Thesis (M.A. in anthropology)--Washington State University, December 2008. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on June 30, 2009). "Department of Anthropology." Includes bibliographical references (p. 152-160).

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Death is a profoundly solitary moment in which one faces the meaning of one's existence. Death is an emotional, spiritual, psychological and physical act. For the terminally ill, the hospice is a viable alternative to dying in a hospital. The Hospice can accommodate death being faced intimately amidst loves ones. This emerging institution places new and unique demands upon architecture. Solitude and fellowship have significant implications for triumph by simply dying well. A building's meaning comes from its making, culture, syntax, and from the immutable qualities of humans. Meaning is discovered, not applied. Structuralist architects search for the order within various phenomena. Anthropological Structuralism involves the discovery of the underlying structures found within and between cultures and the human mind. Myths of different cultures address similar underlying questions even if they generate different answers. Linguistic Structuralism studies the role of language and the individual expression of language. Topology, the science of place, is the study of relation and invariance. Structuralism proposes a signification of place and occasion. Particular articulations occur while the capacity to be interpreted is retained. In-betweens are tangible elements that make sense. Moments within the architecture relate to each other as a series of places. In this thesis a hospice and a chapel are designed. Massive walls are carved out to form rooms, subtractive in nature. Series of walls are placed together, additive in nature, to form rooms. Geometric forms are studied for their qualities and are placed according to forged relationships. A travel journal explores the building practices of the Soninke / Master of Architecture

Migratory movements constitute a structural phenomenon in the Soninké society of the region of Kayes (Mali), affecting the fundamental principles of their cultural system. One of the mechanisms through which this society tries to regulate the social change caused by the migration is the medicalization.The Malian sanitary system, based on the primary attention, counts on one of its greater degrees of development in the region of Kayes, thanks to the resources contributed by the immigrants who have allowed the proliferation of health centers in their towns of origin. Nevertheless, this system faces in this region a defendant problem of jump of level in the sanitary pyramid, carried out by the relatives of Soninké immigrants, who refuse to be treated in the centers of communitarian health of their area by affections that could be cured at this level and overload the emergency services in the hospitals and the deprived clinics of the capital. This phenomenon, so simple in appearance, is nourished of a multiplicity of generating factors among which we can enumerate: the fight of traditional powers in the Soninké ethnic group; the development of the liberation of women in the Malian rural scope (the level jump mainly occurs in the population category of Soninké women in age to procreate) and the rivalries between spouses derived from the polygyny which are accentuated by the absence of the husband in the migration; the conflict among different conceptions from the biomedicine (the one which the state system wants to develop under the supervision of the IMF and the countries donors and the one transmitted by the testimony of the immigrants in Europe) or the necessity of the emigrants in Europe and the Malian capital to stay in contact with its towns of origin through its implication in the health/illness/care processes.The study of the process of institutionalization of the biomedicine in a Soninké rural community of Western Mali (sanitary area of Dramané) will allow us to apprehend how this society takes control of this process to manage its own "social fractures" and rivalries updated with immigration and how each social actor uses his solidarian implication in the processes of health/illness/care to rebalance his social position. Key words: Medicalization, processes of health/illness/care, immigration, co-development, Mali, Soninké culture, social change, genre, solidarty. / Los movimientos migratorios constituyen un fenómeno estructural en el seno de la sociedad soninké de la región de Kayes (Malí), llegando a afectar a los principios fundamentales de su sistema cultural. Uno de los mecanismos a través del cual dicha sociedad intenta regular el cambio social provocado por la migración es la medicalización. El sistema sanitario maliense, basado en la atención primaria, cuenta con uno de sus mayores grados de desarrollo en la región de Kayes, gracias a los recursos aportados por los inmigrantes que han permitido la proliferación de centros de salud en sus poblados de origen. Sin embargo, dicho sistema se enfrenta en esta región a un acusado problema de salto de nivel en la pirámide sanitaria, protagonizado por los parientes de inmigrantes soninké, que se niegan a ser tratados en los centros de salud comunitaria de su área por afecciones que podrían ser curadas en este nivel y sobrecargan los servicios de urgencias de los hospitales y las clínicas privadas de la capital. Este fenómeno, tan simple en apariencia, se nutre de una multiplicidad de factores generadores entre los que podemos enumerar: la lucha de poderes tradicionales en el seno de la etnia soninké; el desarrollo de la liberación de la mujer (el salto de nivel se da sobre todo en la categoría poblacional de mujeres soninké en edad de procrear) en el ámbito rural maliense y las rivalidades entre coesposas derivada de la poliginia que se ven acentuadas por la ausencia del marido en la migración; el conflicto entre diferentes concepciones de la biomedicina (la que quiere desarrollar el estado bajo la supervisión del FMI y los países donantes y la transmitida por el testimonio de los inmigrantes en Europa) o la necesidad de los emigrantes en Europa y en la capital maliense de mantenerse en contacto con sus poblados de origen a través de su implicación en los procesos de salud/enfermedad/atención.El estudio del proceso de institucionalización de la biomedicina en una comunidad rural soninké del Oeste de Malí (área sanitaria de Dramané) nos permitirá aprehender cómo esta sociedad se apropia de dicho proceso para gestionar sus propias «fracturas sociales» y rivalidades actualizadas con la inmigración y cómo cada actor social se sirve de su implicación solidaria en los procesos de salud/enfermedad/atención para reequilibrar su posición social. Palabras clave: Medicalización, procesos de salud/enfermedad/atención, inmigración, codesarrollo, Malí, cultura soninké, cambio social, género, solidaridad.

Notre recherche porte sur les relations entre langues africaines, identités et pratiques linguistiques en situation migratoire et s’inspire des travaux se situant dans les domaines de l’anthropologie linguistique et de la sociologie de l’immigration. À partir de terrains menés dans trois foyers de travailleurs migrants de Montreuil, une ville de la banlieue Est de la région parisienne, nous explorons les méthodes mobilisées par les résidents de ces foyers pour communiquer avec les autres par rapport au contexte et aux interlocuteurs. La vitalité ethnolinguistique d’une langue comme le soninké, le contact des langues africaines entre elles d’une part et entre celles-ci et le français (langue de l’ex-colonisateur et du pays d’accueil) d’autre part dans les foyers de travailleurs migrants, le tout avec les modes de réappropriation et de reconfiguration de ces espaces d’accueil sont au centre de nos réflexions. / Our research focuses on relations between African languages, identities and linguistic practices in migration situation and draws on the work lying in the fields of linguistic anthropology and sociology of immigration. From land conducted in three outbreaks of migrant workers in Montreuil, a suburb east of Paris region, we explore the methods employed by the residents of these homes to communicate with others in relation to the context and interlocutors. Ethnolinguistic vitality of a language as the Soninke, the contact of African languages among themselves and between them and the French (the language of the former colonizer and the host country) in the other workers hostels migrants, with all modes of appropriation and reconfiguration of the reception areas are central to our thinking.

Les enfants de migrants grandissent dans un contexte de bilinguisme ou de plurilinguisme en France et sont souvent considérés comme étant allophones. Le rapport aux langues des enfants varie au cours de leur développement mais peu maîtrisent parfaitement les deux langues. Nous nous sommes intéressés aux enfants grandissant dans des familles migrantes parlant le soninké, langue de tradition orale parlée en Afrique de l'Ouest. Pour ce, à l'aide de l'ELAL d'Avicenne, outil créé et mis en place par une équipe pluridisciplinaire du service de psychopathologie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent de l'hôpital Avicenne, nous avons évalué des enfants âgés de 4 à 6 ans en Mauritanie (soninké) et en France (français et soninké). Les évaluations langagières de ces enfants mises en lien avec leurs histoires familiales et les histoires migratoires de leurs parents, nous ont permis d'amorcer des pistes quant aux facteurs mis en jeu dans la transmission et l'acquisition de la langue soninké en France et de montrer l'importance du bilinguisme, quelque soit le degré, en situation transculturelle. / Migrant children grow up in bilingual and multilingual surroundings in France and are often considered as allophones. The relationship of children to languages changes during their development, but few of them master two languages. We were interested in children growing up in immigrant families speaking soninke, which is a West African language of oral tradition. For that, by means the ELAL d'Avicenne, a unique tool created and developed by a multidisciplinary team in the department of child and adolescent psychopathology at Avicenne hospital, we met 4 to 6 year-old children in Mauritania (Soninke) and in France (French and Soninke). Language assessments of these children linked to their family stories and their parents' migration stories, have allowed us to initiate tracks on the factors involved in the acquisition and transmission of, the soninke language in France, and to show the importance of bilingualism, regardless of its degree, in transcultural situations.

Les Soninkés sont originaires d'une région à la triple frontière entre le Mali, la Mauritanie et le Sénégal. Leur présence en France a été étudiée sous l'angle de la migration de travail, mais pas sous celui des pratiques culturelles et artistiques. Ma thèse vient questionner cette dimension inaperçue. L’enquête ethnographique commence dans les chambres standardisées d’un foyer de travailleurs migrants, lieu d’hébergement pour hommes. J’étudie d’abord de quelle manière les habitants du foyer manipulent l’espace sonore du bâtiment pour se l’approprier. Les musiques qu’ils écoutent et les vidéos de fêtes qu’ils regardent depuis leur smartphone signalent de nombreux lieux en Ile-de-France et en Afrique de l’Ouest autour desquels s’organise la diaspora soninkée. Afin de parcourir ces lieux comme ethnographe, j’intègre la troupe de danse Xhambane Kaffo, basée à Sarcelles. A la suite des danseuses et musiciens rencontrés dans la troupe, je me rends dans les salles des fêtes privées, les espaces culturels municipaux, les théâtres, où ils animent autant de mariages, de journées culturelles, de fêtes associatives ou d’élections de miss. Je me rends également à Bakel, au Sénégal, à rebours du parcours migratoire du directeur de la troupe, ainsi que dans la région du Guidimakha, en Mauritanie, auprès des familles des habitants du foyer. En prenant la musique en filature, ces déplacements me permettent d’étudier comment des hommes catégorisés comme migrants s’inscrivent dans des réseaux à la fois interpersonnels et transnationaux. Ni en France ni en Afrique de l’Ouest, la diaspora à laquelle ils participent n’a de lieu dédié, tel que le serait un centre culturel, mais elle est bel et bien située. / The Soninkes come from a borderland between Mali, Mauritania and Senegal. Their presence in France has been studied in terms of labour migration, but not as a cultural and artistic diaspora. My work concentrates on this unnoticed social dimension. The ethnographic survey begins in the standardised rooms of a Parisan shelter for migrant workers. First of all, I study how the shelter’s inhabitants, only men, shape their living space through sound. They live in confined spaces but the music they listen to and the videos they look at on their smartphones refer to a plethora of spaces in the Paris region and in West Africa. To explore these communities, I join a Soninké dance troupe called Xhambane Kaffo (We are all united in the same language) located in Sarcelles, a short drive north of Paris. Following the dancers and the musicians of this troupe, I go to reception halls, to municipal spaces, to theatres where they lead wedding parties, cultural days, association meetings and elections of diaspora queens. The survey moves then to West Africa : first to Dakar and Bakel, Senegal, following the artistic journey of the Xhambane Kaffo’s troupe director ; then to Mauritania, to meet the families of the Parisian migrant workers. Moving from one point to another allowed me to show how these men, categorized as migrants and single, sit within both a transnational and interpersonal social network. My work argues that if some cultural and artistic practices, such as the Soninkés’ diasporic encounters, are categorized as « invisible » in the urban area, it is because they are seen through a sedentary vision of space.