibility criteria by 2, 3, 4, 5 e 6. This study allowed us to present a suggestion of activity directed to the 5th grade classes of Elementary School, exploring the different meanings of the division and the reflexive study of the algorithm, planned according to the curricular guidelines present in National Curricular Parameters and the Mathematics São Paulo State Curriculum. Considering the difficulties encountered in teaching this mathematical operation and the playful potential of the game for learning, we present a possibility of a significant approach to the algorithm of the Euclidean division, involving and motivating students to learn concepts, skills and abilities inherent to the Mathematics Curriculum.

Este trabalho apresenta uma abordagem da ferramenta FMEA, Failure modes and effect analysis, em uma integração com os custos relativos à qualidade, aplicada ao processo de soldagem GMAW, gas metal arc welding. O objetivo principal é evidenciar a importância da utilização desta ferramenta para se prever e prevenir falhas de processo antes que as mesmas ocorram, e minorar os custos da qualidade envolvidos. A proatividade da ferramenta FMEA proporciona, através das ações recomendadas de melhoria, a possibilidade de se mensurar com antecipação os custos relativos à prevenção, avaliação e falhas de qualidade. O método empregado para esta abordagem foi de uma pesquisa-ação, sendo estabelecida uma equipe multidisciplinar para implantação e execução da FMEA e avaliação dos custos da qualidade. Os resultados obtidos na fase anterior à aplicação da FMEA informavam que os custos das falhas apresentavam uma participação de 89,84% dos custos da qualidade; com a utilização da ferramenta, estes foram reduzidos para 3,82% devido ao investimento de melhoria. Objetivando-se equilibrar os custos associados, foi projetada uma estimativa futura de 50% de custo de falhas. Na análise comparativa dos custos da qualidade, foi verificado que os custos de falhas relativos à fase anterior ao FMEA reduziram 86% em relação à projeção futura, e os custos da qualidade reduziram de 74%, evidenciando-se deste modo o benefício da utilização da ferramenta FMEA para a redução de custos operacionais. / This paper presents an approach of the FMEA tool, Failure modes and effect analysis, in integration with the costs of quality, applied to the GMAW welding process, gas metal arc welding. The main objective is to highlight the importance of using this tool to predict and prevent process failures before they occur, and reduce the costs of quality involved. The proactivity of FMEA tool, provides through the recommended actions for improvement, the possibility to measure in advance the costs of prevention, assessment and quality failures. The method employed for this approach was an action research, which established a multidisciplinary team for deployment and implementation of FMEA and evaluation of quality costs. The results obtained in the previous phase to the implementation of FMEA reported that the cost of failure had a 89.84% share of the costs of quality; using the tool, these were reduced to 3.82% due to improved investment. In order to balance the costs, was projected a 50% estimated future cost of failures. In comparative cost analysis we founded that the quality failure costs related to the phase prior to FMEA reduced 86% compared to the projected future, and quality costs were reduced of 74%, demonstrating thereby the benefit of using the FMEA tool to reduce operating costs.

The theme of the diploma work are pupil's strategies of solving selected problems focusing on area of plane figures. The theoretical part includes definitions of basic ideas - problem, area, problems of area, solving problems, solving strategies. Plane figures are classified into particular school classes. Every plane figure is presented by examples of types of the problems, which are most common in elementary schools. The practical part of the work begins with the preparation of an experiment, where the objektive of the experiment is introduced, selection of problems for this experiment, description of tested group and the way of getting data. Follows the description of realization of the experiment. It contains three problems of the area of plane figures which were solved by pupils of the eighth and the ninth class. Supposed strategies, expected mistakes and analysis of pupil's solutions are presented. Expected and obtained solving strategies are compared for every problems. The result of the experiment is summarised in the conclusion. Keywords: problem, area, problems of area, solving problems, solving strategies, heuristic strategy

Learning disabilities are a life-long problem for many individuals. Besides the adjustments all adolescents experience in life, learning disabled adolescents must contend with academic problems at school which have a drastic effect on their selfesteem. This becomes particularly evident when these pupils face the demands of the secondary school syllabus where they have to be able to concentrate, read for information, memorise facts, answer questions and solve problems, and write assignments. By the time learning disabled adolescents reach secondary school they have already experienced so much failure that they become passive towards their studies. Teaching these pupils metacognitive learning strategies covering these skills helps them to become more independent learners. Through executive training procedures they are assisted to become more involved in their studies, the promotion of better self-regulation and self-monitoring is fostered, and as their scores improve, so does their motivation and selfconcept / Educational Studies / M.Ed. (Orthopedagogics)

This thesis focuses on errors and difficulties that students face when solving problems with algebraic expressions in mathematics at secondary school. Its aim was to describe the factors that affect pupils' achievement while dealing with algebraic expressions, classify them on the basis of a classification of pupils' errors used in mathematics and identify the biggest pupils' difficulties. The thesis consists of theoretical and experimental parts. The theoretical part focuses on the factors that influence the success of pupils in their learning process. I present their summary based on information gained from literature and I complete them with my own teaching experience of mathematics at secondary school. Next I deal with the concept of error, error classification and one of the most important phases of learning process, which is a description of teacher's work with pupil's error (again on the basis of information gained from the literature). The theoretical part ends with definitions of basic concepts from specialized literature on algebraic expressions at the end of the theoretical part. In the experimental part I deal with my own experiment during teaching of mathematics at secondary school, which is based on individual written work of students in the first year of their study and on the...

This thesis focuses on the teaching of mathematics using the CLIL method. The topic is Venn diagrams and learning how to solve problems using these diagrams. The language chosen for the CLIL method is English. First, the CLIL method is described, and later I introduce sets and Venn diagrams. The aim of the thesis is to prepare and implement two lessons using the CLIL method in English, and two lessons in Czech, followed by preparing a test in both languages for a third lesson. The thesis was realized by conducting a teaching experiment, which took place in two classes of multi- year grammar school (in the Quintas - the first year of secondary school). I have compiled and tested four worksheets - two with Czech tasks, two with English tasks, a presentation for the lesson using the CLIL method, and tests for both language versions. Both the tasks and solutions are part of the thesis. Before the preparation of the thesis, the following two research questions were identified: 1. What needs to be taken into consideration when preparing for the Venn diagrams lesson using the CLIL method, and what needs to be added to this lesson compared to the Czech lesson? 2. At what success rate will pupils learn using the CLIL method in English and pupils using Czech, with regard to equation building and answers to...